Mind and labor on the farm in Black-Earth Russia: 1861 - 1914
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Budapest [u.a.]
Central European Univ. Press
2001
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverz. S. 452 - 482 |
| Beschreibung: | XIII, 491 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789639116948 9639116947 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804130025851584512 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Table
of
Contents
List of
Figures
..................................................... xi
List of Tables
...................................................... xii
List of Maps
....................................................... xiv
Introduction: The Agrarian Problem as a History of Work
.............. 1
A Note on Sources
................................................. 10
Notes
............................................................ 13
PART ONE
FARMING THROUGH THE PEASANT S EYES.
THE EVOLUTION OF LABOR,
1861-1914
Methods of Cultivation
.............................................. 17
ЅоЊа
Tillage
.................................................... 17
The Tillage Line
.............................................. 18
Distractions
.................................................. 20
Obstacles
................................................... 21
Soil Relief
................................................... 21
Corrections
.................................................. 21
Turning Around
.............................................. 22
Why Till?
................................................... 23
When to Till
................................................. 25
How Deeply to Till
............................................ 25
An Agrarian System under Stress
................................... 27
Green Fallow and Other Shortcomings
............................... 36
Agronomist s Criticism of Peasant Tillage
.......................... 37
Harrowing
................................................... 41
Agronomist s Criticism
......................................... 43
The Evolution of Tillage Regimes
................................... 46
The Fallow Field
.............................................. 46
The Spring Field
.............................................. 49
Conclusions
.................................................. 51
vi
MIND AND LABOR ON THE FARM IN BLACK-EARTH RUSSIA
Agronomist s Criticism
......................................... 52
Intensification, or Over-Intensification?
............................ 53
The Plow and the Sokha
........................................... 54
Peasant Reception of the Plow
................................... 58
Use of the Plow
............................................... 60
Types of Plow
................................................. 63
Growing Grain
..................................................... 67
Sowing
........................................................ 67
When to Sow
................................................. 68
How Densely to Sow
........................................... 71
Selection of Seed Grain
......................................... 73
Covering the Seeds
............................................ 76
Technological Advance in Sowing: The Seed Drill
.................. 77
Reaping
........................................................ 81
Fundamentals of Reaping
....................................... 82
The Binding and Drying of Grain
................................. 86
The Threshing, Winnowing, and Sorting of Grain
..................... 90
Threshing
................................................... 90
Other Threshing Systems
....................................... 92
Winnowing
.................................................. 94
An Important Crossroads of Technology: The Spade, the Winnowing
Machine, and the Sorter
..................................... 96
Notes
............................................................ 99
PART TWO
TOWARDS A HISTORY AND UNDERSTANDING
OF AGRONOMIC APTITUDE
The Peasant Farmer and Soil: The Four Stages of Comprehension
........... 133
Stage
1 :
Tillage as a Mixed Blessing
..................................133
Stage
2:
Working the Surface of the Soil
..............................134
Stage
3:
First Steps to Intensify Tillage
...............................138
Stage
4:
Theoretical Understanding of Soil Structure
....................140
Profit Maximizing, Utility Maximizing, or Something Else?
................. 141
Agriculture and the Magico-Religious World View
......................143
The Ebbing
—
and Returning
—
Tides of Ritual and Superstition
........ 146
Intellectual Consequences of the Magico-Religious World
............... 147
Levels of Material Optimizing
—
Active Experimentation vs.
the Passive Accumulation of Experience
...........................149
Self-Reliance and the Overcoming of Traditional Sources of Knowledge
.....153
Technical vs. Allocative Inefficiency
.................................159
Fatalism
.......................................................164
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
vii
The Work Ethic in Rural Russia
....................................167
The Consequences of Cultural Condescension
.........................171
Geography, Climate, and Technological Acumen
.......................173
Language Acquisition, and Childrearing Practices
......................176
The Unavailability of Schooling and Literacy
..........................180
Conclusion: From Faith in Routine to Belief in Agency
................... 184
The Faith in Routine
.............................................184
The Rise of a New Type in the Village
................................187
Notes
............................................................191
PART THREE
THE THREE-HELD SYSTEM AND BEYOND
Systems of Agriculture, Systems of Farming, Crop Rotations. Delineation
of Terms
.......................................................227
Crop Rotations
..................................................228
The Fodder Crisis: Decay of the Three-Field System?
..................... 234
The Elements of the Fodder Crisis
...................................234
Winter Fodder
................................................235
Summer Fodder
...............................................239
Conclusions and Consequences
.....................................244
A System Despised
.................................................248
Propashnaia Farming Systems
.......................................249
The Organization of the Three-Field System
..........................251
Farm Organization in the Three-Field System: Crop Choices
in the Commune
...........................................253
Subsistence Farming and Market Forces
............................257
Market Gardening
.............................................265
Root Crops
..................................................266
Multi-Field vs. Three-Field Systems
....................................272
Weaknesses of the Propashnaia System
...............................273
Employed Fallow and Improved Three-Field-Based Systems
............. 277
Conclusion
.......................................................283
Systems with Multi-Year Grasses
....................................284
Four-Field
+
Grass System
.........................................286
Notes
............................................................292
vüi MIND
AND LABOR ON THE FARM IN BLACK-EARTH RUSSIA
PART FOUR
GOVERNMENT S SOLUTION TO THE AGRARIAN PROBLEM:
THE STOLYPBSf REFORM IN TAMBOV
What was the Stolypin Reform?
.......................................307
Results and Limitations of the Stolypin Reform
........................313
The Stolypin Reform in Tambov
.......................................319
Peasant Land Organization in Tambov
...............................319
Land Parcelization within Communes
.............................320
The Evolution of Land Parcelization
..............................322
The Disadvantages of Open Fields
..................................325
The Advantages of Open Fields
....................................329
Purported Advantages of Open Fields for Purposes
of Farming in Particular
.........................................334
Parcelized Holdings vs. Consolidated Plots: Conclusions
................... 339
The Stolypin Reform and the Configuration of Peasant Lands
.............. 342
Distant Lands and Inaccessible Lands
................................342
Land Configuration and Consolidation of Plots
........................345
The Stolypin Reform in Action
.......................................347
The Administration Takes the Initiative
..............................347
The Peasantry s Response to the Stolypin Reform
......................350
Aquisitions of Hereditary Title to Land
............................350
The Formation of Consolidated Plots
..............................353
Peasant Attitudes to Consolidated Plots
.................................354
Agrotechnical Considerations
......................................354
Other Considerations
.............................................357
Methods of Forming Consolidated Plots on Allotment Land
............. 358
Farming on the Consolidated Plots
.....................................360
A Profile of Consolidators: The
1912
Study of Khutors on State Lands
......362
Agricultural Improvement
...........................................364
Conclusion
.......................................................368
Notes
............................................................372
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS ix
PART FIVE
ALTERNATIVES FOR REFORM,
PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT
Introduction
......................................................389
The Pre-History of the Agronomic Aid Effort
..........................389
The Organization and Ethos of Agronomic Aid
........................393
The Agronomic Aid Effort in Tambov
..................................396
The Second Phase of Agronomic Aid
................................402
The Development of the Cooperative Movement
....................403
Marketing Operations, Unions of Cooperatives,
and Agronomic Education
....................................409
Agricultural Education
.........................................412
Conclusion
.......................................................415
The Achievements of the Agronomic Aid Effort
.......................415
Intervention and Its Discontents
.................................419
The Future, as of
1914............................................425
Epilogue
..........................................................430
Notes
............................................................431
Appendix. Nutrition and Mortality in Tambov,
1880-1914............... 445
I.
Avaûable
Grain and Potatoes
.....................................445
11.
Vegetable, Meat, and Dairy Consumption
........................... 447
III. Crude Mortality Rate
..........................................447
IV Conation of Army Recruits
......................................448
Bibliography of
AU
Books, Journals, and Archives Cited
................ 449
Abbreviations
.....................................................449
Archives
.........................................................449
Periodicals and Newspapers
..........................................450
Interviews
........................................................452
Books and Articles
.................................................452
A Miniature Glossary
..............................................483
Terms Concerning Land
...........................................483
Farm Organization Terms
..........................................
48З
Some Tillage Terms
..............................................484
Supplemental Categories of Land
...................................484
A Miscellany of Other Terms
.......................................484
Some Russian Weights and Measures
.................................486
Note on Dates
....................................................486
Index
............................................................487
|
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| id | DE-604.BV017162339 |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:14:29Z |
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| spelling | Kerans, David Verfasser aut Mind and labor on the farm in Black-Earth Russia 1861 - 1914 David Kerans Budapest [u.a.] Central European Univ. Press 2001 XIII, 491 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverz. S. 452 - 482 Geschichte 1861-1914 gnd rswk-swf Landwirtschaft Agriculture Russia Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd rswk-swf Russland Russia Rural conditions Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Steppenschwarzerdegebiet (DE-588)4345996-1 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Steppenschwarzerdegebiet (DE-588)4345996-1 g Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 s Geschichte 1861-1914 z DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010345966&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Kerans, David Mind and labor on the farm in Black-Earth Russia 1861 - 1914 Landwirtschaft Agriculture Russia Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4034402-2 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4345996-1 |
| title | Mind and labor on the farm in Black-Earth Russia 1861 - 1914 |
| title_auth | Mind and labor on the farm in Black-Earth Russia 1861 - 1914 |
| title_exact_search | Mind and labor on the farm in Black-Earth Russia 1861 - 1914 |
| title_full | Mind and labor on the farm in Black-Earth Russia 1861 - 1914 David Kerans |
| title_fullStr | Mind and labor on the farm in Black-Earth Russia 1861 - 1914 David Kerans |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mind and labor on the farm in Black-Earth Russia 1861 - 1914 David Kerans |
| title_short | Mind and labor on the farm in Black-Earth Russia |
| title_sort | mind and labor on the farm in black earth russia 1861 1914 |
| title_sub | 1861 - 1914 |
| topic | Landwirtschaft Agriculture Russia Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Landwirtschaft Agriculture Russia Russland Russia Rural conditions Steppenschwarzerdegebiet |
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