Empires of the word: a language history of the world
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London
HarperCollins
2005
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | Angekündigt u.d.T.:Towering Babel |
| Beschreibung: | 615 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0007118708 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
ACKÏî©WLEI>OEMENTS XÎii
LIST Of MAPS, TABLES AND FIGURES XV
Maps xv
fables xvii
Figures xvii
PREFACE Xix
prologue: a
PART I: THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE HISTORY
1 Äemistocles
The language view of human history
The state of nature
Literacy ana the beginning of language history
An inward history too
2
PART II: LANGUAGES BY LAND
3
Three sisters who span the history of
The story in brief: Language leapfrog
Sumerian—the first classical language; Life after death
first interlude: whatever happened to elamite?
Akkadian—world-beating technology: A model of literacy
Phoenician—commerce without culture:
Canaan, and points west
Aramaic—the desert song:
second interlude: the shield of faith
Arabkh-eloquence and equality: The triumph of submission
THIRD INTERLUDE:
TURKIC AND PERSIAN, OUTRIDERS OF ISLAM
A Middle Eastern inheritance: The glamour of the desert nomad
CONTENTS
4 Triumphs
Careers in parallel
Language along the Nile
A stately progress
Immigrants from Libya and Kush
Competition from Aramaic and Greek
Changes in writing
Final paradoxes
Language from Huang-he to Yangtze
Origins
First Unity
Retreat to the south
Northern influences
Beyond the southern sea
Dealing with foreign devils
Whys and wherefores
Holding fast to a system of writing
Foreign relations
China s disciples
Coping with invasions: Egyptian undercut
Coping with invasions: Chinese unsettled
5
The story in brief
The character of Sanskrit
Intrinsic qualities
Sanskrit in Indian lif
Outsiders views
The spread of Sanskrit
Sanskrit in India
Sanskrit in South-East Asia
Sanskrit carried by Buddhism: Central and eastern Asia
Sanskrit supplanted
The charm of Sanskrit
The roots of Sanskrit s charm
Limiting weaknesses
Sanskrit no longer alone
6
Greek at its acme
Who is a Greek?
What kind of a language?
CONTENTS
Homes from home: Greek spread through, settlement
Kings of Asia: Greek spread through war
A Roman welcome: Greek spread through culture
Mid-life crisis: Attempt at a new beginning ISA
Intimations of decline
Bactria, Persia, Mesopotamia
Syria, Palestine, Egypt
Greece
Anatolia
Consolations in age
Retrospect: The life cycle of a classic
7
Reversals of fortune
The contenders: Greek and Roman views
The Celts
The Germans
The Romans
The Slavs
Run: The impulsive pre-eminence of the Celts
Traces of Celtic languages
How to recognise Celtic
Celtic literacy
How Gaulish spread
The Gauls
Consilium: The rationale of Roman imperium
Mös Mäiörum—
The desertion of Gaulish
Latin among the Basques and the Britons
Einfall:
The Germanic invasions
Slavonic dawn in the Balkans
Against the odds: The advent of English
8
PART III: LANGUAGES BY SEA
9
10
Portrait of a conquistador
An unprecedented empire
CONTENTS
First
Interpreters, bilinguals, grammarians
341
Past struggles: How American languages had spread
348
The spread of
350
The spread of
355
The spreads of Chibcha,
361
The Church s solution: The
364
The state
373
Coda: Across the Pacific
377
11
: 380
Portuguese pioneers
381
An Asian empire
385
Portuguese in America
391
Dutch interlopers
395
La francophonie
403
French in Europe
404
The first empire
411
The second empire
416
The Third Rome, and all the Russias
421
The origins of Russian
423
Russian east then west
427
Russian north then south
432
The status of Russian
437
The Soviet experiment
441
Conclusions
444
Curiously ineffective
446
Imperial epilogue:
449
12
456
Endurance test: Seeing off Norman French
458
English overlaid
460
Spreading the Anglo-Norman package
461
The waning of Norman French
465
Stabilising the language
468
What sort of a language?
474
Westward Ho!
All
Pirates and planters
478
Someone else s land
480
Manifest destiny
485
Winning ways
490
CONTENTS
Changing perspective—English in India
A merchant venture
Protestantism, profit and progress
Success, despite the best intentions
The world taken by storm
An empire completed
Wonder upon wonder
English among its peers
PART IV: LANGUAGES TODAY AND TOMORROW
13
14
What is old
What is new
Way to go
Three threads: Freedom, prestige and learnability
Freedom
Prestige
What makes a language learnable
Vaster than empires
notes
bibliography
INDEX
T
HE STORY OF THE WORLD in the last
five thousand years is above ail the
story of its languages. Some shared
language is what binds anv community
together, and makes possible both the
living of a common historv and the
telling of it.
Yet the history of the world s great-
languages has been very little told.
Empires of Hie Word, by the wide-ranging
linguist Nicholas Ostler, is the first to
bring together the tales in all their
glorious variety: the amazing innovations,
in education/culture and diplomacy,
devised by speakers of Sinnerian and its
successors in the Middle East, right up to
the Arabic of the present day; the uncanny
resilience of Chinese through twenty
centuries of invasions; the charmed
progress of Sanskrit from north India to
Java and japan; the engaging self-regard
of Greek; the struggles that gave birth to
the languages of modern Europe; and the
global spreadof English.
Besides these epic achievements,
language failures are equally fascinating:
why did German get left behind? Why
did Egyptian, which had survived foreign
takeovers for three millennia, succumb
to Mohammed s Arabic? Why is Dutch
unknown in modern Indonesia, given that
the Netherlands had ruled the East Indies
for as long as the British ruled India?
As this book splendidly and authoritatively
reveals, the language historv of the world
shows eloquently the real character of
peoples; and, tor all the recent technical
mastery of English, nothing guarantees
our language s long-term pre-eminence.
The language future, like the language
past, will be full of surprises.
|
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| title_short | Empires of the word |
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