Air pollution and health in rapidly developing countries:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London [u.a.]
Earthscan
2003
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | NT: Air pollution & health in rapidly developing countries |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 227 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 1853839663 185383985X |
Internformat
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| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Air pollution & health in rapidly developing countries |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a London [u.a.] |b Earthscan |c 2003 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 227 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
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| 500 | |a NT: Air pollution & health in rapidly developing countries | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Gezondheid |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Luchtverontreiniging |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Ontwikkelingslanden |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Entwicklungsländer | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Air Pollutants |x analysis | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Air Pollution |x adverse effects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Air |x Pollution |x Health aspects |z Developing countries | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Developing Countries | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Health Policy | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804129888585646080 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Air pollution and health in rapidly developing countries
Autor: MacGranahan, Gordon
Jahr: 2003
Contents
List of Figures t m
List of Tables x
List of Contributors xii
Preface xxi
List oj Acronyms and Abbreviations xxiii
Acknowledgements xxrii
Introduction: Air Pollution and Health in Developing Countries —
The Context 1
Frank Murray and Gordon McGranaban
Objectives 1
Air Pollution in its Historical Context 2
Types and Sources of Air Pollution 5
Policies and Development of Standards 9
Summary of the Contents 15
1 Health-damaging Air Pollution: A Matter of Scale 21
Kirk R Smith and Sameer Akbar
Introduction 21
Risk Transition 22
Environmental Pathway Analysis 23
Exposure Assessment 25
Major Cross-scale Effects 28
Concluding Remarks 33
2 Air Pollution and Health - Studies in the Americas and Europe 35
Morton LJppmann
Introduction 35
Health Effects of Ozone (O3) 3 7
Health Effects of Particulate Matter (PM) 39
Health Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust 44
Discussion and Conclusions 46
3 Air Pollution and Health in Developing Countries: A Review of
Epidemiological Evidence 49
Isabelk Romieu and Mauricio Hernande^-Avila
Introduction 50
Global Concentration Patterns of Outdoor Air Pollution 51
vi Air Pollution and Health in Rapidly Developing Countries
Health Effects of Particulate Matter and Sulphur Dioxide (SOj) 52
Health Effects of Ozone 56
Health Effects of Nitrogen Dioxide 58
Health Effects of Carbon Monoxide 58
Health Effects of Lead 59
Conclusions 62
4 Local Ambient Air Quality Management 68
Dietrich Schwela
Introduction 69
Use of WHO Guidelines for Air Quality in Local Air Quality
Management 77
Enforcement of Air Quality Standards: Clean Air Implementation
Plans 81
Urban Air Quality Management in Europe 82
5 Rapid Assessment of Air Pollution and Health: Making
Optimal Use of Data for Policy- and Decision-making 89
Yasmin von Schirnding
Introduction 90
Rapid Epidemiological Assessment 91
Individual Level Assessment Methods 94
Group Level Assessment Methods 96
Risk Assessment 99
Collection of Individual and Aggregate Level Data 101
Conclusions 105
6 A Systematic Approach to Air Quality Management: Examples
from the URBAIR Cities 108
Steinar Larssen, Huib Jansen, Xander A Olsthoorn, Jitendra J Shah,
Knut Aarhus and Fan Chang^hong
Urban Air Quality Management and the URBAIR Project 108
Physical Assessment 111
Cost-benefit Analysis of Selected Measures 114
Action Plans 116
Policy Instruments and Plans for Air Quality Improvement in
URBAIR Cities 117
Example: The Guangzhou Action Plan for Improved Air Quality 121
Conclusions 126
7 Indoor Air Pollution 129
Sumeet Saksena and Kirk R Smith
Introduction 129
Concentrations and Exposures 131
Health Effects 134
Health Impacts 137
Knowledge Gaps and Necessary Research 138
Contents vii
Interventions 139
Conclusions 142
8 Vehicle Emissions and Health in Developing Countries 146
Michael P Walsh
Background and Introduction 147
Vehicle Population Trends and Characteristics 148
Adverse Health Effects Resulting from Vehicle Emissions 151
Strategies to Reduce Vehicle Emissions 159
Conclusions 172
9 Air Quality in Hong Kong and the Impact of Pollution on
Health 1988-1997 176
Anthony Johnson Hedley, Chit-Ming Wong, Tai-Hing Lam,
Sarah Morag McGhee and Stefan Ma
Background 176
Methods 179
Findings 180
Discussion 184
Conclusions 186
10 Air Pollution and its Impacts on Health in Santiago, Chile 189
BartDOstro
Introduction 190
Epidemiological Overview 190
Studies in Santiago and their Comparability with Other Studies 191
Estimating the Quantitative Health Impacts 195
Quantitative Results 200
Control Strategies 202
11 Air Quality and Health in Greater Johannesburg 206
Angela Mathee and Yasmin von Schirnding
Introduction 206
Urbanization 208
Indus trialization 212
Transport and Traffic 213
Programmes and Policies 216
Index 220
List of Figures
1.1 Risk transition 23
1.2 Environmental pathway 24
1.3 Urban PM10 concentrations in Indian cities 26
1.4 Neighbourhood pollution in an Indian village in central Gujarat
during the winter 29
1.5 Urban neighbourhood pollution measured in Pune, India 30
1.6 Greenhouse gas and PM10 emissions from various household fuels
illustrating reductions in each that could be attained by fuel switching 32
2.1 Pyramid summari2ing the adverse effects of ambient O3 in New York
City that can be averted by reduction of mid-1990s levels to diose
meeting the 1997 NAAQS revision 40
2.2 Representative example of a mass distribution of ambient PM as a
function of aerodynamic particle diameter 41
3.1 Annual mean in last available year (bars) and annual change of
respirable paniculate matter (PM10) concentrations (*) in residential
areas of cities in developing countries 52
4.1 Percentage increase in daily mortality assigned to PM]0, PM2 5 and
sulphates 75
4.2 Percentage change in hospital admissions assigned to PM10, PM2 5
and sulphates 75
4.3 Change in health endpoints in relation to PM10 concentrations 76
6.1 The system for developing an Air Quality Management Strategy
(AQMS) based upon assessment of effects and costs 110
6.2 Emission contributions to PM from various combustion source
categories, plus road dust resuspension (RESUSP), in four URBAIR
cities 113
6.3 Visualization of ranking of measures to reduce population
exposure and thus health damage 120
6.4 Cost curve, SO2 control options 124
6.5 Cost curve, NOs control options 126
7.1 The generic household energy ladder 131
8.1 Global trends in motor vehicle (cars, trucks, buses) production 148
8.2 Global trends in motor vehicles 149
8.3 Global distribution of vehicles and people, 1996 149
8.4 New vehicle sales forecast (excluding motorcycles) 150
8.5 Motorcycle registrations around the world 150
8.6 Elements of a comprehensive vehicle pollution control strategy 160
List oi-Figirks Lx
9.1 Hong Kong s average pollutant concentrations recorded at air quality
monitoring stations during 1988 177
9.2 Changes in SO2 following the 1990 fuel regulations 178
9.3 Odds ratios and excess risks (black) for nine respiratory symptoms
in primary school children associated with exposure to ambient air
pollution before (a) and after (b) the introduction of restrictions on
the sulphur content of fuel. 182
11.1 Smoke from winter fires in the township of Alexandra,
Johannesburg 208
11.2 Airborne paniculate concentrations in Soweto, 1992—1999 210
11.3 Mean daily PM]0 levels in Johannesburg, 2000 214
11.4 Monthly air lead levels in Johannesburg, 1995-1997 215
List of Tables
1.1 Some major air pollution episodes and associated deaths 3
1.2 Principal pollutants and sources of outdoor and indoor air pollution 10
2.1 Population-based decrements in respiratory function associated with
exposure to ozone in ambient air 38
2.2 1997 revisions: US National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS) 39
2.3 Comparisons of ambient fine and coarse mode particles 42
3.1 Health outcomes associated with changes in daily mean ambient
levels of particulate (PM concentrations in u.g/m3) 55
3.2 Health outcomes associated with changes in peak daily ambient
ozone concentration in epidemiological studies 57
3.3 Health outcome associated with NO2 exposure in epidemiological
studies 59
3.4 Health effects associated with low-level carbon monoxide exposure,
based on carboxyhaemoglobin levels 60
3.5 Recent published studies describing blood lead levels in developing
countries 61
4.1 WHO air quality guidelines for classical compounds 71
4.2 WHO air quality guidelines for non-carcinogenic compounds 72
4.3 WHO air quality guidelines for carcinogenic compounds 74
4.4 EU limit values for outdoor air quality (health protection) 83
5.1 Rapid epidemiological assessment characteristics 92
5.2 Some criteria for establishing causality 94
6.1 Summary of measured TSP concentrations (jig/m3) in four
URBAIR cities 112
6.2 Estimated annual health impacts and their costs related to PMJ0
pollution in the four URBAIR cities 115
6.3 CBA of selected abatement measures in Manila, 1992 (annual costs) 118
6.4 Summary of CBA results, three URBAIR cities 119
6.5 Abatement costs and emissions reduction potentials of various
SO2 control options 122
6.6 SO2 concentration reduction potential and costs for each control
option 123
6.7 Total costs, concentration reduction potential and costs per
percentage point of reduced concentrations for various control
options 125
7.1 Typical concentration levels of TSP matter indoors from biofuel
combustion measured through area and personal sampling 132
List of Tables xj
7.2 Mean daily integrated exposure to TSP (mg/m3) in a rural hilly area
of India 134
7.3 Estimated daily exposures to PM]0 (mg/m3) from cooking fuel
along energy ladder in two Asian cities 135
8.1 The global population in 1950, 1998 and projected population in
2050, in millions 147
8.2 Proportion of the population living in urban areas and rate of
urbanization by major area - 1950, 2000 and 2030 147
8.3 The projected annual growth rates in gross domestic product for
the regions of the world, % 148
8.4 Pollutants measured in MATES-II 154
8.5 Proposed list of mobile source air toxics 157
8.6 Comparison of air pollution in urban areas between traffic and
non-traffic situations 161
8.7 The emission standards for automobiles in Taiwan (Taiwan EPA) 161
8.8 The emission standards for motorcycles in Taiwan (Taiwan EPA) 162
8.9 Current and proposed emission limits for motorcycles 162
8.10 O3 concentration in Beijing 164
8.11 Percentage violation of National Ambient Air Quality Standards in
Delhi 165
8.12 Annual average concentration of particulate in various cities in
India (ug/m3) 165
8.13 A summary of existing and planned fuel specifications in India
(Ministry of Surface Transport, New Delhi) 166
8.14 Automotive emissions limits for Brazil for light duty vehicles 172
8.15 Heavy duty vehicles (grams per kilowatt hour) (R49 test procedure) 172
9.1 Compliance with air quality objectives in 1997 in nine districts of
Hong Kong, for O3, NO., and RSP 179
9.2 Crude prevalence ratios (%) for respiratory symptoms before and
after the introduction of restrictions on fuel sulphur content in
districts with lower and higher pollution 181
9.3 Prevalence of bronchial hyper-responsiveness before (1990) and
after (1991-1992) the introduction of restrictions on fuel sulphur
content in districts with lower and higher pollution levels 183
9.4 Excess risks for coughs and production of phlegm for workers who
were engaged in duties at street level 183
10.1 Annual health effects in Santiago associated with PM,0 annual
average of 30^ig/m3 200
10.2 Annual health effects in Santiago associated with PM,0 annual
average of 20jig/m3 201
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| spelling | Air pollution and health in rapidly developing countries ed. by Gordon McGranahan ... Air pollution & health in rapidly developing countries 1. publ. London [u.a.] Earthscan 2003 XVIII, 227 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier NT: Air pollution & health in rapidly developing countries Gezondheid gtt Luchtverontreiniging gtt Ontwikkelingslanden gtt Entwicklungsländer Air Pollutants analysis Air Pollution adverse effects Air Pollution Health aspects Developing countries Developing Countries Health Policy Public Health Gesundheit (DE-588)4020754-7 gnd rswk-swf Luftverschmutzung (DE-588)4074381-0 gnd rswk-swf Entwicklungsländer (DE-588)4014954-7 gnd rswk-swf Entwicklungsländer (DE-588)4014954-7 g Luftverschmutzung (DE-588)4074381-0 s Gesundheit (DE-588)4020754-7 s DE-604 McGranahan, Gordon Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010247923&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Air pollution and health in rapidly developing countries Gezondheid gtt Luchtverontreiniging gtt Ontwikkelingslanden gtt Entwicklungsländer Air Pollutants analysis Air Pollution adverse effects Air Pollution Health aspects Developing countries Developing Countries Health Policy Public Health Gesundheit (DE-588)4020754-7 gnd Luftverschmutzung (DE-588)4074381-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020754-7 (DE-588)4074381-0 (DE-588)4014954-7 |
| title | Air pollution and health in rapidly developing countries |
| title_alt | Air pollution & health in rapidly developing countries |
| title_auth | Air pollution and health in rapidly developing countries |
| title_exact_search | Air pollution and health in rapidly developing countries |
| title_full | Air pollution and health in rapidly developing countries ed. by Gordon McGranahan ... |
| title_fullStr | Air pollution and health in rapidly developing countries ed. by Gordon McGranahan ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Air pollution and health in rapidly developing countries ed. by Gordon McGranahan ... |
| title_short | Air pollution and health in rapidly developing countries |
| title_sort | air pollution and health in rapidly developing countries |
| topic | Gezondheid gtt Luchtverontreiniging gtt Ontwikkelingslanden gtt Entwicklungsländer Air Pollutants analysis Air Pollution adverse effects Air Pollution Health aspects Developing countries Developing Countries Health Policy Public Health Gesundheit (DE-588)4020754-7 gnd Luftverschmutzung (DE-588)4074381-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Gezondheid Luchtverontreiniging Ontwikkelingslanden Entwicklungsländer Air Pollutants analysis Air Pollution adverse effects Air Pollution Health aspects Developing countries Developing Countries Health Policy Public Health Gesundheit Luftverschmutzung |
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