Verfügbarkeit: Fundamental astronomy

Fundamental astronomy:

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Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English German Finnish
Veröffentlicht:	Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2003
Ausgabe:	4. ed.
Schlagworte:	Astronomia Sterrenkunde Astronomy Astronomie Lehrbuch
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XI, 468 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	3540001794

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	VII CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 THE ROLE OF ASTRONOMY ........................................ 3 1.2 ASTRONOMICAL OBJECTS OF RESEARCH ............................. 4 1.3 THE SCALE OF THE UNIVERSE ...................................... 7 2. SPHERICAL ASTRONOMY 2.1 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY ........................................ 9 2.2 THE EARTH . ...................................................... 12 2.3 THE CELESTIAL SPHERE . .......................................... 14 2.4 THE HORIZONTAL SYSTEM ......................................... 14 2.5 THE EQUATORIAL SYSTEM ........................................ 15 2.6 RISING AND SETTING TIMES ....................................... 18 2.7 THE ECLIPTIC SYSTEM . . .......................................... 18 2.8 THE GALACTIC COORDINATES . . .................................... 19 2.9 PERTURBATIONS OF COORDINATES ................................... 19 2.10 POSITIONAL ASTRONOMY .......................................... 23 2.11 CONSTELLATIONS . . ................................................ 27 2.12 STAR CATALOGUES AND MAPS . . .................................... 28 2.13 SIDEREAL AND SOLAR TIME ........................................ 30 2.14 ASTRONOMICAL TIME SYSTEMS ................................... 32 2.15 CALENDARS ....................................................... 35 2.16 EXAMPLES . ...................................................... 39 2.17 EXERCISES ........................................................ 42 3. OBSERVATIONS AND INSTRUMENTS 3.1 OBSERVING THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE ........................... 45 3.2 OPTICAL TELESCOPES ............................................. 47 3.3 DETECTORS AND INSTRUMENTS . .................................... 62 3.4 RADIO TELESCOPES ............................................... 67 3.5 OTHER WAVELENGTH REGIONS . .................................... 74 3.6 OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY ......................................... 77 3.7 EXAMPLES . ...................................................... 79 3.8 EXERCISES ........................................................ 80 4. PHOTOMETRIC CONCEPTS AND MAGNITUDES 4.1 INTENSITY, FLUX DENSITY AND LUMINOSITY ....................... 81 4.2 APPARENT MAGNITUDES .......................................... 83 4.3 MAGNITUDE SYSTEMS . . .......................................... 84 4.4 ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDES . .......................................... 86 4.5 EXTINCTION AND OPTICAL THICKNESS .............................. 86 4.6 EXAMPLES . ...................................................... 89 4.7 EXERCISES ........................................................ 91 5. RADIATION MECHANISMS 5.1 RADIATION OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES ............................ 93 5.2 THE HYDROGEN ATOM . .......................................... 95 5.3 LINE PROFILES .................................................... 97 5.4 QUANTUM NUMBERS, SELECTION RULES, POPULATION NUMBERS . . . 98 5.5 MOLECULAR SPECTRA .............................................. 100 VIII CONTENTS 5.6 CONTINUOUS SPECTRA . ............................................ 100 5.7 BLACKBODY RADIATION ........................................... 101 5.8 TEMPERATURES ................................................... 103 5.9 OTHER RADIATION MECHANISMS .................................. 105 5.10 RADIATIVE TRANSFER .............................................. 106 5.11 EXAMPLES ....................................................... 107 5.12 EXERCISES ........................................................ 109 6. CELESTIAL MECHANICS 6.1 EQUATIONS OF MOTION ........................................... 111 6.2 SOLUTION OF THE EQUATION OF MOTION ............................ 112 6.3 EQUATION OF THE ORBIT AND KEPLERS FIRST LAW ................. 114 6.4 ORBITAL ELEMENTS ............................................... 114 6.5 KEPLERS SECOND AND THIRD LAW ............................... 116 6.6 SYSTEMS OF SEVERAL BODIES ..................................... 118 6.7 ORBIT DETERMINATION ............................................ 119 6.8 POSITION IN THE ORBIT ............................................ 119 6.9 ESCAPE VELOCITY ................................................ 121 6.10 VIRIAL THEOREM ................................................. 122 6.11 THE JEANS LIMIT ................................................ 123 6.12 EXAMPLES ....................................................... 124 6.13 EXERCISES ........................................................ 127 7. THE SOLAR SYSTEM 7.1 PLANETARY CONFIGURATIONS . . ..................................... 130 7.2 ORBIT OF THE EARTH ............................................... 131 7.3 THE ORBIT OF THE MOON ......................................... 132 7.4 ECLIPSES AND OCCULTATIONS . ..................................... 135 7.5 THE STRUCTURE AND SURFACES OF PLANETS . ......................... 137 7.6 ATMOSPHERES AND MAGNETOSPHERES ............................. 140 7.7 ALBEDOS . ........................................................ 145 7.8 PHOTOMETRY, POLARIMETRY AND SPECTROSCOPY ................... 147 7.9 THERMAL RADIATION OF THE PLANETS .............................. 151 7.10 MERCURY . ........................................................ 151 7.11 VENUS ........................................................... 154 7.12 THE EARTH AND THE MOON ....................................... 157 7.13 MARS ............................................................ 164 7.14 ASTEROIDS ....................................................... 168 7.15 JUPITER . . ........................................................ 172 7.16 SATURN ........................................................... 177 7.17 URANUS, NEPTUNE AND PLUTO ..................................... 180 7.18 MINOR BODIES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM ............................. 186 7.19 ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM ..................................... 192 7.20 OTHER SOLAR SYSTEMS ............................................ 196 7.21 EXAMPLES ....................................................... 196 7.22 EXERCISES ........................................................ 200 8. STELLAR SPECTRA 8.1 MEASURING SPECTRA ............................................. 201 8.2 THE HARVARD SPECTRAL CLASSIFICATION . . ......................... 203 8.3 THE YERKES SPECTRAL CLASSIFICATION ............................. 205 8.4 PECULIAR SPECTRA ................................................ 207 CONTENTS IX 8.5 THE HERTZSPRUNG--RUSSELL DIAGRAM ............................ 208 8.6 MODEL ATMOSPHERES . . .......................................... 210 8.7 WHAT DO THE OBSERVATIONS TELL US? ........................... 210 8.8 EXERCISE ......................................................... 212 9. BINARY STARS AND STELLAR MASSES 9.1 VISUAL BINARIES . ................................................ 214 9.2 ASTROMETRIC BINARY STARS ....................................... 214 9.3 SPECTROSCOPIC BINARIES ......................................... 214 9.4 PHOTOMETRIC BINARY STARS . . .................................... 216 9.5 EXAMPLES . ...................................................... 218 9.6 EXERCISES ........................................................ 219 10. STELLAR STRUCTURE 10.1 INTERNAL EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS . .............................. 221 10.2 PHYSICAL STATE OF THE GAS ....................................... 224 10.3 STELLAR ENERGY SOURCES ......................................... 225 10.4 STELLAR MODELS .................................................. 229 10.5 EXAMPLES . ...................................................... 232 10.6 EXERCISES ........................................................ 234 11. STELLAR EVOLUTION 11.1 EVOLUTIONARY TIME SCALES . . .................................... 235 11.2 THE CONTRACTION OF STARS TOWARDS THE MAIN SEQUENCE . . ...... 236 11.3 THE MAIN SEQUENCE PHASE ..................................... 238 11.4 THE GIANT PHASE ................................................ 240 11.5 THE FINAL STAGES OF EVOLUTION ................................. 242 11.6 THE EVOLUTION OF CLOSE BINARY STARS . . ........................ 244 11.7 COMPARISON WITH OBSERVATIONS . . .............................. 246 11.8 THE ORIGIN OF THE ELEMENTS .................................... 247 11.9 EXAMPLE ........................................................ 250 11.10 EXERCISES ........................................................ 250 12. THE SUN 12.1 INTERNAL STRUCTURE ............................................... 251 12.2 THE ATMOSPHERE ................................................ 253 12.3 SOLAR ACTIVITY ................................................... 257 12.4 EXAMPLE ........................................................ 263 12.5 EXERCISES ........................................................ 263 13. VARIABLE STARS 13.1 CLASSIFICATION ................................................... 266 13.2 PULSATING VARIABLES ............................................. 267 13.3 ERUPTIVE VARIABLES .............................................. 269 13.4 EXAMPLES . ...................................................... 275 13.5 EXERCISES ........................................................ 276 14. COMPACT STARS 14.1 WHITE DWARFS ................................................... 277 14.2 NEUTRON STARS ................................................... 278 14.3 BLACK HOLES ..................................................... 283 14.4 EXAMPLES . ...................................................... 286 14.5 EXERCISES ........................................................ 287 15. THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM 15.1 INTERSTELLAR DUST ................................................ 289 15.2 INTERSTELLAR GAS ................................................. 300 15.3 INTERSTELLAR MOLECULES .......................................... 308 X CONTENTS 15.4 THE FORMATION OF PROTOSTARS .................................... 311 15.5 PLANETARY NEBULAE .............................................. 313 15.6 SUPERNOVA REMNANTS ........................................... 314 15.7 THE HOT CORONA OF THE MILKY WAY ............................. 317 15.8 COSMIC RAYS AND THE INTERSTELLAR MAGNETIC FIELD . ............. 317 15.9 EXAMPLES . ....................................................... 319 15.10 EXERCISES ........................................................ 320 16. STAR CLUSTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS 16.1 ASSOCIATIONS . . . .................................................. 321 16.2 OPEN STAR CLUSTERS . ............................................ 321 16.3 GLOBULAR STAR CLUSTERS .......................................... 325 16.4 EXAMPLE . ........................................................ 326 16.5 EXERCISES ........................................................ 327 17. THE MILKY WAY 17.1 METHODS OF DISTANCE MEASUREMENT . ............................ 331 17.2 STELLAR STATISTICS ................................................. 333 17.3 THE ROTATION OF THE MILKY WAY . . ............................... 337 17.4 THE STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF THE MILKY WAY ................ 343 17.5 EXAMPLES . ....................................................... 344 17.6 EXERCISES ........................................................ 345 18. GALAXIES 18.1 THE CLASSIFICATION OF GALAXIES . . . ............................... 347 18.2 LUMINOSITIES AND MASSES . . ..................................... 352 18.3 GALACTIC STRUCTURES .............................................. 355 18.4 DYNAMICS OF GALAXIES .......................................... 359 18.5 STELLAR AGES AND ELEMENT ABUNDANCES IN GALAXIES ............ 361 18.6 SYSTEMS OF GALAXIES ............................................ 361 18.7 ACTIVE GALAXIES AND QUASARS ................................... 364 18.8 THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES . ......................... 369 18.9 EXERCISES ........................................................ 369 19. COSMOLOGY 19.1 COSMOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ..................................... 371 19.2 THE COSMOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE .................................... 376 19.3 HOMOGENEOUS AND ISOTROPIC UNIVERSES ......................... 378 19.4 THE FRIEDMANN MODELS ......................................... 379 19.5 COSMOLOGICAL TESTS . ............................................ 381 19.6 HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSE ......................................... 383 19.7 THE FORMATION OF STRUCTURE ..................................... 384 19.8 THE FUTURE OF THE UNIVERSE ..................................... 385 19.9 EXAMPLES . ....................................................... 388 19.10 EXERCISES ........................................................ 389 APPENDICES .............................................................................. .......................... 391 A. MATHEMATICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................ 392 A.1 GEOMETRY ....................................................... 392 A.2 CONIC SECTIONS .................................................. 392 A.3 TAYLOR SERIES . . .................................................. 394 A.4 VECTOR CALCULUS ................................................. 394 A.5 MATRICES ........................................................ 396 CONTENTS XI A.6 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS .............................................. 398 A.7 NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF AN EQUATION ............................ 399 B. THEORY OF RELATIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................................................... 401 B.1 BASIC CONCEPTS .................................................. 401 B.2 LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION. MINKOWSKI SPACE . . .................. 402 B.3 GENERAL RELATIVITY ............................................... 403 B.4 TESTS OF GENERAL RELATIVITY . . .................................... 403 C. TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................... 405 ANSWERS TO EXERCISES .............................................................................. ............... 425 FURTHER READING .............................................................................. .................... 429 PHOTOGRAPH CREDITS .............................................................................. ................ 433 NAME AND SUBJECT INDEX .............................................................................. ........... 435 COLOUR SUPPLEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................. 449
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title	Fundamental astronomy
title_alt	Tähtitieteen perusteet
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title_fullStr	Fundamental astronomy H. Karttunen ... (eds.)
title_full_unstemmed	Fundamental astronomy H. Karttunen ... (eds.)
title_short	Fundamental astronomy
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