Language pluralism in Botswana - hope or hurdle?: a sociolinguistic survey on language use and language attitudes in Botswana with special reference to the status and use of English
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Frankfurt am Main [u.a.]
Lang
2003
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| Schriftenreihe: | Duisburger Arbeiten zur Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft
49 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zugl.: Duisburg, Univ., Diss. 2002 |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 407 S. Ill., graph. Darst. : 21 cm |
| ISBN: | 3631503776 0820460699 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Language pluralism in Botswana - hope or hurdle? |b a sociolinguistic survey on language use and language attitudes in Botswana with special reference to the status and use of English |c Birgit Smieja |
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| adam_text | Titel: Language pluralism in Botswana - hope or hurdle?
Autor: Smieja, Birgit
Jahr: 2003
Content
Acknowledgements V
Listof Abbreviations VII
Table of Content IX
0. Introduction 1
1. A GENERAL GEOGRAPHICAL, DEMOGRAPHIC, HISTORICAL,
AND LINGUISTIC PROFILE OF BOTSWANA 5
1.1. A basic geographical and demographic account:
Botswana a desert country 5
1.1.1. Geography and demography 5
1.1.2. Name and origin 7
1.1.3. Political, administrative and legislative structures 8
1.1.4. Ethnic composition of Botswana 9
1.1.5. Education 11
1.1.6. Economy 12
1.1.7. Infra structure: Transport and communication 14
1.2. A historical account of Botswana: The history
of ethnic groups and their languages 15
1.2.1. Botswana in pre-colonial times: Early development
and migrations 15
1.2.1.1. The original inhabitants: Khoe and San 15
1.2.1.2. The arrival of the Bantu peoples 16
1.2.2. Difaqane, troubled times 20
1.2.3.The missionaries: Moffat and Livingstone 22
1.2.4. The period of colonialism (1885 - 1966) 23
1.2.5.The first years after Independence: Democracy and development 31
1.2.6. Emergence into the 21 st Century and the changes in society 33
1-3. A linguistic profile of Botswana: Language categories and
language distribution 35
1.3.1. Language categories 35
Table of Content
1.3.2. Bantu languages 37
1.3.2.1. Setswana: Ethnic language, national language
and lingua franca 40
1.3.2.2. Ikalanga: Fight for a major minority language 42
1.3.2.3. Shekgalagadi: Minority language of low Status 44
1.3.3. Khoesan groups and their languages 45
1.3.3.1. Naro: Living or dying language? 48
1.3.4. The difficulties of drawing language maps 50
1.3.5.Non-African languages: English and Afrikaans 52
1.3.5.1. Afrikaans: History and distribution 52
1.3.5.2. English: History and distribution 55
1.3.6. Cross-border languages 56
2. Language in society: A sociolinguistic profile of
Botswana - Terms and definitions 59
2.1. Languages in society: Languages in contact and conflict 59
2.1.1. Sociolinguistics and language sociology 59
2.1.2. An approximate Classification of language functions 60
2.1.3.Language attitudes 62
2.1.3.1. Language attitudes and language use 63
2.1.3.2. Language attitudes and language Status 63
2.1.4. Languages in contact and language conflict structures 65
2.1.4.1. Ethnicism 68
2.1.4.2. Linguicism 68
2.1.5.Language and nation 69
2.1.5.1. Nation-state and nationalities State 69
2.1.5.2. National language and official language 71
2.1.6. Ethnic Community and culture 72
2.1.6.1. Ethnic language 73
2.1.6.2. Identity and loyalty: Ethnicity, ethnic and national loyalty 73
2.1.7. Language choices 74
2.1.7.1. Bilingualism 75
2.1.7.2. Processes of language choice in different situations 76
2.1.7.3. Diglossia 77
2.1.7.4. The approach of the triglossic model 80
2.1.8. Language domains 82
Table of Content XI
2.1.9. Language change: The struggle for survival 84
2.1.9.1. Language shift: From language maintenance
to language death 85
2.1.9.2. Borrowing 89
2.1.9.3. Code mixing (interlarded speech) 90
2.1.9.4. Code switching 90
2.2. Language planning and language policy in Botswana 92
2.2.1. Defining language planning 94
2.2.1.1. Corpus planning 96
2.2.1.2. Status planning 97
2.2.2. Defining language policy 98
2.2.3.Language policy and language planning with regard to
thehistory ofeducation 99
2.2.3.1. The pre-colonial era: Education for life and
free choiceof language 99
2.2.3.2. The colonial era: Changing times 102
2.2.3.3. Post-colonial era: Gathering experience 103
2.2.3.4. Nation-building: Language and national unity 104
2.2.4. Modern times: Striving for best results and equal chances 109
2.2.4.1. Formal education 111
2.2.4.2. Non-formal education 112
2.2.5.The choice of ajust educational model 113
2.2.5.1. Various bilingual education modeis 114
2.2.5.2. Education modeis in Botswana 116
2.2.6. Language policy and information by modern mass media 118
2.2.6.1. Radio broadcasting: Radio world Botswana 119
2.2.6.2. Printed press in Botswana: Newspapers and magazines 120
2.2.6.3. Television: Window to the world 121
2.2.7. Summary 122
3. EMPIRICAL SURVEYS: METHODOLOGIES AND
EVALUATION PROCESSES 125
3.1. Applied methodological approaches 125
3.1.1. Survey concepts 126
Quantitative vs. qualitative research 128
3.1.2. Survey process: Using the instruments 129
The interview 129
Interviewer training 13 0
XII Table of Content
The questionnaire 131
Observation 133
3.1.3. Statistical processes: data analysis and interpretation 133
3.1.4. Problematic issues in preparing and evaluating a survey 135
3.2. The surveys in Botswana: Description of the data collection 138
3.2.1. The questionnaire surveys 139
3.2.1.1. 1996: The preliminary test 139
3.2.1.2. The firstmain questionnaire survey (1996) 143
3.2.1.3. 1998:The development of a second questionnaire
focusing on attitudes, code switching and the media 144
3.2.1.4. The second main survey (July - December 1998) 144
3.2.1.5. The special survey with Radio Botswana (1999) 147
3.2.2.General data on the survey participants and research locations
inmaps 147
3.2.2.1. Research locations 148
3.2.2.2. General personal data: 1996 and 1998 148
4. Data analysis : Patterns of language use and
attitudes in the multilingual setting of botswana 159
4.1. Bilingualism and multilingualism: Individual needs and societal rules 159
4.1.1. Individual bi- or multilingualism 160
4.1.1.1. Self-assessing language competence 168
4.1.1.2. Discussion and conclusions 179
4.1.2. Societal bilingualism: Diglossia and triglossia in Botswana 184
4.1.2.1. The primary domains 185
4.1.2.1.1. Language use in the family 185
4.1.2.1.2. Language use within and beyond the
respondents ethnic Community 191
4.1.2.1.3. Language use in shops 193
4.1.2.2. The secondary domains 194
4.1.2.2.1. Language use at school 194
4.1.2.2.2. Language use at official institutions
(hospital, police, court, administration) 195
4.1.2.3. Summary and discussion: Diglossia or triglossia? 198
4.2. Language shift and language maintenance: Processes of change 204
4.2.1. Factors of language shift and maintenance 204
4.2.1.1. The age component 211
Table of Content XIII
4.2.1.2. The urban/rural dichotomy in geographical distribution 213
4.2.1.3. The education factor 215
4.2.1.4. The ambiguity of the factor ethnic affiliation 219
4.2.1.5. The Gaelic-Arvanitika-Model (GAM) of
language death by Sasse 220
4.2.1.6. Discussion and conclusion 224
4.2.2. Code-switching phenomena as language shift in progress:
Rule or exception? 231
4.2.2.1. Code-switching domains 233
4.2.2.2. The age factor 234
4.2.2.3. Code switching and geographical distribution 235
4.2.2.4. Reasons for code switching 237
4.2.2.5. On non-codeswitchers 242
4.2.2.6. Discussion and summary 244
4.3. Status and stereotypes: The power of languages 248
4.3.1.Language Status 248
4.3.1.1. Language learning and language teaching:
Parental wishes 251
4.3.1.2. Language as bridge into future 257
4.3.1.3. We are all Batswana! - The national-language question 261
Excursion: Side-step to East Africa 266
4.3.1.4. Ethnic identity vs. national identity:
Loyalties in question 270
4.3.1.5. Discussion and summary 272
4.3.2. Stereotypes: Linguistic evidence for a social bias
on tribal grounds? 278
4.3.2.1. Explaining prejudice and stereotypes 278
4.3.2.2. The surveyset-up (1999) 285
4.3.2.3. Survey results: Towards equality or ethnic-linguistic
classesof Botswana? 291
4.3.2.4. English varieties 309
4.3.2.5. Discussion and summary: We are all Batswana? 312
5. CONCLUSIONS: PRESENT AND FUTURE ROLES
OF LANGUAGES - HOPE AND HURDLE 317
5.1. Summarising tendencies of language use and attitudes 317
XIV Table of Content
5.2. Suggestions: Reducing social and linguistic conflict structures 320
5.2.1.General language policy objectives 321
5.2.2. Goals of a more just language in education policy 323
5.2.3.Enhancing language Status 324
5.2.4. Research to be done 325
5.3. Hope or hurdle? Hope and hurdle? 326
5.3.1. English - Supplement, challenge or menace:
The undebated emperor? 327
5.3.2. Setswana - between chairs: Beggarman or king? 328
5.2.3. Minority languages: Botswana s Cinderellas? 329
References 331
Indices
Subject Index 345
Index ofMaps and Figures 348
Appendices
Appendix 1 - Questionnaire / Interview Guide 1996 349
Appendix 2 - Guidelines for Research Assistants 1996 359
Appendix 3 - Questionnaire/Interview basis 1998 363
Appendix 4 - Questionnaire for Radio Botswana 1999 369
Appendix 5 -Matched Guise Questionnaire 1999 373
Appendix 6 - Selected Tables in detail 381
Appendix 7 - Sample texts (excerpts) 391
Appendix 8 - Reading texts for the matched guise technique 395
Appendix 9 - Detailed tables on the matched guise survey 397
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| series | Duisburger Arbeiten zur Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft |
| series2 | Duisburger Arbeiten zur Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft |
| spelling | Smieja, Birgit 1962- Verfasser (DE-588)115473858 aut Language pluralism in Botswana - hope or hurdle? a sociolinguistic survey on language use and language attitudes in Botswana with special reference to the status and use of English Birgit Smieja Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] Lang 2003 XIV, 407 S. Ill., graph. Darst. : 21 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Duisburger Arbeiten zur Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft 49 Zugl.: Duisburg, Univ., Diss. 2002 Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd rswk-swf Soziolinguistik (DE-588)4077623-2 gnd rswk-swf Mehrsprachigkeit (DE-588)4038403-2 gnd rswk-swf Sprachkontakt (DE-588)4077723-6 gnd rswk-swf Tswana-Sprache (DE-588)4256812-2 gnd rswk-swf Botswana (DE-588)4007857-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Botswana (DE-588)4007857-7 g Mehrsprachigkeit (DE-588)4038403-2 s Soziolinguistik (DE-588)4077623-2 s DE-604 Tswana-Sprache (DE-588)4256812-2 s Sprachkontakt (DE-588)4077723-6 s Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 s Duisburger Arbeiten zur Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft 49 (DE-604)BV002240029 49 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010178400&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Smieja, Birgit 1962- Language pluralism in Botswana - hope or hurdle? a sociolinguistic survey on language use and language attitudes in Botswana with special reference to the status and use of English Duisburger Arbeiten zur Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd Soziolinguistik (DE-588)4077623-2 gnd Mehrsprachigkeit (DE-588)4038403-2 gnd Sprachkontakt (DE-588)4077723-6 gnd Tswana-Sprache (DE-588)4256812-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4014777-0 (DE-588)4077623-2 (DE-588)4038403-2 (DE-588)4077723-6 (DE-588)4256812-2 (DE-588)4007857-7 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Language pluralism in Botswana - hope or hurdle? a sociolinguistic survey on language use and language attitudes in Botswana with special reference to the status and use of English |
| title_auth | Language pluralism in Botswana - hope or hurdle? a sociolinguistic survey on language use and language attitudes in Botswana with special reference to the status and use of English |
| title_exact_search | Language pluralism in Botswana - hope or hurdle? a sociolinguistic survey on language use and language attitudes in Botswana with special reference to the status and use of English |
| title_full | Language pluralism in Botswana - hope or hurdle? a sociolinguistic survey on language use and language attitudes in Botswana with special reference to the status and use of English Birgit Smieja |
| title_fullStr | Language pluralism in Botswana - hope or hurdle? a sociolinguistic survey on language use and language attitudes in Botswana with special reference to the status and use of English Birgit Smieja |
| title_full_unstemmed | Language pluralism in Botswana - hope or hurdle? a sociolinguistic survey on language use and language attitudes in Botswana with special reference to the status and use of English Birgit Smieja |
| title_short | Language pluralism in Botswana - hope or hurdle? |
| title_sort | language pluralism in botswana hope or hurdle a sociolinguistic survey on language use and language attitudes in botswana with special reference to the status and use of english |
| title_sub | a sociolinguistic survey on language use and language attitudes in Botswana with special reference to the status and use of English |
| topic | Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd Soziolinguistik (DE-588)4077623-2 gnd Mehrsprachigkeit (DE-588)4038403-2 gnd Sprachkontakt (DE-588)4077723-6 gnd Tswana-Sprache (DE-588)4256812-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Englisch Soziolinguistik Mehrsprachigkeit Sprachkontakt Tswana-Sprache Botswana Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010178400&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV002240029 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT smiejabirgit languagepluralisminbotswanahopeorhurdleasociolinguisticsurveyonlanguageuseandlanguageattitudesinbotswanawithspecialreferencetothestatusanduseofenglish |