Phosphates: geochemical, geobiological, and materials importance
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| Format: | Buch |
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| Sprache: | English |
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Washington, DC
Mineralogical Soc. of America
2002
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| Schriftenreihe: | Reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry
48 |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XV, 742 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 093995060X |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Phosphates |b geochemical, geobiological, and materials importance |c eds.: Matthew J. Kohn ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a Washington, DC |b Mineralogical Soc. of America |c 2002 | |
| 300 | |a XV, 742 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry |v 48 | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Géobiologie |2 rasuqam | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Géochimie |2 rasuqam | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Phosphate |2 rasuqam | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geobiology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geochemistry | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Materials | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Phosphates | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1805083660642156544 |
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| adam_text |
PHOSPHATES:
Geochemical, Geobiological, and Materials Importance
TABLE of CONTENTS
1 The Crystal Structure of Apatite, Ca5(PO4)3(F,OH,Cl)
John M. Hughes, John Rakovan
INTRODUCTION.1
THE P6,/m APATITE STRUCTURE.2
The PO4 tetrahedron.4
The CalOg polyhedron.4
The Ca2O6ir polyhedron.4
APATITE SENSU STRICTO STRUCTURAL VARIANTS.5
Monoclinic hydroxylapatite and chlorapatite.5
Anion compatibility.6
Solution in the anion columns.8
Hexagonal ternary apatite.9
Monoclinic ternary apatite.10
SUMMARY.11
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.11
REFERENCES.¦.H
2 Compositions of the Apatite-Group Minerals:
Substitution Mechanisms and Controlling Factors
Yuanming Pan, Michael E. Fleet
INTRODUCTION.13
CATION AND ANION SUBSTITUTIONS IN APATITES.15
Substitutions for calcium (M cations).23
Substitutions for phosphate (ZO4 group).29
INTRINSIC AND EXTERNAL CONTROLS ON UPTAKE OF REEs IN APATITES.33
Crystal-chemical controls.3 3
External (P-T-X) controls.3 7
SUMMARY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH.".39
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.40
REFERENCES.40
3 Growth and Surface Properties of Apatite
John Rakovan
INTRODUCTION.51
CRYSTAL MORPHOLOGY AND SURFACE MICROTOPOGRAPHY.51
Morphology.51
Surface microtopography.53
APATITE CRYSTAL GROWTH FROM SOLUTION.1.56
NUCLEATION. 57
GROWTH MECHANISMS.59
Solubility, equilibrium, and precursor phases in apatite growth.62
Growth rates. 65
DIRECT OBSERVATIONS OF GROWTH AT SURFACES.".JO
vu
IMPURITY INCORPORATION DURING GROWTH.70
Surface structural controls on trace element incorporation during growth.71
CONCLUSIONS.81
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.81
REFERENCES.81
4 Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of
Monazite, Pretulite, and Xenotime
Lynn A. Boatner
PROPERTIES OF RARE-EARTH-, Sc-, AND Y-ORTHOPHOSPHATES.87
General characteristics.87
Chemical composition.87
Chemical durability.89
Radiation damage effects.89
Thermophysical and thermochemical properties.90
CRYSTAL GROWTH OF MONAZITE, PRETULITE, AND XENOTIME.91
Flux growth of RE-, Sc-, and Y-orthophosphates.91
RE-, Sc-, and Y-orthophosphate crystal morphology.94
Impurities and dopant incorporation.94
Orthophosphate crystal size and alternate growth methods.96
CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF MONAZITE, PRETULITE, AND XENOTIME.97
Urea precipitation.97
Metathesis reactions with BPO4.98
Solid state reactions.99
Other orthophosphate synthesis methods.99
APPLICATIONS OF RE-, Sc-, AND Y-ORTHOPHOSPHATES.100
Orthophosphate waste forms for actinides and high-level radioactive wastes.100
Gamma- and X-ray scintillator and phosphor applications.100
Orthophosphates as weak interfaces in ceramic composites.101
Other applications of RE-, Sc -, and Y-orthophosphates.101
STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF RE-, Sc-, AND Y-ORTHOPHOSPHATES.102
Early crystal lographic studies.102
Crystal chemical background and characteristics.102
Single-crystal monazite and xenotime structural refinements.104
PHYSICAL, OPTICAL, AND SOLID-STATE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES.112
SUMMARY.115
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.115
REFERENCES.116
5 The Crystal Chemistry of the Phosphate Minerals
Danielle M.C. Huminicki, Frank C. Hawthorne
INTRODUCTION.123
CHEMICAL BONDING.123
STEREOCHEMISTRY OF (P«j»4) POLYHEDRA IN MINERALS.123
Variation in P- | distances.124
Variation in P-$ distances.124
General polyhedral distortion in P-bearing minerals.124
HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION OF CRYSTAL STRUCTURES.I27
POLYMERIZATION OF (P t 4) AND OTHER (T t»4) TETRAHEDRA.I28
POLYMERIZATION OF (Pfc) TETRAHEDRA AND.129
OTHER (Jl%) POLYHEDRA.129
A STRUCTURAL HIERARCHY FOR PHOSPHATE MINERALS.I29
viii
STRUCTURES WITH POLYMERIZED (r«t»4) GROUPS.129
Finite clusters of tetrahedra.130
Infinite chains of tetrahedra.132
Infinite sheets of tetrahedra.136
Infinite frameworks of tetrahedra.141
STRUCTURES WITH (Tfa) AND (A^t) GROUPS.145
Structures with unconnected (PO4) groups.145
Structures with finite clusters of tetrahedra and octahedra.146
Structures with infinite chains of (PO4) tetrahedra and (M^) octahedra.148
Structures with infinite sheets of (PO4) tetrahedra and (A%) octahedra.154
Structures with infinite frameworks of (PO4) tetrahedra and (Mfa) octahedra.168
STRUCTURES WITH (r t 4) GROUPS AND LARGE CATIONS.203
APATITE-RELATED MINERALS.217
SILICOPHOSPHATE MINERALS.217
HEXAVALENT-URANIUM PHOSPHATE MINERALS.217
AN ADDENDUM ON CRYSTAL-CHEMICAL RELATIONS
AMONG PHOSPHATE MINERALS.218
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.220
REFERENCES.220
APPENDIX: Data and References for Selected Phosphate Minerals.235
6 Apatite in Igneous Systems
Philip M. Piccoli, Philip A. Candela
INTRODUCTION.255
HABIT AND TEXTURE OF IGNEOUS APATITE.256
Concentric zoning.257
SOLUBILITY OF APATITE IN MELTS.257
Estimation of apatite saturation temperature (AST).258
COMPOSITION OF IGNEOUS APATITE.260
Apatite chemistry in Ca-Mn-Na space.261
Apatite chemistry in Ca-Mn-Fe space.261
Apatite chemistry in Ce-Mn-Fe space.271
Apatite chemistry in P-Si-S space.271
Apatite chemistry in F-C1-OH space.276
Thermodynamics of F-C1-OH exchange.276
SURVEY OF APATITE PROVENANCE.281
Apatite in intermediate to felsic systems.281
Durango apatite.283
Apatite in mafic rocks.284
Mantle apatite.284
CONCLUDING REMARKS REGARDING THE HALOGENS IN APATITE.285
SUMMARY.286
APPENDIX: Comments on the Calculation of Mineral Formulas for
End-Member Apatites (F, Cl and OH).286
REFERENCES.287
7 Apatite, Monazite, and Xenotime in Metamorphic Rocks
Frank S. Spear, Joseph M. Pyle
INTRODUCTION.293
OCCURRENCE AND CHEMISTRY OF METAMORPHIC APATITE,
MONAZITE AND XENOTIME.294
Electron microprobe analysis of apatite, monazite, and xenotime.294
Apatite.294
Monazite and xenotime.297
ix
CRITERIA FOR EQUILIBRIUM AMONG COEXISTING PHOSPHATES
AND OTHER PHASES.314
ELEMENT PARTITIONING AMONG COEXISTING PHOSPHATES
AND OTHER PHASES.315
Monazite-xenotime partitioning.317
Xenotime/monazite - garnet Y distribution.321
APATITE-FLUID AND APATITE-BIOTITE PARTITIONING.323
PARAGENESIS OF METAMORPHIC APATITE, MONAZITE AND XENOTIME.324
PROGRADE METAMORPHISM OF APATITE, MONAZITE AND XENOTIME.325
Phosphates in the melting region.326
Hydrothermal origin of apatite, monazite and xenotime.328
Implications for monazite and xenotime geochronology.329
CONCLUDING REMARKS.331
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.331
REFERENCES.331
8 Electron Microprobe Analysis of REE in Apatite,
Monazite and Xenotime: Protocols and Pitfalls
Joseph M. Pyle, Frank S. Spear, David A. Wark
INTRODUCTION.337
FLUORINE EXCITATION DURING APATITE ANALYSIS.337
ANALYSIS OF REE PHOSPHATES.339
Introduction.339
STANDARDS.339
X-RAY COUNT RATE AND DETECTOR ENERGY SHIFT.339
DETECTOR GAS ABSORPTION EDGES.342
ANALYTICAL PRECISION AND DETECTION LIMITS.344
Mutual interference of L- and M-line elements in monazite and xenotime.346
ZAF corrections.354
SUMMARY.359
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.360
REFERENCES.360
9 Sedimentary Phosphorites—An Example:
Phosphoria Formation, Southeastern Idaho, U.S.A.
Andrew C. Knudsen, Mickey E. Gunter
INTRODUCTION.363
PHOSPHOGENESIS.363
Phosphorous accumulation and sedimentation.363
CFA crystallization.365
MINERALOGY AND CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF PHOSPHORITES.367
Carbonate-fluorapatite nomenclature.367
The carbonate presence.367
Measurement of COi2" substitution.369
Extent of CO32" substitution.371
Other phases.374
PHOSPHORITE AS AN ORE.'." [.375
PHOSPHORIA FORMATION.ZZZZZZ"^Z!I.376
Background.376
Current work. .378
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.'."ZZ!.ZZ.385
REFERENCES.ZZ'Z'Z."ZZ ZZ.'385
10 The Global Phosphorus Cycle
Gabriel M. Filippelli
INTRODUCTION.391
GLOBAL PHOSPHORUS CYCLING.391
Natural (pre-human) phosphorus cycle.391
Modern phosphorus cycle.398
ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS AND SOIL DEVELOPMENT.399
Example of the lake history approach to terrestrial P cycling.400
CONTROL OF OXYGEN ON COUPLED P AND C CYCLING IN CONTINENTAL
MARGINS: A CASE STUDY FROM THE ANOXIC SAANICH INLET.403
Saanich Inlet, British Columbia.405
Organic carbon and phosphorus geochemistry.406
Phosphorus burial.410
Weathering changes in the Himalayan-Tibetan plateau.414
Continental weathering and increased chemical fluxes to the ocean.414
Nutrient fluxes to the ocean.415
Late Miocene-early Pliocene weathering event and climate.416
CONCLUSIONS.416
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.418
REFERENCES.418
11 Calcium Phosphate Biominerals
James C. Elliott
BIOMINERALS—OVERVIEW.427
Tissues and minerals.427
CRYSTAL SIZE, SHAPE, ORIENTATION, AND LATTICE PERFECTION.431
Wide-angle diffraction: Theory.432
Wide-angle scattering studies of enamel.433
Wide-angle scattering studies of bone.434
Small-angle scattering: Theory.436
Small-angle scattering studies.437
Electron microscopy, including atomic force microscopy.438
Summary.440
SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES.442
ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF BIOLOGICAL APATITES.445
CONCLUSIONS.448
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.448
REFERENCES.448
12 Stable Isotope Compositions of Biological Apatite
Matthew J. Kohn, Thure E. Cerling
INTRODUCTION.455
ANALYSIS.455
CO3 component.455
PO4 component.456
MATERIALS AND DIAGENESIS.456
CARBON ISOTOPES IN BIOAPATITES.460
Ecological trends.460
Tooth growth and isotopic zoning.463
XI
OXYGEN ISOTOPES IN BIOAPATITES.464
Ecological trends.464
Mass balance.467
Isotopic zoning.468
STRONTIUM ISOTOPES IN BIOAPATITES.470
EXAMPLES AND APPLICATIONS.472
The Rapid Increase in Ç, Ecosystems (RICE).472
Terrestrial-marine climate coupling.474
Tectonics.475
CONCLUSIONS.480
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.480
13 Trace Elements in Recent and Fossil Bone Apatite
Clive N. Trueman, Noreen Tuross
INTRODUCTION.489
BONE MINERAL.489
TRACE ELEMENTS IN LIVING BONE.490
Trace element composition of bone.490
TRACE ELEMENTS IN FOSSIL BONE.492
Fossilization of bone.492
Post-mortem uptake of trace metals into bone.496
Trace element composition of ancient bone: Archaeological applications.501
Paleoenvironmental and geological applications.507
SUMMARY.515
REFERENCES.516
14 U-Th-Pb Dating of Phosphate Minerals
T. Mark Harrison, Elizabeth J. Catlos, Jean-Marc Monte!
BACKGROUND.523
Introduction.523
The U-Th-Pb dating system.523
MINERAL STRUCTURE AND RADIATION DAMAGE CONSIDERATIONS.528
Monazite.528
Apatite.530
Xenotime.531
KINETIC PROPERTIES.!.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.!.!.531
Diffusion.531
Diffusion of Pb in monazite.534
Diffusion of Pb in apatite.536
Diffusion of Pb in xenotime.536
dating approaches.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.!!!!!.536
Isotope dilution mass spectrometry.536
Secondary ion mass spectrometry.537
Chemical Pb dating.539
Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.545
U-TH-PB DATING OF MONAZITE.545
Prograde thermochronometry.545
Case studies. .547
U-TH-PB DATING OF APATITE.!"!"!!".!!!!!!!!"!!!!'.ÜÜÜ.549
U-TH-PB DATING OF XENOTIME. . 550
SUMMARY. . 552
references.!.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.ÜÜÜ552
xii
15 (U-Th)/He Dating of Phosphates: Apatite, Monazite, and Xenotime
Kenneth A. Farley, Daniel F. Stockli
INTRODUCTION.559
DETAILS OF THE METHOD.559
The age equation.559
Effects of long a-stopping distances.560
Analytical procedures.565
SIGNIFICANCE OF PHOSPHATE (U-Th)/He AGES.567
He diffusivity from phosphates.568
INTERPRETATION.569
CHALLENGES.573
CONCLUSIONS.574
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.575
REFERENCES.576
16 Fission Track Dating of Phosphate Minerals
and the Thermochronology of Apatite
Andrew J.W. Gleadow, David X. Belton, Barry P. Kohn, Roderick W. Brown
INTRODUCTION.579
FISSION TRACK DATING OF PHOSPHATE MINERALS.580
Monazite.580
Merrillite ("whitlockite").580
Apatite.582
FISSION TRACK DATING OF APATITE.583
The formation of fission tracks.583
Track etching and observation.585
Fission track dating methods.588
Experimental procedures.589
Track length measurements.591
TRACK STABILITY.593
Annealing over geological time-scales.595
The process of annealing.597
Problems in track measurement.599
Compositional effects.600
Crystallographic effects.601
Numerical annealing models.602
Modeling at an atomic level.605
Thermal history reconstruction and inversion modeling.606
GEOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF APATITE FISSION TRACK ANALYSIS.606
Absolute dating.607
Apatite fission-track crustal profiles.608
Ore deposits.612
Stratigraphie dating and provenance.612
Sedimentary basins.612
Orogenic belts.613
Non-orogenic settings.613
Fault displacement and reactivation.615
Regional and continental-scale thermo-tectonic imaging.615
REFERENCES.617
Xlll
17 Biomédical Application of Apatites
Karlis A. Gross, Christopher C. Berndt
INTRODUCTION.63!
BIOLOGICAL APATITES.632
SYNTHESIS OF APATITE.634
APATITE CEMENTS.637
Production of apatite cements.637
Animal studies.638
Clinical studies.638
COMPOSITES.639
SINTERING OF DENSE CERAMICS.640
Chemically substituted apatites.641
Sintering additives.642
Sintering temperatures.642
In vitro and animal studies of sintered apatites.643
Clinical studies.644
POROUS APATITE BODIES.644
Artificial porous structures.645
Biologically architectured porous materials.645
Clinical applications of porous apatites.645
COATINGS.:.646
Thermal spraying.646
Biomimetic processing.653
Sol-gel deposition.654
Electro-deposition.654
Vacuum deposition.654
FUTURE WORK.655
APPENDIX 1: Chemical Formula for Inorganic Compounds.656
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.657
REFERENCES.657
18 . Phosphates as Nuclear Waste Forms
Rodney C. Ewing, LuMin Wang
INTRODUCTION.673
TYPES of NUCLEAR WASTE.673
High-level waste from reprocessing to reclaim fissile materials for weapons.674
Used or spent nuclear fuel resulting from commercial power generation.674
Plutonium: Reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel and dismantled nuclear weapons.674
ROLE OF THE WASTE FORM. .675
PHOSPHATE WASTE FORMS: MINERALS.676
Apatite.676
Monazite. .681
PHOSPHATE, WASTE FORMS-'sYNTHEtÏc PHASESZZZZ'ZZZZZZ.687
Sodium zirconium phosphate (NZP).687
Thorium phosphate-diphosphate (TPD) .689
PHOSPHATE GLASSES. . .690
SUMMARY. . .692
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. . .692
REFERENCES. . .692
xiv
19 Apatite Luminescence
Glenn A. Waychunas
INTRODUCTION.701
DEFINITIONS.702
Types of luminescence.702
LUMINESCENCE METHODS.704
Photoluminescence, cathodoluminescence and radioluminescence distinctions.704
Emission, absorption and excitation spectroscopy.707
Apatite occurrences.707
APATITE STRUCTURE AND TYPES OF LUMINESCENT SUBST1TUENTS.710
Activator sites and occupations.710
APATITE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE.715
Band structure.715
Luminescence in other apatite group minerals.729
LUMINESCENCE ZONING.731
APATITE THERMOLUMINESCENCE.731
SYNTHETIC APATITE USE IN FLUORESCENT LAMPS AND LASERS.733
Fluorescent lamp phosphors.733
Laser applications.735
ISSUES CONCERNING APATITE LUMINESCENCE.736
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.737
REFERENCES.738 |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV016425661 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T07:52:06Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 093995060X |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-010155933 |
| oclc_num | 248782206 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-703 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-29 DE-20 DE-188 DE-B16 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-703 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-29 DE-20 DE-188 DE-B16 |
| physical | XV, 742 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2002 |
| publishDateSearch | 2002 |
| publishDateSort | 2002 |
| publisher | Mineralogical Soc. of America |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry |
| series2 | Reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry |
| spelling | Phosphates geochemical, geobiological, and materials importance eds.: Matthew J. Kohn ... Washington, DC Mineralogical Soc. of America 2002 XV, 742 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry 48 Géobiologie rasuqam Géochimie rasuqam Phosphate rasuqam Geobiology Geochemistry Materials Phosphates Zirkon (DE-588)4190941-0 gnd rswk-swf Geochemie (DE-588)4020198-3 gnd rswk-swf Phosphate (DE-588)4134029-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Phosphate (DE-588)4134029-2 s Geochemie (DE-588)4020198-3 s DE-604 Zirkon (DE-588)4190941-0 s Kohn, Matthew J. Sonstige oth Reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry 48 (DE-604)BV013377203 48 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010155933&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Phosphates geochemical, geobiological, and materials importance Reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry Géobiologie rasuqam Géochimie rasuqam Phosphate rasuqam Geobiology Geochemistry Materials Phosphates Zirkon (DE-588)4190941-0 gnd Geochemie (DE-588)4020198-3 gnd Phosphate (DE-588)4134029-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4190941-0 (DE-588)4020198-3 (DE-588)4134029-2 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Phosphates geochemical, geobiological, and materials importance |
| title_auth | Phosphates geochemical, geobiological, and materials importance |
| title_exact_search | Phosphates geochemical, geobiological, and materials importance |
| title_full | Phosphates geochemical, geobiological, and materials importance eds.: Matthew J. Kohn ... |
| title_fullStr | Phosphates geochemical, geobiological, and materials importance eds.: Matthew J. Kohn ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phosphates geochemical, geobiological, and materials importance eds.: Matthew J. Kohn ... |
| title_short | Phosphates |
| title_sort | phosphates geochemical geobiological and materials importance |
| title_sub | geochemical, geobiological, and materials importance |
| topic | Géobiologie rasuqam Géochimie rasuqam Phosphate rasuqam Geobiology Geochemistry Materials Phosphates Zirkon (DE-588)4190941-0 gnd Geochemie (DE-588)4020198-3 gnd Phosphate (DE-588)4134029-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Géobiologie Géochimie Phosphate Geobiology Geochemistry Materials Phosphates Zirkon Geochemie Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010155933&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV013377203 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kohnmatthewj phosphatesgeochemicalgeobiologicalandmaterialsimportance |