Plant physiology:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sunderland, Mass.
Sinauer
2002
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| Ausgabe: | 3. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXVI, 690 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0878938230 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804129323707269120 |
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| adam_text | PLANT PHYSIOLOGY THIRD EDITION LINCOLN TAIZ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA,
SANTA CRUZ EDUARDO ZEIGER UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES SINAUER
ASSOCIATES, INC., PUBLISHERS SUNDERLAND, MASSACHUSETTS CONTENTS IN BRIEF
1 PLANT CELLS 1 2 [ON THE WEB SITE] ENERGY AND ENZYMES 29 UNIT I
TRANSPORT AND TRANSLOCATION OF WATER AND SOLUTES 31 3 WATER AND PLANT
CELLS 33 4 WATER BALANCE OF THE PLANT 47 5 MINERAL NUTRITION 67 6 SOLUTE
TRANSPORT 87 UNIT II BIOCHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM 109 7 PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
THE LIGHT REACTIONS 111 8 PHOTOSYNTHESIS: CARBON REACTIONS 145 9
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 171 10
TRANSLOCATION IN THE PHLOEM 193 U RESPIRATION AND LIPID METABOLISM 223
11 ASSIMILATION OF MINERAL NUTRIENTS 259 13 SECONDARY METABOLITES AND
PLANT DEFENSE 283 UNIT III GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 309 14 [ON THE WEB
SITE] GENE EXPRESSION AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 311 15 CELL WALLS:
STRUCTURE, BIOGENESIS, AND EXPANSION 313 16 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 339
17 PHYTOCHROME AND LIGHT CONTROL OF PLANT DEVELOPMENT 375 18 BLUE-LIGHT
RESPONSES: STOMATAL MOVEMENTS AND MORPHOGENESIS 403 19 AUXIN: THE GROWTH
HORMONE 423 20 GIBBERELLINS: REGULATORS OF PLANT HEIGHT 461 21
CYTOKININS: REGULATORS OF CELL DIVISION 493 22 ETHYLENE: THE GASEOUS
HORMONE 519 23 ABSCISIC ACID: A SEED MATURATION AND ANTISTRESS SIGNAL
539 24 THE CONTROL OF FLOWERING 559 25 STRESS PHYSIOLOGY 591 TABLE OF
CONTENTS PREFACE V AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS VII 1 PLANT CELLS 1 PLANT
LIFE: UNIFYING PRINCIPLES 1 OVERVIEW OF PLANT STRUCTURE 2 PLANT CELLS
ARE SURROUNDED BY RIGID CELL WALLS 2 NEW CELLS ARE PRODUCED BY DIVIDING
TISSUES CALLED MERISTEMS 2 THREE MAJOR TISSUE SYSTEMS MAKE UP THE PLANT
BODY 2 THE PLANT CELL 5 BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES ARE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYERS
THAT CONTAIN PROTEINS 6 THE NUCLEUS CONTAINS MOST OF THE GENETIC
MATERIAL OF THE CELL 6 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INVOLVES TRANSCRIPTION AND
TRANSLATION 9 THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM IS A NETWORK OF INTERNAL
MEMBRANES 10 SECRETION OF PROTEINS FROM CELLS BEGINS WITH THE ROUGH ER
10 PROTEINS AND POLYSACCHARIDES FOR SECRETION ARE PROCESSED IN THE GOLGI
APPARATUS 13 THE CENTRAL VACUOLE CONTAINS WATER AND SOLUTES 13
MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS ARE SITES OF ENERGY CONVERSION 14
MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS ARE SEMIAUTONOMOUS ORGANELLES 15 DIFFERENT
PLASTID TYPES ARE INTERCONVERTIBLE 17 MICROBODIES PLAY SPECIALIZED
METABOLIC ROLES IN LEAVES AND SEEDS 18 OLEOSOMES ( ARE LIPID-STORING
ORGANELLES 19 THE CYTOSKELETON 19 PLANT CELLS CONTAIN MICROTUBULES,
MICROFILAMENTS, AND INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS 19 MICROTUBULES AND
MICROFILAMENTS CAN ASSEMBLE AND DISASSEMBLE 20 MICROTUBULES FUNCTION IN
MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS 21 MICROFILAMENTS ARE INVOLVED IN CYTOPLASMIC
STREAMING AND IN TIP GROWTH 22 INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS OCCUR IN THE
CYTOSOL AND NUCLEUS OF PLANT CELLS 23 CELL CYCLE REGULATION 23 EACH
PHASE OF THE CELL CYCLE HAS A SPECIFIC SET OF BIOCHEMICAL AND CELLULAR
ACTIVITIES 23 THE CELL CYCLE IS REGULATED BY PROTEIN KINASES 23
PLASMODESMATA 24 THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF PLASMODESMATA: PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY 25 * PLASMODESMATA HAVE A COMPLEX INTERNAL STRUCTURE 25
SUMMARY 26 [ON THE WEB SITE] ENERGY AND ENZYMES 29 XII TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNIT I TRANSPORT AND TRANSLOCATION OF WATER AND SOLUTES 31 3 WATER AND
PLANT CELLS 33 WATER IN PLANT LIFE 33 THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF
WATER 34 THE POLARITY OF WATER MOLECULES GIVES RISE TO HYDROGEN BONDS 34
THE POLARITY OF WATER MAKES IT AN EXCELLENT SOLVENT 35 THE THERMAL
PROPERTIES OF WATER RESULT FROM HYDROGEN BONDING 35 THE COHESIVE AND
ADHESIVE PROPERTIES OF WATER ARE DUE TO HYDROGEN BONDING 36 WATER HAS A
HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH 36 WATER TRANSPORT PROCESSES 36 DIFFUSION IS THE
MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES BY RANDOM THERMAL AGITATION 37 DIFFUSION IS RAPID
OVER SHORT DISTANCES BUT EXTREMELY SLOW OVER LONG DISTANCES 37
PRESSURE-DRIVEN BULK FLOW DRIVES LONG-DISTANCE WATER TRANSPORT 39 4
WATER BALANCE OF PLANTS 47 WATER IN THE SOIL 47 A NEGATIVE HYDROSTATIC
PRESSURE IN SOIL WATER LOWERS SOIL WATER POTENTIAL 48 WATER MOVES
THROUGH THE SOIL BY BULK FLOW 49 J WATER ABSORPTION BY ROOTS 49 WATER
MOVES IN THE ROOT VIA THE APOPLAST, TRANSMEMBRANE, AND SYMPLAST PATHWAYS
50 SOLUTE ACCUMULATION IN THE XYLEM CAN GENERATE ROOT PRESSURE 51
WATER TRANSPORT THROUGH THE XYLEM 52 THE XYLEM CONSISTS OF TWO TYPES OF
TRACHEARY ELEMENTS 52 WATER MOVEMENT THROUGH THE XYLEM REQUIRES LESS
PRESSURE THAN MOVEMENT THROUGH LIVING CELLS 53 WHAT PRESSURE DIFFERENCE
IS NEEDED TO LIFT WATER 100 METERS TO A TREETOP? 53 THE COHESION-TENSION
THEORY EXPLAINS WATER TRANSPORT IN THE XYLEM 54 XYLEM TRANSPORT OF WATER
IN TREES FACES PHYSICAL CHALLENGES 54 PLANTS MINIMIZE THE CONSEQUENCES
OF XYLEM CAVITATION 55 ^OSMOSIS IS DRIVEN BY A WATER POTENTIAL GRADIENT
39 THE CHEMICAL POTENTIAL OF WATER REPRESENTS THE FREE- ENERGY STATUS OF
WATER 39 THREE MAJOR FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO CELL WATER POTENTIAL 39 WATER
ENTERS THE CELL ALONG A WATER POTENTIAL GRADIENT 40 WATER CAN ALSO LEAVE
THE CELL IN RESPONSE TO A WATE POTENTIAL GRADIENT 42 SMALL CHANGES IN
PLANT CELL VOLUME CAUSE LARGE CHANGES IN TURGOR PRESSURE 43 WATER
TRANSPORT RATES DEPEND ON DRIVING FORCE AND HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY 43
THE WATER POTENTIAL CONCEPT HELPS US EVALUATE THE , WATER STATUS OF A
PLANT 44 THE COMPONENTS OF WATER POTENTIAL VARY WITH GROWTL CONDITIONS
AND LOCATION WITHIN THE PLANT 45 SUMMARY 45 WATER EVAPORATION IN THE
LEAF GENERATES A NEGATIVE PRESSURE IN THE XYLEM 55 WATER MOVEMENT FROM
THE LEAF TO THE ATMOSPHERE 57 WATER VAPOR DIFFUSES QUICKLY IN AIR 57 THE
DRIVING FORCE FOR WATER LOSS IS THE DIFFERENCE IN WATER VAPOR
CONCENTRATION 58 WATER LOSS IS ALSO REGULATED BY THE PATHWAY RESISTANCES
58 STOMATAL CONTROL COUPLES LEAF TRANSPIRATION TO LEAF PHOTOSYNTHESIS 59
THE CELL WALLS OF GUARD CELLS HAVE SPECIALIZED FEATURES 60 AN INCREASE
IN GUARD CELL TURGOR PRESSURE OPENS THE STOMATA 61 THE TRANSPIRATION
RATIO MEASURES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER LOSS AND CARBON GAIN 62
OVERVIEW: THE SOIL-PLANT-ATMOSPHERE CONTINUUM 62 SUMMARY 63 TABLE OF
CONTENTS XIII 5 MINERAL NUTRITION 67 ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS, DEFICIENCIES,
AND PLANT DISORDERS 68 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES ARE USED IN NUTRITIONAL
STUDIES 69 NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS CAN SUSTAIN RAPID PLANT GROWTH 70 -
MINERAL DEFICIENCIES DISRUPTPLANT METABOLISM AND FUNCTION 72 ANALYSIS OF
PLANT TISSUES REVEALS MINERAL DEFICIENCIES 75 TREATING NUTRITIONAL
DEFICIENCIES 76 CROP YIELDS CAN BE IMPROVED BY ADDITION OF FERTILIZERS
76 SOME MINERAL NUTRIENTS CAN BE ABSORBED BY LEAVES 77 SOIL, ROOTS, AND
MICROBES 78 NEGATIVELY CHARGED SOIL PARTICLES AFFECT THE ADSORPTION OF
MINERAL NUTRIENTS 78 SOIL PH AFFECTS NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY, SOIL
MICROBES, AND ROOT GROWTH 79 EXCESS MINERALS IN THE SOIL LIMIT PLANT
GROWTH 79 PLANTS DEVELOP EXTENSIVE ROOT SYSTEMS 79 ROOT SYSTEMS DIFFER
IN FORM BUT ARE BASED ON COMMON STRUCTURES 80 DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE
ROOT ABSORB DIFFERENT MINERAL IONS 82 MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI FACILITATE
NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY ROOTS 82 NUTRIENTS MOVE FROM THE MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI TO
THE ROOT CELLS 84 SUMMARY 84 Q SOLUTE TRANSPORT 87 PASSIVE AND ACTIVE
TRANSPORT 88 TRANSPORT OF IONS ACROSS A MEMBRANE BARRIER 89 DIFFUSION
POTENTIALS DEVELOP WHEN OPPOSITELY CHARGED IONS MOVE ACROSS A MEMBRANE
AT DIFFERENT RATES 90 THE NERNST EQUATION RELATES THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF AN ION AT EQUILIBRIUM 90 THE NERNST EQUATION CAN
BE USED TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TRANSPORT 91 PROTON
TRANSPORT IS A MAJOR DETERMINANT OF THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL 92 MEMBRANE
TRANSPORT PROCESSES 93 CHANNEL TRANSPORTERS ENHANCE ION AND WATER
DIFFUSION ACROSS MEMBRANES 94 CARRIERS BIND AND TRANSPORT SPECIFIC
SUBSTANCES 95 PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT IS DIRECTLY COUPLED TO METABOLIC
OR LIGHT ENERGY 96 SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT USES THE ENERGY STORED IN
ELECTROCHEMICAL-POTENTIAL GRADIENTS 96 MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS 99
KINETIC ANALYSES CAN ELUCIDATE TRANSPORT MECHANISMS 99 THE GENES FOR
MANY TRANSPORTERS HAVE BEEN CLONED 100 GENES FOR SPECIFIC WATER CHANNELS
HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED 101 THE PLASMA MEMBRANE H + -ATPASE HAS SEVERAL
FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS 101 THE VACUOLAR H + -ATPASE DRIVES SOLUTE
ACCUMULATION INTOVACUOLES 102 PLANT VACUOLES ARE ENERGIZED BY A SECOND
PROTON PUMP, THE H + -PYROPHOSPHATASE 104 CALCIUM PUMPS, ANTIPORTS, AND
CHANNELS REGULATE INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM 104 ION TRANSPORT IN ROOTS 104
SOLUTES MOVE THROUGH BOTH APOPLAST AND SYMPLAST 104 IONS MOVING THROUGH
THE ROOT CROSS BOTH SYMPLASTIC AND APOPLASTIC SPACES 105 XYLEM
PARENCHYMA CELLS PARTICIPATE IN XYLEM LOADING 105 SUMMARY 107 XIV TABLE
OF CONTENTS 7 UNIT II BIOCHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM 109 PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
THE LIGHT REACTIONS 111 PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN HIGHER PLANTS 111 GENERAL
CONCEPTS 112 LIGHT HAS CHARACTERISTICS OF BOTH A PARTICLE AND A WAVE 112
WHEN MOLECULES ABSORB OR EMIT LIGHT, THEY CHANGE THEIR ELECTRONIC STATE
113 PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS ABSORB THE LIGHT THAT POWERS PHOTOSYNTHESIS
115 KEY EXPERIMENTS IN UNDERSTANDING PHOTO- SYNTHESIS 115 ACTION SPECTRA
RELATE LIGHT ABSORPTION TO PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTIVITY 116 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
TAKES PLACE IN COMPLEXES CONTAINING LIGHT-HARVESTING ANTENNAS AND
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION CENTERS 117 THE CHEMICAL REACTION OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS IS DRIVEN BY LIGHT 118 LIGHT DRIVES THE REDUCTION OF NADP
AND THE FORMATION OF ATP 118 OXYGEN-EVOLVING ORGANISMS HAVE TWO
PHOTOSYSTEMS THAT OPERATE IN SERIES 119 ORGANIZATION OF, THE
PHOTOSYNTHETIC APPARATUS 120 THE CHLOROPLAST IS THE SITE OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS 120 THYLAKOIDS CONTAIN INTEGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS 121
PHOTOSYSTEMS I AND II ARE SPATIALLY SEPARATED IN THE THYLAKOID MEMBRANE
122 ANOXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA HAVE A REACTION CENTER SIMILAR TO
THAT OF PHOTOSYSTEM II 122 ORGANIZATION OF LIGHT-ABSORBING ANTENNA
SYSTEMS 123 THE ANTENNA FUNNELS ENERGY TO THE REACTION CENTER 123. MANY
ANTENNA COMPLEXES HAVE A COMMON STRUCTURAL MOTIF 123 MECHANISMS OF
ELECTRON TRANSPORT 124 ELECTRONS EJECTED FROM CHLOROPHYLL TRAVEL THROUGH
A SERIES OF ELECTRON CARRIERS ORGANIZED IN THE Z SCHEME 125 ENERGY IS
CAPTURED WHEN AN EXCITED CHLOROPHYLL REDUCES AN ELECTRON ACCEPTOR
MOLECULE 126 THE REACTION CENTER CHLOROPHYLLS OF THE TWO PHOTOSYSTEMS
ABSORB AT DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS 127 THE PHOTOSYSTEM II REACTION CENTER
IS A MULTISUBUNIT PIGMENT-PROTEIN COMPLEX 127 WATER IS OXIDIZED TO
OXYGEN BY PHOTOSYSTEM II 127 PHEOPHYTIN AND TWO QUINONES ACCEPT
ELECTRONS FROM PHOTOSYSTEM IJ 130 ELECTRON FLOW THROUGH THE CYTOCHROME B
6 F COMPLEX ALSO TRANSPORTS PROTONS 130 PLASTOQUINONE AND PLASTOCYANIN
CARRY ELECTRONS BETWEEN PHOTOSYSTEMS II AND I 132 THE PHOTOSYSTEM I
REACTION CENTER REDUCES NADP + 132 . CYCLIC ELECTRON FLOW GENERATES ATP
BUT NO NADPH 133 SOME HERBICIDES BLOCK ELECTRON FLOW 133 PROTON
TRANSPORT AND ATP SYNTHESIS IN THE CHLOROPLAST 133 REPAIR AND REGULATION
OF THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC MACHINERY 135 CAROTENOIDS SERVE AS PHOTOPROTECTIVE
AGENTS 135 SOME XANTHOPHYLLS ALSO PARTICIPATE IN ENERGY DISSIPATION 136
THE PHOTOSYSTEM II REACTION CENTER IS EASILY DAMAGED 138 PHOTOSYSTEM I
IS PROTECTED FROM ACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES 138 THYLAKOID STACKING PERMITS
ENERGY PARTITIONING BETWEEN THE PHOTOSYSTEMS 138 GENETICS, ASSEMBLY, AND
EVOLUTION OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC SYSTEMS 138 CHLOROPLAST, CYANOBACTERIAL, AND
NUCLEAR GENOMES HAVE BEEN SEQUENCED 138 CHLOROPLAST GENES EXHIBIT
NON-MENDELIAN PATTERNS OL INHERITANCE 139 MANY CHLOROPLAST PROTEINS ARE
IMPORTED FROM THE CYTOPLASM 139 THE BIOSYNTHESIS AND BREAKDOWN OF
CHLOROPHYLL ARE COMPLEX PATHWAYS 139 COMPLEX PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS
HAVE EVOLVED FROM SIMPLER FORMS 139 SUMMARY 141 TABLE OF CONTENTS XV Q
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: CARBON REACTIONS 145 THE CALVIN CYCLE 146 THE CALVIN
CYCLE HAS THREE STAGES: CARBOXYLATION, REDUCTION, AND REGENERATION X 146
THE CARBOXYLATION OF RIBULOSE BISPHOSPHATE IS CATALYZED BY THE ENZYME
RUBISCO 146 TRIOSE PHOSPHATES ARE FORMED IN THE REDUCTION STEP OF THE
CALVIN CYCLE 148 OPERATION OF THE CALVIN CYCLE REQUIRES THE REGENERATION
OF RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE 149 THE CALVIN CYCLE REGENERATES ITS OWN
BIOCHEMICAL COMPONENTS 149 CALVIN CYCLE STOICHIOMETRY SHOWS THAT ONLY
ONE- SIXTH OF THE TRIOSE PHOSPHATE IS USED FOR SUCROSE OR STARCH 150
REGULATION OF THE CALVIN CYCLE 150 LIGHT-DEPENDENT ENZYME ACTIVATION
REGULATES THE CALVIN CYCLE 15F RUBISCO ACTIVITY INCREASES IN THE
LIGHT 151 LIGHT-DEPENDENT ION MOVEMENTS REGULATE CALVIN CYCLE ENZYMES
152 LIGHT-DEPENDENT MEMBRANE TRANSPORT REGULATES THE CALVIN CYCLE 152
THE C 2 OXIDATIVE PHOTOSYNTHETIC CARBON CYCLE 152 PHOTOSYNTHETIC CO 2
FIXATION AND PHOTORESPIRATORY OXYGENATION ARE COMPETING REACTIONS 152
COMPETITION BETWEEN CARBOXYLATION AND OXYGENATION DECREASES THE
EFFICIENCY OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS 155 CARBOXYLATION AND OXYGENATION ARE
CLOSELY INTERLOCKED IN THE INTACT LEAF 155 THE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF
PHOTORESPIRATION IS UNKNOWN 155 CO 2 -CONCENTRATING MECHANISMS I: ALGAL
AND CYANOBACTERIAL PUMPS 156 CO 2 -CONCENTRATING MECHANISMS II: THE C 4
CARBON CYCLE 156 MALATE AND ASPARTATE ARE CARBOXYLATION PRODUCTS OF THE
C 4 CYCLE 156 THE C 4 CYCLE CONCENTRATES CO 2 IN BUNDLE SHEATH CELLS 158
THE CONCENTRATION OF CO 2 IN BUNDLE SHEATH CELLS HAS AN ENERGY COST 159
LIGHT REGULATES THE ACTIVITY OF KEY C 4 ENZYMES 160 . IN HOT, DRY
CLIMATES, THE C 4 CYCLE REDUCES PHOTORESPIRATION AND WATER LOSS 160 CO 2
-CONCENTRATING MECHANISMS III: CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM 160 THE
STOMATA OF CAM PLANTS OPEN AT NIGHT AND CLOSE DURING THE DAY 161
PHOSPHORYLATION REGULATES THE ACTIVITY OF PEP CARBOXYLASE IN C 4 AND CAM
PLANTS 162 SOME PLANTS ADJUST THEIR PATTERN OF CO 2 UPTAKE TO
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 162 SYNTHESIS OF STARCH AND SUCROSE 162 STARCH
IS SYNTHESIZED IN THE CHLOROPLAST 162 SUCROSE IS SYNTHESIZED IN THE
CYTOSOL 162 THE SYNTHESES OF SUCROSE AND STARCH ARE COMPETING REACTIONS
164 SUMMARY 168 PHOTOSYNTHESIS: PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL
CONSIDERATIONS 171 LIGHT, LEAVES, AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS 172 CONCEPTS AND
UNITS IN THE MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT 172 N LEAF ANATOMY MAXIMIZES LIGHT
ABSORPTION 173 CHLOROPLAST MOVEMENT AND LEAF MOVEMENT CAN CONTROL LIGHT
ABSORPTION 175 PLANTS ADAPT TO SUN AND SHADE 176 PLANTS COMPETE FOR
SUNLIGHT 177 PHOTOSYNTHETIC RESPONSES TO LIGHT BY THE INTACT LEAF 177
LIGHT-RESPONSE CURVES REVEAL PHOTOSYNTHETIC PROPERTIES 178 LEAVES MUST
DISSIPATE EXCESS LIGHT ENERGY 179 LEAVES MUST DISSIPATE VAST QUANTITIES
OF HEAT 181 ISOPRENE SYNTHESIS HELPS LEAVES COPE WITH HEAT 181
ABSORPTION OF TOO MUCH LIGHT CAN LEAD TO PHOTOINHIBITION 182
PHOTOSYNTHETIC RESPONSES TO CARBON DIOXIDE 183 ATMOSPHERIC CO 2
CONCENTRATION KEEPS RISING 183 DIFFUSION OF CO 2 TO THE CHLOROPLAST IS
ESSENTIAL TO PHOTOSYNTHESIS 184 PATTERNS OF LIGHT ABSORPTION GENERATE
GRADIENTS OF CO 2 FIXATION WITHIN THE LEAF 185 CO 2 IMPOSES LIMITATIONS
ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS 186 CO 2 -CONCENTRATING MECHANISMS AFFECT
PHOTOSYNTHETIC RESPONSES OF LEAVES 187 DISCRIMINATION OF CARBON ISOTOPES
REVEALS DIFFERENT PHOTOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS 188 PHOTOSYNTHETIC RESPONSES
TO TEMPERATURE 188 SUMMARY 190 XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS 10 TRANSLOCATION IN
THE PHLOEM 193 PATHWAYS OF TRANSLOCATION 194 SUGAR IS TRANSLOCATED IN
PHLOEM SIEVE ELEMENTS 194 MATURE SIEVE ELEMENTS ARE LIVING CELLS HIGHLY
SPECIALIZED FOR TRANSLOCATION 194 SIEVE AREAS ARE THE PROMINENT FEATURE
OF SIEVE ELEMENTS 196 DEPOSITION OF P-PROTEIN AND CALLOSE SEALS OFF
DAMAGED SIEVE ELEMENTS 196 COMPANION CELLS AID THE HIGHLY SPECIALIZED
SIEVE ELEMENTS 197 PATTERNS OF TRANSLOCATION: SOURCE TO SINK 198
SOURCE-TO-SINK PATHWAYS FOLLOW ANATOMIC AND DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERNS 199
MATERIALS TRANSLOCATED IN THE PHLOEM: SUCROSE, AMINO ACIDS, HORMONES,
AND SOME INORGANIC IONS 200 PHLOEM SAP CAN BE COLLECTED AND ANALYZED 200
SUGARS ARE TRANSLOCATED IN NONREDUCING FORM 200 PHLOEM AND XYLEM
INTERACT TO TRANSPORT NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS 202 RATES OF MOVEMENT 202
VELOCITIES OF PHLOEM TRANSPORT FAR EXCEED THE RATE OF DIFFUSION 202^ THE
MECHANISM OF TRANSLOCATION IN THE PHLOEM: THE PRESSURE-FLOW MODEL 202 A
PRESSURE GRADIENT DRIVES TRANSLOCATION 203 THE PREDICTIONS OF THE
PRESSURE-FLOW MODEL HAVE BEEN CONFIRMED 203 SIEVE PLATE PORES ARE OPEN
CHANNELS 203 BIDIRECTIONAL TRANSPORT CANNOT BE SEEN IN SINGLE SIEVE
ELEMENTS 204, TRANSLOCATION RATE IS TYPICALLY INSENSITIVE TO THE ENERGY
SUPPLY OF THE PATH TISSUES 205 PRESSURE GRADIENTS ARE SUFFICIENT TO
DRIVE A MASS FLOW OF SOLUTION 206 THE MECHANISM OF PHLOEM TRANSPORT IN
GYMNOSPERMS MAY BE DIFFERENT 206 PHLOEM LOADING: FROM CHLOROPLASTS TO
SIEVE ELEMENTS 206 PHOTOSYNTHATE CAN MOVE FROM MESOPHYLL CELLS TO THE
SIEVE ELEMENTS VIA THE APOPLAST OR THE SYMPLAST 20 SUCROSE UPTAKE IN THE
APOPLASTIC PATHWAY REQUIRES METABOLIC ENERGY 207 IN THE APOPLASTIC
PATHWAY, SIEVE ELEMENT LOADING INVOLVES A SUCROSE-H + SYMPORTER 207
PHLOEM LOADING APPEARS TO BE SYMPLASTIC IN-PLANTS WITH INTERMEDIARY
CELLS 210 THE POLYMER-TRAPPING MODEL EXPLAINS SYMPLASTIC LOADING IN
SOURCE LEAVES 210 THE TYPE OF PHLOEM LOADING IS CORRELATED WITH PLAN
FAMILY AND WITH CLIMATE 211 PHLOEM UNLOADING AND SINK-TO-SOURCE
TRANSITION 212 PHLOEM UNLOADING CAN OCCUR VIA SYMPLASTIC OR APOPLASTIC
PATHWAYS 212 TRANSPORT INTO SINK TISSUES REQUIRES METABOLIC ENERGY 212
THE TRANSITION OF A LEAF FROM SINK TO SOURCE IS GRADUAL 213
PHOTOSYNTHATE ALLOCATION AND PARTITIONING 214 ALLOCATION INCLUDES THE
STORAGE, UTILIZATION, AND TRANSPORT OF FIXED CARBON 215 TRANSPORT SUGARS
ARE PARTITIONED AMONG THE VAF IOUS SINK TISSUES 215 ALLOCATION IN SOURCE
LEAVES IS REGULATED 215 SINK TISSUES COMPETE FOR AVAILABLE TRANSLOCATED
PHOTOSYNTHATE 216 SINK STRENGTH IS A FUNCTION OF SINK SIZE AND SINK
ACTIVITY 216 CHANGES IN THE SOURCE-TO-SINK RATIO CAUSE LONG-TEN
ALTERATIONS IN THE SOURCE 217 LONG-DISTANCE SIGNALS MAY COORDINATE THE
ACTIVITIES OF SOURCES AND SINKS 217 LONG-DISTANCE SIGNALS MAY ALSO
REGULATE PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 218 SUMMARY 219 J[ ]_ RESPIRATION
AND LIPID METABOLISM 223 OVERVIEW OF PLANT RESPIRATION 223 GLYCOLYSIS: A
CYTOSOLIC AND PLASTIDIC PROCESS 226 GLYCOLYSIS CONVERTS CARBOHYDRATES
INTO PYRUVATE, PRODUCING NADH AND ATP 226 PLANTS HAVE ALTERNATIVE
GLYCOLYTIC REACTIONS 227 IN THE ABSENCE OF O 2 , FERMENTATION
REGENERATES THE NAD + NEEDED FOR GLYCOLYSIS 229 FERMENTATION DOES NOT
LIBERATE ALL THE ENERGY AVAILABLE IN EACH SUGAR MOLECULE 229 PLANT
GLYCOLYSIS IS CONTROLLED BY ITS PRODUCTS 230 THE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE
PATHWAY PRODUCES NADPH AND BIOSYNTHETIC INTERMEDIATES 230 THE CITRIC
ACID CYCLE: A MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX PROCESS 232 MITOCHONDRIA ARE
SEMIAUTONOMOUS ORGANELLES 232 PYRUVATE ENTERS THE MITOCHONDRION AND IS
OXIDIZED VIA THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE 233 THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE OF PLANTS
HAS UNIQUE FEATURES 235 TABLE OF CONTENTS XVII ELECTRON TRANSPORT AND
ATP SYNTHESIS AT THE INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE 235 THE ELECTRON
TRANSPORT CHAIN CATALYZES A FLOW OF ELECTRONS FROM NADH TO O 2 236 SOME
ELECTRON TRANSPORT ENZYMES ARE UNIQUE TO PLANT MITOCHONDRIA 236 ATP
SYNTHESIS IN THE MITOCHONDRION IS COUPLED TO ELECTRON TRANSPORT 237
TRANSPORTERS EXCHANGE SUBSTRATES AND PRODUCTS 239 AEROBIC RESPIRATION
YIELDS ABOUT 60 MOLECULES OF ATP PER MOLECULE OR SUCROSE 239 SEVERAL
SUBUNITS OF RESPIRATORY COMPLEXES ARE ENCODED BY THE MITOCHONDRIAL
GENOME 241 PLANTS HAVE SEVERAL MECHANISMS THAT LOWER THE ATP YIELD 242
MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATION IS CONTROLLED BY KEY METABOLITES 243
RESPIRATION IS TIGHTLY COUPLED TO OTHER PATHWAYS 244 RESPIRATION IN
INTACT PLANTS AND TISSUES 245 PLANTS RESPIRE ROUGHLY HALF OF THE DAILY
PHOTOSYNTHETIC YIELD 245 RESPIRATION OPERATES DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS 245
DIFFERENT TISSUES AND ORGANS RESPIRE AT DIFFERENT RATES 245
MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION IS CRUCIAL DURING POLLEN DEVELOPMENT 246
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ALTER RESPIRATION RATES 246 LIPID METABOLISM 247
FATS AND OILS STORE LARGE AMOUNTS OF ENERGY 247 TRIACYLGLYCEROLS ARE
STORED IN OLEOSOMES 248 POLAR GLYCEROLIPIDS ARE THE MAIN STRUCTURAL
LIPIDS IN MEMBRANES 249 FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS CONSISTS OF CYCLES OF
TWO- CARBON ADDITION 249 GLYCEROLIPIDS ARE SYNTHESIZED IN THE PLASTIDS
AND THE ER 252 LIPID COMPOSITION INFLUENCES MEMBRANE FUNCTION 253
MEMBRANE LIPIDS ARE PRECURSORS OF IMPORTANT SIGNALING COMPOUNDS 253
STORAGE LIPIDS ARE CONVERTED INTO CARBOHYDRATES IN GERMINATING SEEDS 253
SUMMARY 255 12 ASSIMILATION OF MINERAL NUTRIENTS 259 NITROGEN IN THE
ENVIRONMENT 260 NITROGEN PASSES THROUGH SEVERAL FORMS IN A
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE 260 STORED AMMBNIUM*OR NITRATE CAN BE TOXIC 261
NITRATE ASSIMILATION 262 NITRATE, LIGHT, AND^CARBOHYDRATES REGULATE
NITRATE REDUCTASE 262 NITRITE REDUCTASE CONVERTS NITRITE TO AMMONIUM
263 PLANTS CAN ASSIMILATE NITRATE IN BOTH ROOTS AND SHOOTS 263 I
AMMONIUM ASSIMILATION 264 CONVERSION OF AMMONIUM TO AMINO ACIDS REQUIRES
TWO ENZYMES 264 AMMONIUM CAN BE ASSIMILATED VIA AN ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY
264 TRANSAMINATION REACTIONS TRANSFER NITROGEN 266 ASPARAGINE AND
GLUTAMINE LINK CARBON AND NITROGEN METABOLISM 266 BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN
FIXATION 266 FREE-LIVING AND SYMBIOTIC BACTERIA FIX NITROGEN 266
NITROGEN FIXATION REQUIRES ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS 266 SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN
FIXATION OCCURS IN SPECIALIZED STRUCTURES 268 ESTABLISHING SYMBIOSIS
REQUIRES AN EXCHANGE OF SIGNALS 269 NOD FACTORS PRODUCED BY BACTERIA ACT
AS SIGNALS FOR SYMBIOSIS 269 NODULE FORMATION INVOLVES SEVERAL PHYTO-
HORMONES 270 THE NITROGENASE ENZYME COMPLEX FIXES N 2 270 AMIDES AND
UREIDES ARE THE TRANSPORTED FORMS OF NITROGEN 272 SULFUR ASSIMILATION
272 SULFATE IS THE ABSORBED FORM OF SULFUR IN PLANTS 273 SULFATE
ASSIMILATION REQUIRES THE REDUCTION OF SULFATE TO CYSTEINE 273 SULFATE
ASSIMILATION OCCURS MOSTLY IN LEAVES 274 METHIONINE IS SYNTHESIZED FROM
CYSTEINE 275 PHOSPHATE ASSIMILATION 275 CATION ASSIMILATION 275 CATIONS
FORM NONCOVALENT BONDS WITH CARBON COMPOUNDS 275 ROOTS MODIFY THE
RHIZOSPHERE TO ACQUIRE IRON 275 IRON FORMS COMPLEXES WITH CARBON AND
PHOSPHATE 277 OXYGEN ASSIMILATION 277 THE ENERGETICS OF NUTRIENT
ASSIMILATION 278 SUMMARY 279 XVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS SECONDARY
METABOLITES AND PLANT DEFENSE 283 CUTIN, WAXES, AND SUBERIN 283 CUTIN,
WAXES, AND SUBERIN ARE MADE UP OF HYDROPHOBIC COMPOUNDS 284 CUTIN,
WAXES, AND SUBERIN HELP REDUCE TRANSPIRATION AND PATHOGEN INVASION 285
SECONDARY METABOLITES 285 SECONDARY METABOLITES DEFEND PLANTS AGAINST
HERBIVORES AND PATHOGENS 285 PLANT DEFENSES ARE A PRODUCT OF EVOLUTION
286 SECONDARY METABOLITES ARE DIVIDED INTO THREE MAJOR GROUPS 286
TERPENES 287 TERPENES ARE FORMED BY THE FUSION OF FIVE-CARBON ISOPRENE
UNITS 287 I THERE ARE TWO PATHWAYS FOR TERPENE BIOSYNTHESIS 287
ISOPENTENYL DIPHOSPHATE AND ITS ISOMER COMBINE TO FORM LARGER TERPENES
287 SOME TERPENES HAVE ROLES IN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 287 TERPENES
DEFEND AGAINST HERBIVORES IN MANY PLANTS 287 PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS 290
PHENYLALANINE IS AN INTERMEDIATE IN THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF MOST PLANT
PHENOLICS 290 SOME SIMPLE PHENOLICS ARE ACTIVATED BY ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
291 THE RELEASE OF PHENOLICS INTO THE SOIL MAY LIMIT THE GROWTH OF OTHER
PLANTS 292 LIGNIN IS A HIGHLY COMPLEX PHENOLIC MACRO- MOLECULE 293 THERE
ARE FOUR^MAJOR GROUPS OF FLAVONOIDS 294 ANTHOCYANINS ARE COLORED
FLAVONOIDS THAT ATTRACT ANIMALS 294 FLAVONOIDS MAY PROTECT AGAINST
DAMAGE BY ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT 295 ISOFLAVONOIDS HAVE ANTIMICROBIAL
ACTIVITY 296 TANNINS DETER FEEDING BY HERBIVORES 296 NITROGEN-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS 297 ALKALOIDS HAVE DRAMATIC PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON ANIMALS
297 CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES RELEASE THE POISON HYDROGEN CYANIDE 300
GLUCOSINOLATES RELEASE VOLATILE TOXINS 301 NONPROTEIN AMINO ACIDS DEFEND
AGAINST HERBIVORES 301 SOME PLANT PROTEINS INHIBIT HERBIVORE DIGESTION
302 HERBIVORE DAMAGE TRIGGERS A COMPLEX SIGNALING PATHWAY. 302 JASMONIC
ACID IS A PLANT STRESS HORMONE THAT ACTIVATES MANY DEFENSE RESPONSES 303
PLANT DEFENSE AGAINST PATHOGENS 303 SOME ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOUNDS ARE
SYNTHESIZED BEFORE PATHOGEN ATTACK 303 INFECTION INDUCES ADDITIONAL
ANTIPATHOGEN DEFENSES 303 SOME PLANTS RECOGNIZE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES
RELEASED FROM PATHOGENS 305 EXPOSURE TO ELICITORS INDUCES A SIGNAL
TRANSDUCTION CASCADE 305 A SINGLE ENCOUNTER WITH A PATHOGEN MAY INCREASE
RESISTANCE TO FUTURE ATTACKS 306 SUMMARY 306 TABLE OF CONTENTS XIX UNIT
III GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 309 [ON THE WEB SITE] GENE EXPRESSION AND
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 311 CELL WALLS: STRUCTURE, BIOGENESIS, AND EXPANSION
313 THE STRUCTURE AND SYNTHESIS OF PLANT CELL WALLS 314 PLANT CELL WALLS
HAVE VARIED ARCHITECTURE 314 THE PRIMARY CELL WALL IS COMPOSED OF
CELLULOSE MICRO- FIBRILS EMBEDDED IN A POLYSACCHARIDE MATRIX 315
CELLULOSE MICROFIBRILS ARE SYNTHESIZED AT THE PLASMA MEMBRANE 317 MATRIX
POLYMERS ARE SYNTHESIZED IN THE GOLGI AND SECRETED IN VESICLES 319
HEMICELLULOSES ARE MATRIX POLYSACCHARIDES THAT BIND TO CELLULOSE 321
PECTINS ARE GEL-FORMING COMPONENTS OF THE MATRIX 322 STRUCTURAL PROTEINS
BECOME CROSS-LINKED IN THE WALL 325 NEW PRIMARY WALLS ARE ASSEMBLED
DURING CYTOKINESIS 326 SECONDARY WALLS FORM IN SOME-CELLS AFTER
EXPANSION CEASES 327 PATTERNS OF CELL EXPANSION 328 MICROFIBRIL
ORIENTATION DETERMINES GROWTH DIRECTIONALITY OF CELLS WITH DIFFUSE
GROWTH 328 2 Q GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 339 EMBRYOGENESIS 340
EMBRYOGENESIS ESTABLISHES THE ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF THE MATURE PLANT 340
AMBIDOPSIS EMBRYOS PASS THROUGH FOUR DISTINCT STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT 342
THE AXIAL PATTERN OF. THE EMBRYO IS ESTABLISHED DURING THE FIRST CELL
DIVISION OF THE ZYGOTE 343 THE RADIAL PATTERN OF TISSUE DIFFERENTIATION
IS FIRST VISIBLE AT THE GLOBULAR STAGE 343 EMBRYOGENESIS REQUIRES
SPECIFIC GENE EXPRESSION 345 EMBRYO MATURATION REQUIRES SPECIFIC GENE
EXPRESSION 348 THE ROLE OF CYTOKINESIS IN PATTERN FORMATION 348 THE
STEREOTYPIC CELL DIVISION PATTERN IS NOT REQUIRED FOR THE AXIAL AND
RADIAL PATTERNS OF TISSUE DIFFERENTIATION 348 CORTICAL MICROTUBULES
DETERMINE THE ORIENTATION OF NEWLY DEPOSITED MICROFIBRILS 329 THE RATE
OF CELL ELONGATION 331 STRESS RELAXATION OF THE CELL WALL DRIVES WATER
UPTAKE AND CELL ELONGATION 331 THE RATE OF CELL EXPANSION IS GOVERNED BY
TWO GROWTH EQUATIONS 331 ACID-INDUCED GROWTH IS MEDIATED BY EXPANSINS
333 GLUCANASES AND OTHER HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES MAY MODIFY THE MATRIX 334
MANY STRUCTURAL CHANGES ACCOMPANY THE CESSATION OF WALL EXPANSION 335
WALL DEGRADATION AND PLANT DEFENSE 335 ENZYMES MEDIATE WALL HYDROLYSIS
AND DEGRADATION 335 OXIDATIVE BURSTS ACCOMPANY PATHOGEN ATTACK 336 WALL
FRAGMENTS CAN ACT AS SIGNALING MOLECULES 336 SUMMARY 336 AN AMBIDOPSIS
MUTANT WITH DEFECTIVE CYTOKINESIS CANNOT ESTABLISH THE RADIAL TISSUE
PATTERN 349 MERISTEMS IN PLANT DEVELOPMENT 350 THE SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM
IS A HIGHLY DYNAMIC STRUCTURE 350 THE SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM CONTAINS
DIFFERENT FUNCTIONAL ZONES AND LAYERS 351 SOME MERISTEMS ARISE DURING
POSTEMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT 351 AXILLARY, FLORAL, AND INFLORESCENCE SHOOT
MERISTEMS ARE VARIANTS OF THE VEGETATIVE MERISTEM 352 LEAF DEVELOPMENT
352 THE ARRANGEMENT OF LEAF PRIMORDIA IS GENETICALLY PROGRAMMED 353 ROOT
DEVELOPMENT 354 THE ROOT TIP HAS FOUR DEVELOPMENTAL ZONES 354 XX TABLE
OF CONTENTS ROOT STEM CELLS GENERATE LONGITUDINAL FILES OF CELLS 355
ROOT APICAL MERISTEMS CONTAIN SEVERAL TYPES OF STEM CELLS 356 _, CELL
DIFFERENTIATION 357 A SECONDARY CELL WALL FORMS DURING TRACHEARY ELEMENT
DIFFERENTIATION 357 INITIATION AND REGULATION OF DEVELOPMENTAL PATHWAYS
359 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GENES CONTROL DEVELOPMENT 359 MANY PLANT
SIGNALING PATHWAYS UTILIZE PROTEIN KINASES 360 A CELL S FATE IS
DETERMINED BY ITS POSITION 360 DEVELOPMENTAL PATHWAYS ARE CONTROLLED BY
NETWORKS OF INTERACTING GENES 362 DEVELOPMENT JS REGULATED BY
CELL-TO-CELL SIGNALING 363 THE ANALYSIS OF PLANT GROWTH 367 PLANT GROWTH
CAN BE MEASURED IN DIFFERENT WAYS 367 THE PRODUCTION OF CELLS BY THE
MERISTEM IS COMPARABLE TO A FOUNTAIN 368 TISSUE ELEMENTS ARE DISPLACED
DURING EXPANSION 369 AS REGIONS MOVE AWAY FROM THE APEX, THEIR GROWTH
RATE INCREASES 369 THE GROWTH VELOCITY PROFILE IS A SPATIAL DESCRIPTION
OF GROWTH 369 SENESCENCE AND PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH 369 PLANTS EXHIBIT
VARIOUS TYPES OF SENESCENCE 370 SENESCENCE IS AN ORDERED SERIES OF
CYTOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL EVENTS 370 PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH IS A
SPECIALIZED TYPE OF SENESCENCE 371 SUMMARY 372 J_ / PHYTOCHROME AND
LIGHT CONTROL OF PLANT DEVELOPMENT 375 THE PHOTOCHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF PHYTOCHROME 376 PHYTOCHROME CAN X LNTERCONVERT BETWEEN PR
AND PFR FORMS 377 PFR IS THEPHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE FORM OF / PHYTOCHROME
378 , PHYTOCHROME IS- A DIMER COMPOSED OF TWO POLYPEPTIDES 379
PHYTOCHROMOBILIN IS SYNTHESIZED IN PLASTIDS 379 BOTH CHROMOPHORE AND
PROTEIN UNDERGO CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES 380 TWO TYPES OF PHYTOCHROMES
HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED 380 PHYTOCHROME IS ENCODED BY A MULTIGENE FAMILY
380 PHY GENES ENCODE TWO TYPES OF PHYTOCHROME 380 LOCALIZATION OF
PHYTOCHROME IN TISSUES AND CELLS 381 PHYTOCHROME CAN BE DETECTED IN
TISSUES T SPECTROPHOTOMETRICALLY 381 PHYTOCHROME IS* DIFFERENTIALLY
EXPRESSED IN DIFFERENT TISSUES 381 CHARACTERISTICS OF
PHYTOCHROME-LNDUCED WHOLE- PLANT RESPONSES 382 PHYTOCHROME RESPONSES
VARY IN LAG TIME AND ESCAPE TIME 382 PHYTOCHROME RESPONSES CAN BE
DISTINGUISHED BY THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT REQUIRED 383 VERY-LOW-FLUENCE
RESPONSES ARE NONPHOTO- , REVERSIBLE 383 LOW-FLUENCE RESPONSES ARE
PHOTOREVERSIBLE 383 HIGH-IRRADIANCE RESPONSES ARE PROPORTIONAL TO THE
IRRADIANCE AND THE DURATION 383 THE HIR ACTION SPECTRUM OF ETIOLATED
SEEDLINGS HAS PEAKS IN THE FAR-RED, BLUE, AND UV-A REGIONS 384 THE HIR
ACTION SPECTRUM OF GREEN PLANTS HAS A MAJOR RED PEAK 385 ECOLOGICAL
FUNCTIONS: SHADE AVOIDANCE 385 PHYTOCHROME ENABLES PLANTS TO ADAPT TO
CHANGING LIGHT CONDITIONS 385 ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS: CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
387 PHYTOCHROME REGULATES THE SLEEP MOVEMENTS OF LEAVES 387 CIRCADIAN
CLOCK GENES OF ARABIDOPSIS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED 389 ECOLOGICAL
FUNCTIONS: PHYTOCHROME SPECIALIZATION 389 PHYTOCHROME B MEDIATES
RESPONSES TO CONTINUOUS RED OR WHITE LIGHT 389 PHYTOCHROME A IS
REQUIRED FOR THE RESPONSE TO CONTINUOUS FAR-RED LIGHT 389 DEVELOPMENTAL
ROLES FOR PHYTOCHROMES C, D, AND E ARE ALSO EMERGING 390 PHYTOCHROME
INTERACTIONS ARE IMPORTANT EARLY IN GERMINATION 390 PHYTOCHROME
FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS 391 CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS 392 PHYTOCHROME
REGULATES MEMBRANE POTENTIALS AND ION FLUXES 392 PHYTOCHROME REGULATES
GENE EXPRESSION 393 BOTH PHYTOCHROME AND THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM REGULATE
LHCB 393 - THE CIRCADIAN OSCILLATOR INVOLVES A TRANSCRIPTIONAL NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK LOOP 394 REGULATORY SEQUENCES CONTROL LIGHT-REGULATED
TRANSCRIPTION 394 PHYTOCHROME MOVES TO THE NUCLEUS 395 PHYTOCHOME ACTS
THROUGH MULTIPLE SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS 396 PHYTOCHROME ACTION CAN
BE MODULATED BY THE ACTION OF OTHER PHOTORECEPTORS 398 SUMMARY 398 TABLE
OF CONTENTS XXI BLUE-LIGHT RESPONSES: STOMATAL MOVEMENTS AND
MORPHOGENESIS 403 THE PHOTOPHYSIOLOGY OF BLUE-LIGHT RESPONSES 404 BLUE
LIGHT STIMULATES ASYMMETRIC GROWTH AND BENDING 404 HOW DO PLANTS SENSE
THE DIRECTION OF THE LIGHT SIGNAL? 406 BLUE LIGHT RAPIDLY INHIBITS STEM
ELONGATION 406 BLUE LIGHT REGULATES GENE EXPRESSION 406, BLUE LIGHT
STIMULATES STOMATAL OPENING 407 BLUE LIGHT ACTIVATES A PROTON PUMP AT
THE GUARD CELL PLASMA MEMBRANE 409 BLUE-LIGHT RESPONSES HAVE
CHARACTERISTIC KINETICS AND LAG TIMES 410 BLUE LIGHT REGULATES OSMOTIC
RELATIONS OF GUARD CELLS 411 SUCROSE IS AN OSMOTICALLY ACTIVE SOLUTE IN
GUARD CELLS 411 BLUE-LIGHT PHOTORECEPTORS 413 CRYPTOCHROMES ARE INVOLVED
IN THE INHIBITION OF STEM ELONGATION 413 PHOTOTROPINS ARE INVOLVED IN
PHOTOTROPISM AND CHLOROPLAST MOVEMENTS 414 THE CAROTENOID ZEAXANTHIN
MEDIATES BLUE-LIGHT PHOTORECEPTION IN GUARD CELLS 415 SIGNAL
TRANSDUCTION 417 CRYPTOCHROMES ACCUMULATE IN THE NUCLEUS 417 PHOTOTROPIN
BINDS FMN 417 ZEAXANTHIN ISOMERIZATION MIGHT START A CASCADE MEDIATING
BLUE LIGHT-STIMULATED STOMATAL OPENING 418 THE XANTHOPHYLL CYCLE CONFERS
PLASTICITY TO THE STOMATAL RESPONSES TO LIGHT 419 SUMMARY 420 19 AUXIN:
THE GROWTH HORMONE 423 THE EMERGENCE OF THE AUXIN CONCEPT 424
BIOSYNTHESIS AND METABOLISM OF AUXIN 424 THE PRINCIPAL AUXIN IN HIGHER
PLANTS IS INDOLE-3- ACETIC ACID 424, AUXINS IN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES CAN BE
QUANTIFIED 426 IAA IS SYNTHESIZED IN MERI STEMS,,YOUNG LEAVES, AND
DEVELOPING FRUITS AND SEEDS 427 MULTIPLE PATHWAYS EXIST FOR THE
BIOSYNTHESIS OF IAA 428 IAA IS ALSO SYNTHESIZED FROM INDOLE OR FROM
INDOLE- 3-GLYCEROL PHOSPHATE 429 MOST IAA IN THE PLANT IS IN A
COVALENTLY BOUND FORM 429 IAA IS DEGRADED BY MULTIPLE PATHWAYS 430 TWO
SUBCELLULAR POOLS OF IAA EXIST: THE CYTOSOL AND THE CHLOROPLASTS 431
AUXIN TRANSPORT 432 , POLAR TRANSPORT REQUIRES ENERGY AND IS GRAVITY
INDEPENDENT 432 A CHEMIOSMOTIC MODEL HAS, BEEN PROPOSED TO EXPLAIN POLAR
TRANSPORT 433 INHIBITORS OF AUXIN TRANSPORT BLOCK AUXIN EFFLUX 435 PIN
PROTEINS ARE RAPIDLY CYCLED TO AND FROM THE PLASMA MEMBRANE 435 -
FLAVONOIDS SERVE AS ENDOGENOUS ATIS 436 AUXIN IS ALSO TRANSPORTED
NONPOLARLY IN THE PHLOEM 437 PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AUXIN: CELL
ELONGATION 438 AUXINS PROMOTE GROWTH IN STEMS AND COLEOPTILES, WHILE
INHIBITING GROWTH IN ROOTS 438 THE OUTER TISSUES OF DICOT STEMS ARE THE
TARGETS OF AUXIN ACTION 439 THE MINIMUM LAG TIME FOR AUXIN-INDUCED
GROWTH IS TEN MINUTES 439 AUXIN RAPIDLY INCREASES THE EXTENSIBILITY OF
THE CELL WALL 440 AUXIN-INDUCED PROTON EXTRUSION ACIDIFIES THE CELL WALL
AND INCREASES CELL EXTENSION 440 AUXIN-INDUCED PROTON EXTRUSION MAY
INVOLVE BOTH ACTIVATION AND SYNTHESIS 441 PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF
AUXIN: PHOTOTROPISM AND GRAVITROPISM 442 PHOTOTROPISM IS MEDIATED BY THE
LATERAL REDISTRIBUTION OF AUXIN 442 GRAVITROPISM ALSO INVOLVES LATERAL
REDISTRIBUTION OF AUXIN 443 STATOLITHS SERVE AS GRAVITY SENSORS IN
SHOOTS AND ROOTS 445 AUXIN IS REDISTRIBUTION LATERALLY IN THE ROOT CAP
446 PIN3 IS RELOCATED LATERALLY TO THE LOWER SIDE OF ROOT COLUMELLA
CELLS 448 GRAVITY SENSING MAY INVOLVE CALCIUM AND PH AS SECOND
MESSENGERS 448 DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS OF AUXIN 449 AUXIN REGULATES APICAL
DOMINANCE 449 AUXIN PROMOTES THE FORMATION OF LATERAL AND ADVENTITIOUS
ROOTS 451 AUXIN DELAYS THE ONSET OF LEAF ABSCISSION 451 AUXIN TRANSPORT
REGULATES FLORAL BUD DEVELOPMENT 452 AUXIN PROMOTES FRUIT DEVELOPMENT
452 AUXIN INDUCES VASCULAR DIFFERENTIATION 452 SYNTHETIC AUXINS HAVE A
VARIETY OF COMMERCIAL USES 453 XXII TABLE OF CONTENTS AUXIN SIGNAL
TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS 454 ABP1 FUNCTIONS AS AN AUXIN RECEPTOR 454 ~
CALCIUM AND INTRACELLULAR PH ARE POSSIBLE SIGNALING INTERMEDIATES, 454
AUXIN-INDUCED GENES FALL INTO TWO CLASSES: EARLY AND LATE 454
AUXIN-RESPONSIVE DOMAINS ARE COMPOSITE STRUCTURES 455 EARLY AUXIN GENES
ARE REGULATED BY AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORS 455 SUMMARY 456 2.0
GIBBERELLINS: REGULATORS OF PLANT HEIGHT 461 THE DISCOVERY OF THE
GIBBERELLINS 462 EFFECTS OF GIBBERELLIN ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 463 ^
GIBBERELLINS STIMULATE STEM GROWTH IN DWARF AND * ROSETTE PLANTS 463
GIBBERELLINS REGULATE THE TRANSITION FROM JUVENILE TO ADULT PHASES 464 *
GIBBERELLINS INFLUENCE FLORAL INITIATION AND SEX DETERMINATION 464
GIBBERELLINS PROMOTE FRUIT SET 464 GIBBERELLINS PROMOTE SEED GERMINATION
464 GIBBERELLINS HAVE COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS 465 BIOSYNTHESIS AND
METABOLISM OF GIBBERELLIN 466 GIBBERELLINS ARE MEASURED VIA HIGHLY
SENSITIVE PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES 466 GIBBERELLINS ARE SYNTHESIZED VIA THE
TERPENOID PATHWAY IN THREE STAGES 466 THE ENZYMES AND GENES OF THE
GIBBERELLIN BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY HAVE BEEN CHARACTERIZED 469
GIBBERELLINS .MAY BE COVALENTLY LINKED TO SUGARS 469 GA A IS THE
BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE GIBBERELLIN CONTROLLING STEM GROWTH 469 ENDOGENOUS
GAJ LEVELS ARE CORRELATED WITH TALLNESS 470 GIBBERELLINS ARE
BIOSYNTHESIZED IN APICAL TISSUES 471 GIBBERELLIN REGULATES ITS OWN
METABOLISM 471 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS CAN ALTER THE TRANSCRIPTION OF
GIBBERELLIN BIOSYNTHESIS GENES 471 AUXIN PROMOTES GIBBERELLIN
BIOSYNTHESIS 475 DWARFNESS CAN NOW BE GENETICALLY ENGINEERED 475
PHYSIOLOGICAL-MECHANISMS OF GIBBERELLIN-LNDUCED GROWTH 477 GIBBERELLINS
STIMULATE CELL ELONGATION AND CELL DIVISION 477 GIBBERELLINS ENHANCE
CELL WALL EXTENSIBILITY WITHOUT ACIDIFICATION 477 GIBBERELLINS REGULATE
THE TRANSCRIPTION OF CELL CYCLE KINASES IN INTERCALARY MERISTEMS 478
GIBBERELLIN RESPONSE MUTANTS HAVE DEFECTS IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 478
DIFFERENT GENETIC SCREENS HAVE IDENTIFIED THE RELATED ^ REPRESSORS GAI
AND RGA 479 GIBBERELLINS CAUSE THE DEGRADATION OF RGA TRANSCRIPTIONAL
REPRESSORS 480 DELLA REPRESSORS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN CROP PLANTS 482
THE NEGATIVE REGULATOR SPINDLY IS AN ENZYME THAT ALTERS PROTEIN ACTIVITY
482 SPY ACTS UPSTREAM OF GAI AND RGA IN THE GIBBERELLIN SIGNAL
TRANSDUCTION CHAIN 483 GIBBERELLIN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION: CEREAL ALEURONE
LAYERS 484 GIBBERELLIN FROM THE EMBRYO INDUCES A-AMYLASE PRODUCTION BY
ALEURONE LAYERS 484 GIBBERELLIC ACID ENHANCES THE TRANSCRIPTION OF A-
AMYLASEMRNA 485 A GA-MYB TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR REGULATES A-AMYLASE GENE
EXPRESSION 486 GIBBERELLIN RECEPTORS MAY INTERACT WITH G-PROTEINS ON THE
PLASMA MEMBRANE 487 CYCLIC GMP, CA2 + , AND PROTEIN KINASES ARE POSSIBLE
SIGNALING INTERMEDIATES 487 THE GIBBERELLIN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY
IS SIMILAR FOR STEM GROWTH AND A-AMYLASE PRODUCTION 488 SUMMARY 488 2.
J_ CYTOKININS: REGULATORS OF CELL DIVISION 493 CELL DIVISION AND PLANT
DEVELOPMENT 493 DIFFERENTIATED PLANT CELLS CAN RESUME DIVISION 494
DIFFUSIBLE FACTORS MAY CONTROL CELL DIVISION 494 PLANT TISSUES AND
ORGANS CAN BE CULTURED 494 THE DISCOVERY, IDENTIFICATION, AND PROPERTIES
OF CYTOKININS 495 KINETIN WAS DISCOVERED AS A BREAKDOWN PRODUCT OF DNA
495 ZEATIN IS THE MOST ABUNDANT NATURAL CYTOKININ 495 TABLE OF CONTENTS
XXIII SOME SYNTHETIC COMPOUNDS CAN MIMIC OR ANTAGONIZE CYTOKININ ACTION
496 CYTOKININS OCCUR IN BOTH FREE AND BOUND FORMS 496 THE HORMONALLY
ACTIVE-CYTOKININ IS THE FREE BASE 497 SOME PLANT PATHOGENIC BACTERIA,
INSECTS, AND S NEMATODES SECRETE FREE CYTOKININS 497 BIOSYNTHESIS,
METABOLISM, AND TRANSPORT OF CYTOKININS 498 CROWN GALL CELLS HAVE
ACQUIRED A GENE FOR CYTOKININ SYNTHESIS 498 IPT CATALYZES THE FIRST STEP
IN CYTOKININ BIO- SYNTHESIS 498 CYTOKININS FROM THE ROOT ARE TRANSPORTED
TO THE SHOOT VIA THE XYLEM 501 A SIGNAL FROM THE ( SHOOT REGULATES THE
TRANSPORT OF ZEATIN RIBOSIDES FROM THE ROOT 501 CYTOKININS ARE RAPIDLY
METABOLIZED BY PLANT TISSUES 501 THE BIOLOGICAL ROLES OF CYTOKININS 502
CYTOKININS REGULATE CELL DIVISION IN SHOOTS AND ROOTS 502 CYTOKININS
REGULATE SPECIFIC COMPONENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE 503 THE AUXIN:CYTOKININ
RATIO REGULATES MORPHOGENESIS IN CULTURED TISSUES 504 CYTOKININS MODIFY
APICAL DOMINANCE AND PROMOTE LATERAL BUD GROWTH 505 CYTOKININS INDUCE
BUD FORMATION IN A MOSS 506 CYTOKININ OVERPRODUCTION HAS BEEN IMPLICATED
IN GENETIC TUMORS 506 CYTOKININS DELAY LEAF SENESCENCE 507 CYTOKININS
PROMOTE MOVEMENT OF NUTRIENTS 508 CYTOKININS PROMOTE CHLOROPLAST
DEVELOPMENT 508 CYTOKININS PROMOTE CELL EXPANSION IN LEAVES AND
COTYLEDONS 508 CYTOKININS REGULATE GROWTH OF STEMS AND ROOTS 509
CYTOKININ-REGULATED PROCESSES ARE REVEALED IN PLANTS THAT OVERPRODUCE
CYTOKININ 509 CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MODES OF CYTOKININ ACTION 510 A
CYTOKININ RECEPTOR RELATED TO BACTERIAL TWO- COMPONENT RECEPTORS HAS
BEEN IDENTIFIED 510 CYTOKININS CAUSE A RAPID INCREASE IN THE EXPRESSION
OF RESPONSE REGULATOR GENES 511 HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFERASES MAY
MEDIATE THE CYTOKININ SIGNALING CASCADE 512 CYTOKININ-INDUCED
PHOSPHORYLATION ACTIVATES TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS 513 SUMMARY 515 2.2.
ETHYLENE: THE GASEOUS HORMONE 519 STRUCTURE, BIOSYNTHESIS, AND
MEASUREMENT OF ETHYLENE 520 THE PROPERTIES OF ETHYLENE ARE DECEPTIVELY
SIMPLE 520 BACTERIA, FUNGI, AND PLANT ORGANS PRODUCE ETHYLENE 5,20
REGULATED BIOSYNTHESIS DETERMINES THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF ETHYLENE
521 ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES AND AUXINS PROMOTE ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS 522
., ETHYLENE PRODUCTION AND ACTION CAN BE INHIBITED 523 ETHYLENE CAN BE
MEASURED BY GAS CHROMATO- GRAPHY 524 DEVELOPMENTAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL
EFFECTS OF ETHYLENE 524 ETHYLENE PROMOTES THE RIPENING OF SOME FRUITS
524 LEAF EPINASTY^RESULTS WHEN ACC FROM THE ROOT IS TRANSPORTED TO THE
SHOOT 525 ETHYLENE INDUCES LATERAL CELL EXPANSION 525 THE HOOKS OF
DARK-GROWN SEEDLINGS ARE MAINTAINED BY ETHYLENE PRODUCTION 527 ETHYLENE
BREAKS SEED AND BUD DORMANCY IN SOME SPECIES 528 ETHYLENE PROMOTES THE
ELONGATION GROWTH OF SUBMERGED AQUATIC SPECIES 528 ETHYLENE INDUCES THE
FORMATION OF ROOTS AND ROOT HAIRS 528 ETHYLENE INDUCES FLOWERING IN THE
PINEAPPLE FAMILY 528 ETHYLENE ENHANCES THE RATE OF LEAF SENESCENCE 528
THE ROLE OF ETHYLENE IN DEFENSE RESPONSES IS COMPLEX 529 ETHYLENE
BIOSYNTHESIS IN THE ABSCISSION ZONE IS REGULATED BY AUXIN 529 ETHYLENE
HAS IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL USES 531 CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MODES OF
ETHYLENE ACTION 532 ETHYLENE RECEPTORS ARE RELATED TO BACTERIAL TWO-
COMPONENT SYSTEM HISTIDINE KINASES 532 HIGH-AFFINITY BINDING OF ETHYLENE
TO ITS RECEPTOR REQUIRES A COPPER COFACTOR 533 UNBOUND ETHYLENE
RECEPTORS ARE NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF THE RESPONSE PATHWAY 534 A
SERINE/THREONINE PROTEIN KINASE IS ALSO INVOLVED IN ETHYLENE SIGNALING
535 EIN2 ENCODES A TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN 535 ETHYLENE REGULATES GENE
EXPRESSION 535 GENETIC EPISTASIS REVEALS THE ORDER OF THE ETHYLENE
SIGNALING COMPONENTS 535 SUMMARY 536 XXIV TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 3 ABSCISIC
ACID: A SEED MATURATION AND ANTISTRESS SIGNAL 539 OCCURRENCE, CHEMICAL
STRUCTURE, AND MEASUREMENT OF ABA 539 THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF ABA
DETERMINES ITS PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY 540 ABA IS ASSAYED BY BIOLOGICAL,
PHYSICAL, AND CHEMICAL METHODS 540 BIOSYNTHESIS, METABOLISM, AND
TRANSPORT OF ABA 540 ABA IS SYNTHESIZED FROM A CAROTENOID INTER- MEDIATE
540 ABA CONCENTRATIONS IN TISSUES ARE HIGHLY VARIABLE 542 ABAICAN BE
INACTIVATED BY OXIDATION OR CONJUGATION 542 ABA IS TRANSLOCATED IN
VASCULAR TISSUE 542 DEVELOPMENTAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ABA 543
ABA LEVELS IN SEEDS PEAK DURING EMBRYOGENESIS 543 ABA PROMOTES
DESICCATION TOLERANCE IN THE EMBRYO 544 ABA PROMOTES THE ACCUMULATION OF
SEED STORAGE PROTEIN DURING EMBRYOGENESIS 544 SEED DORMANCY MAY BE
IMPOSED BY THE COAT OR THE EMBRYO 544 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTROL THE
RELEASE FROM SEED DORMANCY 545 SEED DORMANCY IS CONTROLLED BY THE RATIO
OF ABA TO G A 545 ABA INHIBITS PRECOCIOUS GERMINATION AND VIVIPARY 546
ABA ACCUMULATES IN DORMANT BUDS 546 ABA INHIBITS GA-INDUCED ENZYME
PRODUCTION 546 ABA CLOSES STOMATA IN RESPONSE TO WATER STRESS 547 ABA
PROMOTES ROOT GROWTH AND INHIBITS SHOOT GROWTH AT LOW WATER POTENTIALS
547 ABA PROMOTES LEAF SENESCENCE INDEPENDENTLY OF ETHYLENE 547 CELLULAR
AND MOLECULAR MODES OF ABA ACTION 548 ABA IS PERCEIVED BOTH
EXTRACELLULARLY AND INTRACELLULARLY 548 ABA INCREASES CYTOSOLIC CA 2+ ,
RAISES CYTOSOLIC PH, AND DEPOLARIZES THE MEMBRANE 549 ABA ACTIVATION OF
SLOW ANION CHANNELS CAUSES LONG-TERM MEMBRANE DEPOLARIZATION 551 ABA
STIMULATES PHOSPHOLIPID METABOLISM 552 PROTEIN KINASES AND PHOSPHATASES
PARTICIPATE IN ABA ACTION 552 ABI PROTEIN PHOSPHATASES ARE NEGATIVE
REGULATORS OF THE ABA RESPONSE 553 ABA SIGNALING ALSO INVOLVES CA 2+
-INDEPENDENT PATHWAYS 553 TE * ABA REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IS
MEDIATED BY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS 553 OTHER NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF THE
ABA RESPONSE HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED 555 SUMMARY 555 THE CONTROL OF
FLOWERING 559 FLORAL MERISTEMS AND FLORAL ORGAN DEVELOPMENT 560 THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF SHOOT MERISTEMS IN AMBIDOPSIS CHANGE WITH DEVELOPMENT
560 THE FOUR DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLORAL ORGANS ARE INITIATED AS SEPARATE
WHORLS 561 THREE TYPES OF GENES REGULATE FLORAL DEVELOPMENT 562 MERISTEM
IDENTITY GENES REGULATE MERISTEM FUNCTION 562 HOMEOTIC MUTATIONS LED TO
THE IDENTIFICATION OF FLORAL ORGAN IDENTITY GENES 562 THREE TYPES OF
HOMEOTIC GENES CONTROL FLORAL ORGAN IDENTITY 563 THE ABC MODEL EXPLAINS
THE DETERMINATION OF FLORAL ORGAN IDENTITY 564 FLORAL EVOCATION:
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CUES 565 THE SHOOT APEX AND PHASE CHANGES 566
SHOOT APICAL MERISTEMS HAVE THREE DEVELOPMENTAL PHASES 566 JUVENILE
TISSUES ARE PRODUCED FIRST AND ARE LOCATED AT THE BASE OF THE SHOOT 567
PHASE CHANGES CAN BE INFLUENCED BY NUTRIENTS, GIBBERELLINS, AND OTHER
CHEMICAL SIGNALS 568 COMPETENCE AND DETERMINATION ARE TWO STAGES IN
FLORAL EVOCATION 568 CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS: THE CLOCK WITHIN 570 CIRCADIAN
RHYTHMS EXHIBIT CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES 570 PHASE SHIFTING ADJUSTS
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS TO DIFFERENT DAY-NIGHT CYCLES 572 PHYTOCHROMES AND
CRYPTOCHROMES ENTRAIN THE CLOCK 572 PHOTOPERIODISM: MONITORING DAY
LENGTH 572 PLANTS CAN BE CLASSIFIED BY THEIR PHOTOPERIODIC RESPONSES 573
PLANTS MONITOR DAY LENGTH BY MEASURING THE LENGTH OF THE NIGHT 575 NIGHT
BREAKS CAN CANCEL THE EFFECT OF THE DARK PERIOD 576 TABLE OF CONTENTS
XXV THE CIRCADIAN CLOCK IS INVOLVED IN PHOTOPERIODIC TIMEKEEPING 576 THE
COINCIDENCE MODEL IS BASED ON OSCILLATING PHASES OF LIGHT SENSITIVITY
577 THE LEAF IS THE SITE OF PERCEPTION OF THE PHOTOPERIODIC STIMULUS 577
THE FLORAL STIMULUS IS TRANSPORTED VIA THE PHLOEM 577 PHYTOCHROME IS THE
PRIMARY PHOTORECEPTOR IN PHOTOPERIODISM 578 FAR-RED LIGHT MODIFIES
FLOWERING IN SOME LDPS 579 A BLUE-LIGHT PHOTORECEPTOR ALSO REGULATES
FLOWERING 580 VERNALIZATION: PROMOTING FLOWERING WITH COLD 580
VERNALIZATION RESULTS IN COMPETENCE TO FLOWER AT THE SHOOT APICAL
MERISTEM 581 VERNALIZATION MAY INVOLVE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN GENE
EXPRESSION 581 BIOCHEMICAL SIGNALING INVOLVED IN FLOWERING 582 GRAFTING
STUDIES HAVE PROVIDED EVIDENCE FOR A TRANSMISSIBLE FLORAL STIMULUS 582
INDIRECT INDUCTION IMPLIES THAT THE FLORAL STIMULUS IS SELF-PROPAGATING
584 EVIDENCE FOR ANTIFLORIGEN HAS BEEN FOUND IN SOME LDPS 585 ATTEMPTS
TO ISOLATE TRANSMISSIBLE FLORAL REGULATORS HAVE BEEN UNSUCCESSFUL 585
GIBBERELLINS AND ETHYLENE CAN INDUCE FLOWERING IN SOME PLANTS 586 THE
TRANSITION TO FLOWERING INVOLVES MULTIPLE FACTORS 7 AND PATHWAYS 586
SUMMARY 588 25 STRESS PHYSIOLOGY 591 WATER DEFICIT AND DROUGHT
RESISTANCE 592 DROUGHT RESISTANCE STRATEGIES VARY WITH CLIMATIC OR SOIL
CONDITIONS 592 DECREASED LEAF AREA IS AN EARLY ADAPTIVE RESPONSE TO
WATER DEFICIT 593 R WATER DEFICIT STIMULATES LEAF ABSCISSION 594 WATER
DEFICIT ENHANCES ROOT EXTENSION INTO DEEPER, MOIST SOIL 594 ; STOMATA
CLOSE DURING WATER DEFICIT IN RESPONSE TO ABSCISIC ACID 594 WATER
DEFICIT LIMITS PHOTOSYNTHESIS WITHIN THE CHLOROPLAST 595. OSMOTIC
ADJUSTMENT OF CELLS. HELPS MAINTAIN PLANT WATER BALANCE 596 WATER
DEFICIT INCREASES RESISTANCE TO LIQUID-PHASE WATER FLOW 597 ~ , * WATER
DEFICIT INCREASES WAX DEPOSITION ON THE LEAF SURFACE 598 R - WATER
DEFICIT ALTERS ENERGY DISSIPATION FROM LEAVES 598 OSMOTIC STRESS INDUCES
CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM IN SOME PLANTS 598 OSMOTIC STRESS CHANGES
GENE EXPRESSION 599 STRESS-RESPONSIVE GENES ARE REGULATED BY ABA-
DEPENDENT AND ABA-INDEPENDENT PROCESSES 601 HEAT STRESS AND HEAT SHOCK
602 HIGH LEAF TEMPERATURE AND WATER DEFICIT LEAD TO HEAT STRESS 602 AT
HIGH TEMPERATURES, PHOTOSYNTHESIS IS INHIBITED BEFORE RESPIRATION 602
PLANTS ADAPTED TO COOL TEMPERATURES ACCLIMATE POORLY TO HIGH
TEMPERATURES 603 HIGH TEMPERATURE REDUCES MEMBRANE STABILITY 603 SEVERAL
ADAPTATIONS PROTECT LEAVES AGAINST EXCESSIVE HEATING 603 AT HIGHER
TEMPERATURES, PLANTS PRODUCE HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS 604 A TRANSCRIPTION
FACTOR MEDIATES HSP ACCUMULATION IN RESPONSE TO HEAT SHOCK 605 HSPS
MEDIATE THERMOTOLERANCE 605 ADAPTATION TO HEAT STRESS IS MEDIATED BY
CYTOSOLIC CALCIUM 606 CHILLING AND FREEZING 607 MEMBRANE PROPERTIES
CHANGE IN RESPONSE TO CHILLING INJURY 607 ICE CRYSTAL FORMATION AND
PROTOPLAST DEHYDRATION KILL CELLS 608 LIMITATION OF ICE FORMATION
CONTRIBUTES TO FREEZING TOLERANCE 608 SOME WOODY PLANTS CAN ACCLIMATE TO
VERY LOW TEMPERATURES 609 RESISTANCE TO FREEZING TEMPERATURES INVOLVES
SUPERCOOLING AND SLOW DEHYDRATION 609 SOME BACTERIA THAT LIVE ON LEAF
SURFACES INCREASE FROST DAMAGE 610 ABA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS ARE
INVOLVED IN ACCLIMATION TO FREEZING 610 NUMEROUS GENES ARE INDUCED
DURING COLD ACCLIMATION 611 A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR REGULATES
COLD-INDUCED GENE EXPRESSION 611 SALINITY STRESS 611 SALT ACCUMULATION
IN SOILS IMPAIRS PLANT FUNCTION AND SOIL STRUCTURE 612 SALINITY
DEPRESSES GROWTH AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN SENSITIVE SPECIES 612 XXVI TABLE
OF CONTENTS SALT INJURY INVOLVES BOTH OSMOTIC EFFECTS AND SPECIFIC ION
EFFECTS 612 - ^ PLANTS USE DIFFERENT STRATEGIES TO AVOID SALT INJURY 613
ION EXCLUSION IS CRITICAL FOR ACCLIMATION AND ADAPTATION TO SALINITY
STRESS 614 SODIUM IS TRANSPORTED ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE AND THE
TONOPLAST 614 OXYGEN DEFICIENCY 616 ANAEROBIC MICROORGANISMS ARE ACTIVE
IN WATER- SATURATED SOILS 616 , ROOTS ARE DAMAGED IN ANOXIC ENVIRONMENTS
616 DAMAGED O 2 -DEFICIENT ROOTS INJURE SHOOTS 618 SUBMERGED ORGANS CAN
ACQUIRE O 2 THROUGH SPECIALIZED STRUCTURES 618 MOST PLANT TISSUES CANNOT
TOLERATE ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS 619 ACCLIMATION TO O 2 DEFICIT INVOLVES
SYNTHESIS OF ANAEROBIC STRESS PROTEINS 620 SUMMARY 620 GLOSSARY 625
AUTHOR INDEX 657 SUBJECT INDEX 661
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Taiz, Lincoln Zeiger, Eduardo |
| author_facet | Taiz, Lincoln Zeiger, Eduardo |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Taiz, Lincoln |
| author_variant | l t lt e z ez |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV014535576 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QK711 |
| callnumber-raw | QK711.2 |
| callnumber-search | QK711.2 |
| callnumber-sort | QK 3711.2 |
| callnumber-subject | QK - Botany |
| classification_rvk | WN 1000 |
| classification_tum | BIO 480f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)50002466 (DE-599)BVBBV014535576 |
| dewey-full | 571.2 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 571 - Physiology & related subjects |
| dewey-raw | 571.2 |
| dewey-search | 571.2 |
| dewey-sort | 3571.2 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie |
| edition | 3. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV014535576 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:03:19Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0878938230 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2002009242 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009890453 |
| oclc_num | 50002466 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-11 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-11 DE-188 |
| physical | XXVI, 690 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2002 |
| publishDateSearch | 2002 |
| publishDateSort | 2002 |
| publisher | Sinauer |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Taiz, Lincoln Verfasser aut Plant physiology Lincoln Taiz ; Eduardo Zeiger 3. ed. Sunderland, Mass. Sinauer 2002 XXVI, 690 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Fysiologie gtt Physiologie végétale Planten gtt Plant physiology Entwicklungsphysiologie (DE-588)4152449-4 gnd rswk-swf Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd rswk-swf Pflanzenphysiologie (DE-588)4045580-4 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Pflanzenphysiologie (DE-588)4045580-4 s DE-604 Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 s Entwicklungsphysiologie (DE-588)4152449-4 s 2\p DE-604 Zeiger, Eduardo Verfasser aut HEBIS Datenaustausch Darmstadt application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009890453&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Taiz, Lincoln Zeiger, Eduardo Plant physiology Fysiologie gtt Physiologie végétale Planten gtt Plant physiology Entwicklungsphysiologie (DE-588)4152449-4 gnd Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd Pflanzenphysiologie (DE-588)4045580-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4152449-4 (DE-588)4045539-7 (DE-588)4045580-4 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Plant physiology |
| title_auth | Plant physiology |
| title_exact_search | Plant physiology |
| title_full | Plant physiology Lincoln Taiz ; Eduardo Zeiger |
| title_fullStr | Plant physiology Lincoln Taiz ; Eduardo Zeiger |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plant physiology Lincoln Taiz ; Eduardo Zeiger |
| title_short | Plant physiology |
| title_sort | plant physiology |
| topic | Fysiologie gtt Physiologie végétale Planten gtt Plant physiology Entwicklungsphysiologie (DE-588)4152449-4 gnd Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd Pflanzenphysiologie (DE-588)4045580-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Fysiologie Physiologie végétale Planten Plant physiology Entwicklungsphysiologie Pflanzen Pflanzenphysiologie Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009890453&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT taizlincoln plantphysiology AT zeigereduardo plantphysiology |