Semantics:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Malden, MA
Blackwell
2003
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Introducing linguistics
2 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 413 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0631226923 0631226931 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Saeed, John Ibrahim |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Semantics |c by John I. Saeed |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Malden, MA |b Blackwell |c 2003 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 413 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Introducing linguistics |v 2 | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Semantiek |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sémantique | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Semantik | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Semantics | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804129313652473856 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of Figures and Tables xv
Preface xvii
Abbreviations and Symbols xix
Part I Preliminaries 1
1 Semantics in Linguistics 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Semantics and Semiotics 5
1.3 Three Challenges in Doing Semantics 6
1.4 Meeting the Challenges 7
1.5 Semantics in a Model of Grammar 9
/. 5. / Introduction 9
1.5.2 Word meaning and sentence meaning 10
1.6 Some Important Assumptions 11
1.6.1 Reference and sense 12
1.6.2 Utterances, sentences and propositions 12
1.6.3 Literal and non literal meaning 15
/. 6.4 Semantics and pragmatics 17
1.7 Summary 19
viii Contents
Further Reading 19
Exercises 19
Notes 21
2 Meaning, Thought and Reality 23
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Reference 25
2.2.7 Types of reference 25
2.2.2 Afawes 27
2.2.5 Nouns and noun phrases 28
2.3 Reference as a Theory of Meaning 30
2.4 Mental Representations 32
2.4.1 Introduction 32
2.4.2 Concepts 34
2.4.5 Necessary and sufficient conditions 35
2.4.4 Prototypes 37
2.4.5 Relations between concepts 38
2.4.6 Acquiring concepts 40
2.5 Words, Concepts and Thinking 40
2.5.1 Linguistic relativity 41
2.5.2 77;e language of thought hypothesis 43
2.5.3 Thought and reality 44
2.6 Summary 46
Further Reading 47
Exercises 47
Notes 49
Part II Semantic Description 51
3 Word Meaning 53
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 Words and Grammatical Categories 55
3.3 Words and Lexical Items 55
3.4 Problems with Pinning Down Word Meaning 59
3.5 Lexical Relations 63
5.5./ Homonymy 63
3.5.2 Polysemy 64
3.5.3 Synonymy 65
3.5.4 Opposites (antonymy) 66
3.5.5 Hyponymy 68
Contents ix
3.5.6 Meronymy 70
3.5.7 Member collection 71
3.5.8 Portion—mass 71
3.6 Derivational Relations 71
3.6.1 Causative verbs 72
3.6.2 Agentive nouns 73
3.7 Lexical Universals 73
3.7.1 Colour terms 74
3.7.2 Core vocabulary 76
3.7.3 Universal lexemes 78
3.8 Summary 79
Further Reading 79
Exercises 80
Notes 83
4 Sentence Relations and Truth 86
4.1 Introduction 86
4.2 Logic and Truth 88
4.3 Necessary Truth, A Priori Truth and Analyticity 94
4.4 Entailment 98
4.5 Presupposition 101
4.5.1 Introduction 101
4.5.2 Two approaches to presupposition 102
4.5.3 Presupposition failure 104
4.5.4 Presupposition triggers 106
4.5.5 Presuppositions and context 107
4.5.6 Pragmatic theories of presupposition 109
4.6 Summary 110
Further Reading 110
Exercises 111
Notes 114
5 Sentence Semantics 1: Situations 116
5.1 Introduction 116
5.2 Classifying Situations 117
5.2.1 Introduction 117
5.2.2 Verbs and situation types 119
5.2.3 A system of situation types 123
5.2.4 Tense and aspect 124
5.2.5 Comparing aspect across languages 130
5.2.6 Combining situation type and aspect 133
x Contents
5.3 Modality and Evidentially 135
5.5./ Modality I35
5.3.2 Mood 138
5.3.3 Evidentiality 141
5.4 Summary 143
Further Reading 143
Exercises 144
Notes 147
6 Sentence Semantics 2: Participants 148
6.1 Introduction: Classifying Participants 148
6.2 Thematic Roles 149
6.3 Grammatical Relations and Thematic Roles 154
6.4 Verbs and Thematic Role Grids 156
6.5 Problems with Thematic Roles 158
6.6 The Motivation for Identifying Thematic Roles 161
6.7 Voice 164
6.7.1 Passive voice 164
6.7.2 Comparing passive constructions across languages 168
6.7.3 Middle voice 170
6.8 Summary 174
Further Reading 174
Exercises 175
Notes 178
7 Context and Inference 181
7.1 Introduction 181
7.2 Deixis 182
7.2.1 Spatial deixis 182
7.2.2 Gratnmaticalization of context 186
7.2.3 Extensions of spatial deixis 186
7.2.4 Person deixis 187
7.2.5 Social deixis 188
7.3 Reference and Context 189
7.4 Knowledge as Context 190
7.4.1 Discourse as context 191
7.4.2 Background knowledge as context 192
7.4.3 Mutual knowledge 193
7.4.4 Giving background knowledge to computers 194
7.5 Information Structure 196
Contents xi
7.5.1 The information status of nominals 196
7.5.2 Focus and topic 199
7.5.3 Information structure and comprehension 201
7.6 Inference 202
7.7 Conversational Implicature 204
7.7.1 Grice s maxims of conversational cooperation 204
7.7.2 Generalizing the Gricean maxims 207
7.7.3 Relevance theory 208
7.8 Summary 210
Further Reading 212
Exercises 212
Notes 217
8 Functions of Language: Speech as Action 219
8.1 Introduction 219
8.2 Austin s Speech Act Theory 222
8.2.1 Introduction 222
8.2.2 Evaluating performative utterances 224
8.2.3 Explicit and implicit performatives 225
8.2.4 Statements as performatives 226
8.2.5 Three facets of a speech act 227
8.3 Categorizing Speech Acts 228
8.4 Indirect Speech Acts 230
8.4.1 Introduction 230
8.4.2 Understanding indirect speech acts 232
8.4.3 Indirect acts and politeness 234
8.5 Sentence Types 237
8.6 Summary 239
Further Reading 240
Exercises 240
Notes 242
Part III Theoretical Approaches 245
9 Meaning Components 247
9.1 Introduction 247
9.2 Lexical Relations in CA 248
9.2.1 Binary features 249
9.2.2 Redundancy rules 249
9.3 Katz s Semantic Theory 250
xii Contents
9.3.1 Introduction 250
9.3.2 The Katzian dictionary 251
9.3.3 Projection rules 251
9.4 Grammatical Rules and Semantic Components 254
9.4.1 The methodology 254
9.4.2 Thematic roles and linking rules 257
9.5 Components and Conflation Patterns 262
9.6 Jackendoff s Conceptual Structure 266
9.6.1 Introduction 266
9.6.2 The semantic components 267
9.6.3 Localist semantic fields 269
9.6.4 Complex events and states 270
9.6.5 THINGS: Semantic classes of nominals 271
9.6.6 Cross category generalizations 272
9.6.7 Processes of semantic combination 273
9.7 Pustejovsky s Generative Lexicon 276
9.7.1 Event structure 277
9.7.2 Qualia structure 281
9.8 Problems with Components of Meaning 283
9.9 Summary 284
Further Reading 285
Exercises 285
Notes 290
10 Formal Semantics 292
10.1 Introduction 292
10.2 Model Theoretical Semantics 295
10.3 Translating English into a Logical Metalanguage 296
10.3.1 Introduction 296
10.3.2 Simple statements in predicate logic 296
10.3.3 Quantifiers in predicate logic 298
10.3.4 Some advantages of predicate logic translation 301
10.4 The Semantics of the Logical Metalanguage 302
10.4.1 Introduction 302
10.4.2 The semantic interpretation of predicate logic
symbols 303
10.4.3 The domain 304
10.4.4 The denotation assignment function 304
10.5 Checking the Truth Value of Sentences 305
10.5.1 Evaluating a simple statement 306
10.5.2 Evaluating a compound sentence with a and 306
10.5.3 Evaluating sentences with the quantifiers V and 3 308
10.6 Word Meaning: Meaning Postulates 310
Contents xiii
10.7 Natural Language Quantifiers and Higher Order
Logic 312
10.7.1 Restricted quantifiers 313
10.7.2 Generalized quantifiers 314
10.7.3 The strong/weak distinction and existential there
sentences 316
10.7.4 Monotonicity and negative polarity items 318
10.7.5 Section summary 320
10.8 Intensionality 320
10.8.1 Introduction 320
10.8.2 Modality 322
10.8.3 Tense and aspect 324
10.9 Dynamic Approaches to Discourse 327
10.9.1 Anaphora in and across sentences 327
10.9.2 Donkey sentences 329
10.9.3 DRT and discourse anaphora 329
10.10 Summary 334
Further Reading 335
Exercises 336
Notes 339
11 Cognitive Semantics 342
11.1 Introduction 342
11.2 Metaphor 345
11.2.1 Introduction 345
11.2.2 Metaphor in cognitive semantics 347
11.2.3 Features of metaphor 348
11.2.4 The influence of metaphor 351
11.3 Metonymy 352
11.4 Image Schemas 353
11.4.1 Containment schema 354
11.4.2 Path schema 355
11.4.3 Force schemas 356
11.5 Polysemy 357
11.5.1 Prepositions 358
11.5.2 Modal verbs 362
11.6 Mental Spaces 364
11.6.1 Connections between spaces 365
11.6.2 Referential opacity 368
11.6.3 Presupposition 371
11.6.4 Section summary 373
11.7 Langacker s Cognitive Grammar 374
11.7.1 Nouns, verbs and clauses 374
11.7.2 Construal 376
xiv Contents
11.8 Summary 378
Further Reading 379
Exercises oyo
Notes 382
References og5
Index 4Q6
Figures and
Tables
Figures
1.1 Components of grammar 9
1.2 Reference and sense in the vocabulary 12
2.1 Conceptual networks 39
5.1 Simple tenses 125
5.2 Complex past tense 126
9.1 Projection rules 252
9.2 Conceptual structure of example 9.81 as a tree structure 268
9.3 Conceptual structure of example 9.82 as a tree structure 268
9.4 Conceptual structure of example 9.84 as a tree structure 269
9.5 Semantic classes of nominals 272
10.1 Instants in the flow of time 325
10.2 Intervals of time 326
11.1 Containment 354
11.2 Path schema 356
11.3 Compulsion 356
11.4 Blockage 357
11.5 Removal of restraint 357
11.6 Prototypical above across sense of over 360
11.7 Sam walked over the hill 360
xvi List of Figures and Tables
11.8 The above sense of over 361
11.9 The covering sense of over 361
11.10 Multiplex version of the covering sense of over 362
11.11 Person—image connector 366
11.12 World mind connector 367
11.13 Image person connector 367
11.14 First interpretation of In the film, Michelle is a witch 369
11.15 Second interpretation of In the film, Michelle is a witch 370
11.16 Transparent reading of example 11.37 370
11.17 Opaque reading of example 11.37 371
11.18 Prototypical event scheme 375
11.19 Profiling within the action chain 376
Table
8.1 Possible Somali markers of sentence type 238
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