Advanced research methods in psychology:
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Hove, East Sussex [u.a.]
Routledge
2002
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Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XVII, 351 S. graph. Darst. |
ISBN: | 0415227712 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | Titel: Advanced research methods in psychology
Autor: Giles, David
Jahr: 2002
Contents
List of figures xii
List of tables xiv
Preface xvi
1 Introduction 1
PARTI
Beyond ANOVA 7
2 Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) 9
Worked example of a one-way ANOVA with a single
covariate 10
Data screening 12
ANCOVA using more than one covariate 16
Worked example of ANCOVA with more than one covariate 17
Two examples of ANCOVA from the psychological literature 19
Alternatives to ANCOVA 21
Summary 22
3 Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) 25
Data screening 26
Worked example ofa3x2 MANOVA with three
dependent variables and three covariates 28
MANOVA with one IVand three DVs 29
Univariate tests of significance 33
Post hoc and a priori comparisons 34
MANOVA with two IVs and three DVs 34
MANCOVA with one IV, three DVs and three covariates 35
Split-plot 3x2 MANOVA with three dependent measures 37
Two examples of MANOVA from the psychological literature 37
Summary 40
vi Contents
4 Discriminant function analysis 41
Questions to be answered by discriminant function analysis 42
A worked example of discriminant function analysis 44
Testing significance 44
Interpreting the functions 46
Classification analysis 47
Other features of discriminant function analysis 48
Example of discriminant function analysis from the psychological
literature 51
Summary 52
PART II
Measures of relationship: regression techniques 53
5 Multiple regression 55
Partial correlation 55
The multiple regression equation 56
Different types of regression model 59
Data screening 61
Worked example of hierarchical multiple regression 64
Performing the analysis using computer software 66
Interpreting the output 67
Model validation 69
An example of multiple regression from the literature 70
Multivariate regression 71
Summary 72
6 Logistic regression 73
Essential features of logistic regression 73
Worked example of logistic regression 75
Two examples of logistic regression from the psychological
literature 78
Summary 80
7 Structural equation modelling 81
Terminology 82
Basic concepts in structural equation modelling 83
Example from the literature of a study using EQS 88
Example from the literature of a study using path analysis 90
Contents vii
Problems with structural equation modelling 93
Alternatives to structural equation modelling 94
Summary 96
PART III
Questionnaires and scales 99
Survey design 99
8 Scale design and construction 103
Varieties of tests, scales and questionnaires 103
Constructing a scale 107
Creating an item pool 107
Example of a test specification 107
Writing items 109
Poor questionnaire/scale items 109
Organisation and layout of questionnaire 111
Piloting and item analysis 113
Measures of reliability and validity 115
An example from the literature 117
Summary 119
9 Factor analysis 121
Exploratory factor analysis 122
Steps in principal components analysis 122
Other forms of exploratory factor analysis 125
Factor selection 126
Factor rotation 128
Different types of rotation 129
Interpreting the computer output 129
Example of exploratory factor analysis from the literature 130
Some issues in factor analysis 132
Confirmatory factor analysis 134
Example of confirmatory factor analysis from the literature 135
Summary 137
10 Other techniques for data reduction 138
Cluster analysis 138
Hierarchical clustering techniques 140
Average linkage cluster analysis 142
Contents
Example from the literature of hierarchical cluster analysis 143
Multidimensional scaling 144
Calculations in multidimensional scaling 146
Evaluating the MDS solution 147
Canonical correlation 149
Example of canonical correlation from the literature 150
Summary 154
PART IV
Qualitative methods 155
11 Qualitative research in psychology 157
Arguments for using qualitative research in psychology 158
The use of qualitative research in psychology 161
Summary 164
12 Grounded theory 165
Background to grounded theory 166
How to perform a grounded theory analysis 167
Data collection 168
Initial analysis 169
Secondary analysis 171
Final analysis 173
Writing the grounded theory report 174
Examples of grounded theory from the psychological literature 175
Debates and developments in grounded theory 177
Departures from traditional grounded theory 179
Summary 180
13 Discourse analysis 181
Ideas behind discourse analysis in psychology 181
Implications for psychological theory 183
Steps in conducting discourse analysis 185
Identifying and collecting data 185
Transcription conventions 186
Analytical techniques 188
Two examples of discourse analysis from the psychological
literature 192
Some debates in discourse analysis 194
Contents ix
Relation between discourse analysis and grounded theory 197
Summary 197
14 Other qualitative approaches 198
Qualitative content analysis 198
Conversation analysis 200
Ethnography 203
Locating the field 205
Data collection 206
An example of ethnographic research with relevance to
psychology 207
Idiographic approaches 208
Interpretative phenomenological analysis 209
Narrative psychology 209
Broad approaches 210
Action research 210
Feminist research 212
Summary 213
15 Reporting and evaluating qualitative research 214
Writing the qualitative report 215
Criteria for evaluating qualitative research 218
Summary 223
PARTV
Other approaches 225
16 Content analysis and log-linear models 227
Content analysis 227
An example of content analysis from the psychological
literature 228
Log-linear analysis 229
Underlying principles 229
Other issues in log-linear analysis 233
Two examples using log-linear analysis from the psychological
literature 234
Summary 237
17 Q methodology 238
Q methodology: the basic idea 238
The Q-sort: a worked example 239
x Contents
The European dialect of Q methodology 242
The North American dialect of Q methodology 245
Summary 246
18 Meta-analysis 247
What does meta-analysis allow us to do? 248
Worked example of a meta-analysis 248
Carrying out the full analysis 253
Examples of meta-analysis from the psychological literature 254
Problems with meta-analysis 258
Summary 261
19 Self-generated data 262
The diary method in psychological research 262
Repertory grid technique 268
Constructing a repertory grid 268
Analysing the grid 271
The individual grid: an example from the clinical literature 272
Comparisons using grids 273
Other methods using self-generated data 275
Summary 276
PART VI
Uses and abuses of research 277
20 Ethical issues in psychological research 279
Introduction 279
Deception 279
Protection of participants 282
Informed consent 283
Right to privacy 285
Honesty 286
Summary 287
21 Issues in design and statistics 289
Introduction 289
Null hypothesis significance testing (NHST): a matter for
confusion 290
Problems with NHST 291
Contents xi
What is the null hypothesis anyway? 291
Use ofp values 292
Alternatives to NHST 293
Power calculations 296
Confidence intervals 298
Arguments against alternatives to NHST 299
Guidelines proposed by the APA Task Force on Statistical
Inference 300
Summary 302
22 Writing for publication 304
Introduction 304
The review process 304
Selecting an appropriate outlet 308
Preparing the manuscript 310
Tips and hints 310
Books 312
HOOKS 51Z
Some thoughts on the review process 315
Summary 317
23 Writing research grant proposals 318
Introduction 318
What funds, where? 319
Types of funding 319
Funding bodies 320
Applying for funding 321
The review process 322
Writing the grant proposal 323
Some tips on writing grant proposals 325
Summary 327
Appendices 1 2 328
References ¦
Index 345
Figures
2.1 ANCOVA table and estimated marginal means 12
2.2 Scatterplot of visual memory scores against IQ scores with
regression line 13
2.3 Scatterplots and regression lines separately for the poor
spellers and controls 15
2.4 Regression lines on the same scatterplot for the
spelling/visual memory example 23
3.1 SPSS output for multivariate significance tests 32
3.2 Lineplot of film type x age for Pulse2 data 35
4.1 Discriminant function plot for film x anxiety 50
5.1 Venn diagram illustrating shared variance between three
predictors 58
5.2 Multicollinearity 61
5.3 Scatterplot of residuals 68
7.1 Path diagram of multiple regression example on smoking
predictors 84
7.2 Path diagram of hypothetical health risk study 84
7.3 Full model, plus parameters, from Rini et al. (1999) 89
7.4 Path diagram with raw and standardised coefficients 92
7.5 Two-dimensional analysis of alcohol consumption prior to
the awareness of pregnancy (P) and during midpregnancy
(D) against behavioural outcome, from Bookstein et al.
(1996) 95
8.1 Scale instructions and suggested layout 112
8.2 Example of discriminative power analysis 114
9.1 Multiplication of first trial vector by the original
correlation matrix 123
9.2 Cattell s scree test 127
9.3 Rotation of factors in a two-dimensional plot 128
10.1 Scatterplot of ice cream and thermal underwear sales 139
10.2 Dendrogram of cluster example data 142
10.3 Scatterplot of cases on two dimensions from Katsikitis
(1997) 147
Figures xiii
12.1 Stages in the grounded theory process 168
12.2 Process model pertaining to non-attendance (from Tweed
and Salter 2000) 177
17.1 Empty grid for Q-sort example 240
19.1 The modified Rochester Interaction Record as used
by Tidwell et al. (1996) 265
19.2 Example of item in repertory grid 270
Tables
2.1 IQ and visual memory scores for both spelling groups 11
2.2 ANOVA table for one-way visual memory between-groups
study 11
2.3 Visual memory scores and three covariates grouped by
spelling ability 18
2.4 Correlation matrix for visual memory and the three
covariates 18
2.5 Adjusted subgroup means and F ratios for single
ANCOVA tests 18
3.1 Full data set for film type x anxiety study 29
3.2 Cell means and standard deviations for film type
x after measures 30
3.3 Results of multivariate significance tests 36
3.4 Adjusted cell means (distance from original means
in italics) for MANCOVA example 36
4.1 Data for discriminant function analysis 45
4.2 Standardised canonical discriminant function coefficients 46
4.3 Variable-function correlations 47
4.4 Hit rates for classification analysis 48
4.5 F-to-remove and lambda for variables in stepwise
discriminant analysis of the recruitment bias example 49
4.6 Significance testing statistics for film x anxiety 49
4.7 Structure matrix for film x anxiety 49
5.1 Data for partial correlation example 55
5.2 First five cases of the full data set for multiple regression
example 65
5.3 Correlation matrix 65
6.1 First five cases of logistic regression data set 75
6.2 Correlation matrix for logistic regression example 75
8.1 Test specification for the academic stardom scale 109
8.2 Items from the pet bereavement scale (Archer and
Winchester 1994) 118
9.1 Correlation matrix for principal components example 123
Tables xv
9.2 Residual matrix for principal components example 125
9.3 Example of a factor structure matrix 130
9.4 Principal components analysis with oblimin rotation of
all the items (original item numbers in brackets) 132
10.1 Matrix of Euclidean distances between consumer items 140
10.2 New distance matrix 141
10.3 Second new distance matrix 141
10.4 Frequencies of response to emotion photographs from
Katsikitis (1997) 145
10.5 Regression results from Cole and Bradac (1996) 148
10.6 Correlation matrix for the data in Finn (1997) 151
10.7 Canonical weights for the first two solutions in Finn (1997) 152
10.8 Structure matrix for the data in Finn (1997) 153
16.1 Descriptive statistics of criticisms by symptom-behavioural
category 229
16.2 Two-way contingency table for symptom vs. relative data 230
16.3 Three-way contingency table for symptom vs. relative vs.
status data 230
16.4 Three-way contingency table with natural logarithms of
the observed frequencies 231
16.5 Likelihood ratios for the three-way symptom vs. relative vs.
status table 232
17.1 Data for the Q-sort worked example 240
17.2 Rotated component matrix for Q-sort worked
example data 241
18.1 Summary of imaginary studies for meta-analysis 253
18.2 Data file for computer analysis of the above information 253
19.1 Specific role titles suggested as elements (after Kelly 1955) 270
21.1 Typical 2 x 2 error type table 294
21.2 Cohen s (1992) guide to interpreting the value of d 296
|
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spelling | Giles, David 1964- Verfasser (DE-588)132440210 aut Advanced research methods in psychology David C. Giles 1. publ. Hove, East Sussex [u.a.] Routledge 2002 XVII, 351 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Onderzoeksmethoden gtt Psychologie - Recherche - Méthodologie Psychologie expérimentale Psychologie gtt Psychology Psychology Research Methodology Psychology, Experimental Research methods Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd rswk-swf Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd rswk-swf Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 s Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009865231&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Giles, David 1964- Advanced research methods in psychology Onderzoeksmethoden gtt Psychologie - Recherche - Méthodologie Psychologie expérimentale Psychologie gtt Psychology Psychology Research Methodology Psychology, Experimental Research methods Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4155046-8 (DE-588)4047704-6 |
title | Advanced research methods in psychology |
title_auth | Advanced research methods in psychology |
title_exact_search | Advanced research methods in psychology |
title_full | Advanced research methods in psychology David C. Giles |
title_fullStr | Advanced research methods in psychology David C. Giles |
title_full_unstemmed | Advanced research methods in psychology David C. Giles |
title_short | Advanced research methods in psychology |
title_sort | advanced research methods in psychology |
topic | Onderzoeksmethoden gtt Psychologie - Recherche - Méthodologie Psychologie expérimentale Psychologie gtt Psychology Psychology Research Methodology Psychology, Experimental Research methods Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd |
topic_facet | Onderzoeksmethoden Psychologie - Recherche - Méthodologie Psychologie expérimentale Psychologie Psychology Psychology Research Methodology Psychology, Experimental Research methods Forschungsmethode |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009865231&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT gilesdavid advancedresearchmethodsinpsychology |