Environmental sampling and analysis for metals:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boca Raton [u.a.]
Lewis
2002
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index. - Erscheint: Juni 2002 |
| Beschreibung: | 372 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 156670572X |
Internformat
MARC
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| 035 | |a (OCoLC)49305321 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV014410964 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e aacr | ||
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| 044 | |a xxu |c US | ||
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| 084 | |a UQ 7600 |0 (DE-625)146580: |2 rvk | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Csuros, Maria |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Environmental sampling and analysis for metals |c Maria Csuros ; Csaba Csuros |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton [u.a.] |b Lewis |c 2002 | |
| 300 | |a 372 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index. - Erscheint: Juni 2002 | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Chimie de l'environnement | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environnement - Surveillance | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Métaux - Analyse | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Métaux - Aspect de l'environnement | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental chemistry | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental monitoring | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Metals |x Analysis | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Csuros, Csaba |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009856331&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009856331 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804129269245280256 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Environmental sampling and analysis for metals
Autor: Csuros, Maria
Jahr: 2002
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Metals
1.1 Introduction to Elements.....................................................1
1.1.1 Matter..............................................................1
1.1.2 Elements ...........................................................1
1.1.3 Atoms..............................................................2
1.1.4 Isotopes.............................................................4
1.2 Periodic Table of Elements...................................................4
1.3 Properties of Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids..................................9
1.3.1 Metals .............................................................9
1.3.2 Nonmetals ..........................................................9
1.3.3 Metalloids or Semimetals .............................................10
1.4 Early History of Metal Use ..................................................11
1.5 Sources of Metals and Their Compounds.......................................11
1.6 Sources of Metal Pollution ..................................................11
1.6.1 Metal Pollution from Mining and Processing Ores..........................11
1.6.2 Other Sources of Metal Pollution .......................................12
Chapter 2 Discussion of Metallic Elements
2.1 Representative Elements....................................................13
2.1.1 Group IA (1): Alkali Metals ...........................................13
2.1.2 Group HA (2): Alkaline Earth Metals ....................................15
2.1.3 Group mA (13) Metals...............................................18
2.1.4 Group IVA (14) Metals ...............................................19
2.1.5 Group VA (15) Metals ................................................20
2.2 Transition Metals..........................................................20
2.2.1 General Discussion ..................................................20
2.2.2 Inner Transition Elements .............................................30
2.3 Metalloids ...............................................................31
2.3.1 Group IVA (14) .....................................................31
2.3.2 Group VA (15)......................................................31
2.4 Heavy Metals.............................................................31
2.5 Metallic Substances Essential to Life..........................................32
2.5.1 Most Important Metals in Human Metabolism.............................32
2.5.2 Common Plant Nutrients..............................................37
Chapter 3 Toxicity of Metals
3.1 General Discussion of Toxicity...............................................39
3.1.1 Toxicytosis.........................................................39
3.1.2 Toxic Effects........................................................39
.3 Acute Effects.......................................................39
.4 Chronic Effects .....................................................39
.5 Lethal Effects.......................................................39
.6 Sublethal Effects ....................................................39
.7 Two D s (Dose and Duration)..........................................40
3.1.8 LD50 (Lethal Dose 50)................................................40
3.1.9 Classification of Toxic Substances ......................................40
3.2 Metal Toxicity............................................................44
3.3 Toxic Effects of Selected Representative Metals .................................46
3.3.1 Group IA (1): Alkali Metals ...........................................46
3.3.2 Group HA (2): Alkaline Earth Metals ....................................47
3.3.3 Group IIIA (13): Boron-Aluminum (B-Al) ...............................47
3.3.4 Group IVA (14): Carbon ..............................................49
3.3.5 Group VA (15): Nitrogen-Phosphorus (N-P)............................. .50
3.4 Toxicity of Selected Transition Metals .........................................50
3.4.1 Period4 ...........................................................50
3.4.2 Period 5 ...........................................................51
3.4.3 Period6 ...........................................................53
3.4.4 Selected Metals of Period 7, Including Actinides...........................55
3.5 Toxicity of Selected Metalloids...............................................55
3.5.1 Boron (B)..........................................................55
3.5.2 Germanium (Ge) ....................................................56
3.5.3 Arsenic (As)........................................................56
3.5.4 Antimony (Sb)......................................................57
3.5.5 Tellurium (Te) ......................................................57
Chapter 4 STANDARDS RELATED TO METALLIC POLLUTANTS
4.1 Environmental Law........................................................59
4.1.1 Federal and State Environmental Law....................................59
4.1.2 Environmental Regulations ............................................60
4.1.3 Selected Regulatory Programs..........................................60
4.2 Drinking Water Standards...................................................61
4.2.1 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA).......................................61
4.2.2 SDWA Regulations ..................................................62
4.2.3 SDWA Amendments .................................................62
4.2.4 National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations (NSDWRs) .................67
4.3 Surfacewater Standards.....................................................67
4.3.1 Clean Water Act (CWA)...............................................68
4.3.2 EPA Priority Toxic Pollutants ..........................................69
4.4 Agriculturally Used Waters..................................................69
4.5 Industrial Waters..........................................................71
4.6 Waste Characterization .....................................................72
4.7 Hazardous Waste Characterization ............................................73
4.7.1 Criteria for Hazardous Waste Evaluation..........„.......................73
4.8 Air Pollution and Control ...................................................74
4.8.1 Primary and Secondary Air Pollutants....................................74
4.8.2 Clean Air Act (CAA).................................................74
4.8.3 Ambient Air Quality Standard (AAQS)...................................76
4.9 ISO 14001 and Environmental Law ............................................77
4.9.1 Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) .............................77
4.9.2 ISO 14001 EMS Standard.............................................77
Chapter 5 FUNDAMENTALS OF SPECTROSCOPY
5.1 Early History of the Nature of Light...........................................79
5.2 Electromagnetic Radiation ..................................................80
5.2.1 The Dual Nature of Light .............................................81
5.3 Continuous and Line Spectra ................................................82
5.3.1 Continuous Spectrum.................................................82
5.3.2 Line Spectrum......................................................83
5.4 Absorption and Emission ...................................................83
5.4.1 Molecular vs. Atomic Spectra..........................................84
5.5 Beer s Law...............................................................85
5.6 Atomic Spectroscopy Techniques.............................................86
5.6.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) .................................86
5.6.2 Atomic Emission Spectrometry (AES) ...................................86
5.6.3 Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry (AFS)................................87
5.6.4 Atomization Process and Excitation Sources ..............................87
5 6.5 Development of Analytical Techniques...................................87
5.6.6 Comparison of Techniques Used in Trace Element Analysis ..................88
Chapter 6 MOLECULAR SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
6.1 Molecular Absorption and Color..............................................89
6.2 Molecular Absorption Spectrophotometry ......................................89
6.2.1 Basic Components of Spectrophotometer.................................89
6.3 Single-Beam and Double-Beam Spectrophotometers..............................93
6.3.1 Single-Beam Spectrophotometer........................................93
6.3.2 Double-Beam Spectrophotometer.......................................93
6.4 Type of Spectrophotometers.................................................94
6.4.1 Visible Spectrophotometer.............................................94
6.4.2 Ultraviolet/Visible (UV/Vis) Spectrophotometer ...........................94
6.4.3 Spectrophotometers with a Built-in Microprocessor or Microcomputer..........95
6.4.4 Differences between UV/Vis and IR Spectrophotometric Methods .............95
6.4.5 Infrared (IR) Spectrophotometer........................................95
6.5 Summary of Molecular Spectrophotometry .....................................97
6.6 Spectrophotometer Calibration...............................................97
6.6.1 Frequency of Calibration Curve Preparation...............................97
6.6.2 General Rules in the Preparation of Calibration Curves......................98
6.6.3 Linear Regression Calculation..........................................98
6.7 Performance Check of UV/Vis and IR Spectrophotometer.........................100
6.7.1 UV/Vis Spectrophotometer...........................................100
6.7.2 IR Spectrophotometer...............................................101
6.8 Maintenance of the UV/Vis and IR Spectrophotometers ..........................101
6.8.1 UV/Vis Spectrophotometer...........................................101
6.8.2 IR Spectrophotometer ...............................................101
Chapter 7 ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY
7.1 Introduction.............................................................103
7.1.1 Atomic Spectrometry (AS) ...........................................103
7.1.2 Atomic Absorption (AA).............................................103
7.1.3 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) ................................103
7.2 Steps in the Atomic Absorption Process.......................................104
7.2.1 Nebulization.......................................................104
7.2.2 Evaporation or Desolvation...........................................104
7.2.3 Liquefaction and Vaporization.........................................104
7.2.4 Atomization.......................................................105
7.2.5 Excitation and Ionization.............................................105
7.3 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Components.............................105
7.3.1 Light Source.......................................................105
7.3.2 Flames ...........................................................106
7.3.3 Nebulizer and Burner................................................106
7.3.4 Optics and Monochromator System ....................................107
7.3.5 Detector..........................................................108
7.3.6 Readout System....................................................108
7.3.7 Automatic Samplers.................................................109
7.3.8 Automated Multielement AA Instruments................................109
7.3.9 Microcomputer-Based Electronics .....................................109
7.4 Single- and Double-Beam Instruments........................................109
7.5 Atomic Absorption Measurement Terms ......................................109
7.5.1 Calibration........................................................109
7.5.2 Concentration......................................................110
7.5.3 Sensitivity ........................................................110
7.5.4 Detection Limit (DL)................................................110
7.5.5 Optimum Concentration Ranges.......................................110
7.6 Techniques in AAS Measurement............................................112
7.6.1 Direct-Aspiration or Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS).....112
7.6.2 Chelation-Extraction Method .........................................112
7.6.3 Hydride Generation Method ..........................................112
7.6.4 Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer ........................113
7.6.5 Electrothermal or Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometry (GrAAS)..........................................113
7.7 Interference in AAS Techniques.............................................113
7.7.1 Nonspectral Interferences ............................................113
7.7.2 Spectral Interferences ...............................................116
7.7.3 Summary of Interferences............................................117
7.8 Safety in AAS Work ......................................................118
7.8.1 Flammability of Acetylene ...........................................118
7.8.2 Combustion Products................................................118
7.8.3 Flashbacks........................................................118
7.9 Quality Control..........................................................118
7.10 Maintenance of AA Spectrophotometers ......................................118
7.11 AAS Performance Checks..................................................119
7.12 Sample Collection and Sample Preparation ....................................119
Chapter 8 DIRECT ASPIRATION OR FLAME ATOMIC
ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY (FAAS)
8.1 Principle ...............................................................121
8.2 Direct Air-Acetylene Flame Method .........................................121
8.2.1 General Discussion .................................................121
8.2.2 Instrumentation ....................................................121
8.2.3 Reagents..........................................................122
8.2.4 Operation.........................................................123
8.2.5 Standardization ....................................................124
8.2.6 Sample Analysis....................................................124
8.2.7 Calculations.......................................................124
8.3 Direct Nitrous Oxide-Acetylene Flame Method ................................124
8.3.1 General Discussion .................................................124
8.3.2 Apparatus.........................................................124
8.3.3 Reagents..........................................................125
8.3.4 Operation.........................................................125
8.3.5 Standardization ....................................................126
8.3.6 Analysis of Samples ................................................126
8.3.7 Calculations.......................................................126
8.4 Interferences, Safety, and Quality Control Requirements in FAAS ..................126
8.5 Maintenance of FAA Spectrophotometer......................................126
8.6 Performance Check of FAA Spectrophotometer.................................126
Chapter 9 GRAPHITE FURNACE ATOMIC
ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY
9.1 General Discussion.......................................................129
9.1.1 Application .......................................................129
9.1.2 Principle..........................................................129
9.2 Apparatus ..............................................................130
9.2.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer..................................130
9.2.2 Burner ...........................................................130
9.2.3 Hollow Cathode Lamps..............................................130
9.2.4 Graphite Furnace...................................................130
9.2.5 Strip-Chart Recorder................................................131
9.2.6 Water Supply for Cooling ............................................132
9.2.7 Sample Dispensers..................................................132
9.3 Analysis by Graphite Furnace Spectrophotometer...............................132
9.3.1 Sample Pretreatment ................................................132
9.3.2 Reagents..........................................................132
9.3.3 Instrument Operation................................................133
9.3.4 Multi-Step Temperature Program ......................................133
9.3.5 Measuring the Graphite Furnace AA Signal..............................134
9.3.6 Instrument Calibration...............................................134
9.3.7 Sample Analysis....................................................134
9.3.8 Calculation........................................................135
9.4 Interferences and the Graphite Furnace .......................................135
9.4.1 Spectral Interference ................................................135
9.4.2 Nonspectral Interference.............................................137
9.5 Stabilized Temperature Platform Furnace (STPF) ...............................139
9.6 Quality Control Requirements ..............................................140
9.7 Maintenance of Graphite Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer ...................140
9.8 Performance Check of Graphite Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer..............140
Chapter 10 COLD-VAPOR ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROMETRY
10.1 General Discussion.......................................................143
10.1.1 Advantages......................................................143
10.1.2 Limitations ......................................................143
10.1.3 Detection Limit...................................................143
10.2 Apparatus..............................................................144
10.2.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.................................144
10.2.2 Mercury Hollow Cathode Lamp (HCL) or Electrodeless Discharge Lamp (EDL)144
10.2.3 Recorder ........................................................144
10.2.4 Absorption Cell...................................................144
10.2.5 Cell Support......................................................144
10.2.6 Air Pump........................................................144
10.2.7 Flowmeter.......................................................144
10.2.8 Aeration Tubing...................................................144
10.2.9 Reaction Flask....................................................144
10.2.10 Drying Tube......................................................145
10.2.11 Connecting Tubing ................................................145
10.3 Procedure...............................................................145
10.3.1 Sample Collection, Preservation, and Handling..........................145
10.3.2 Reagents ........................................................146
10.3.3 Instrument Operation...............................................147
10.3.4 Standardization...................................................147
10.3.5 Sample Analysis ..................................................148
10.4 Interference.............................................................149
10.4.1 Sulfides ..........................................................149
10.4.2 Copper...........................................................149
10.4.3 Seawaters, Brines, and Industrial Effluents High in Chlorides................150
10.4.4 Certain Volatile Organic Materials .....................................150
10.5 Quality Control Requirements ..............................................150
10.6 Calculations and Reporting.................................................150
10.7 Safety..................................................................151
Chapter 11 HYDRIDE-GENERATION ATOMIC
ABSORPTION TECHNIQUE
11.1 Principle ...............................................................153
11.1.1 Advantage ........................................................153
11.1.2 Disadvantage......................................................153
11.2 Application .............................................................153
11.2.1 Detection Limit and Concentration Range ...............................154
11.3 Apparatuses and Materials.................................................154
11.3.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer......................................154
11.3.2 Arsenic and Selenium Hollow Cathode Lamp or Electrodeless Discharge Lamp .154
11.3.3 Background Correction at Measurement of Wavelength.....................154
11.3.4 Strip-Chart Recorder................................................154
11.3.5 Atomizer .........................................................154
11.3.6 Reaction Cell for Producing As and Se Hydride...........................155
11.3.7 Eye-Dropper or Syringe..............................................155
11.3.8 Vent .............................................................155
11.3.9 Reagents..........................................................155
11.4 Interferences ............................................................157
11.4.1 Possible Interferences ...............................................157
11.5 Sample Collection, Preservation, and Handling .................................158
11.6 Preparation of Samples and Standards for Total Arsenic and Selenium...............158
11.7 Procedure...............................................................158
11.7.1 Apparatus Setup....................................................158
11.7.2 Instrument Calibration Standards ......................................158
11.7.3 Determination of As and Se with Sodium Borohydride .....................159
11.7.4 Calculations.......................................................159
11.8 Quality Control Requirements ..............................................159
Chapter 12 INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA ATOMIC
EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY
12.1 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES)........................................161
12.1.1 Plasmas ..........................................................161
12.1.2 Short History of AES................................................161
12.2 General Characteristics of ICP-AES..........................................162
12.2.1 General Discussion .................................................162
12.2.2 Performance Characteristics ..........................................163
12.2.3 ICP Discharge .....................................................165
12.3 ICP-AES Instrumentation .................................................166
12.3.1 Sample Introduction.................................................167
12.3.2 Emission Production ................................................167
12.3.3 Collection and Detection of Emissions..................................168
12.3.4 Signal Processing and Instrument Control ...............................169
12.3.5 Accessories for ICP-AES Instruments...................................170
12.3.6 Instrument Care and Maintenance......................................170
12.3.7 Verification of Instrument Performance .................................171
12.4 Interferences in ICP-AES ..................................................172
12.4.1 Spectral Interferences and Corrections ..................................172
12.4.2 Nonspectral Interference.............................................173
12.5 Reagents and Standards....................................................174
12.5.1 Chemicals, Standards, and Reagents....................................174
12.5.2 Acids ............................................................174
12.5.3 Standard Stock Solutions.............................................174
12.5.4 Mixed Calibration Standard Solutions...................................174
12.5.5 Blanks ...........................................................174
12.5.6 Instrument Check Standard...........................................175
12.5.7 Interference Check Solution ..........................................175
12.5.8 Quality Control Standards............................................175
12.5.9 Method Quality Control Sample.......................................175
12.6 Procedure ..............................................................175
12.6.1 Sample Preparation .................................................175
12.6.2 Instrument Setup and Operation .......................................175
12.6.3 Instrument Calibration...............................................176
12.6.4 Sample Analysis....................................................176
12.6.5 Instrument Quality Control...........................................177
12.6.6 Method Quality Control..............................................177
12.6.7 Test for Matrix Interference...........................................177
12.6.8 Calculations and Corrections..........................................177
12.7 Quality Control..........................................................178
Chapter 13 QUALITY CONTROL IN METALS ANALYSIS
13.1 General Discussion.......................................................179
13.2 Glassware Used in Metals Analysis ..........................................179
13.2.1 Volumetric Glassware ...............................................179
13.2.2 Cleaning Glassware.................................................180
13.3 Chemicals ..............................................................180
13.4 Laboratory-Pure Water ....................................................180
13.4.1 Quality of Laboratory-Pure Water......................................180
13.4.2 Types of Laboratory-Pure Water.......................................181
13.5 Field Quality Control .....................................................181
13.5.1 Field QA/QC Program...............................................182
13.5.2 Criteria for Field QC Checks..........................................182
13.6 Instrument Calibration ....................................................184
13.6.1 Calibration Stock and Standard Solutions................................184
13.6.2 Calibration Check Solutions ..........................................186
13.6.3 Initial and Continuing Calibration......................................187
13.6.4 Accepted Calibration................................................188
13.6.5 Outline of Calibration Procedure.......................................188
13.6.6 Special Calibration Criteria in Metals Analysis............................189
13.6.7 Summary of Definitions Related to Calibration ...........................189
13.7 Instrument Performance Check..............................................190
13.7.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS)............................191
13.7.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma Analyzer (ICP)..............................191
13.8 Laboratory QC Checks ....................................................192
13.8.1 Blanks ...........................................................192
13.8.2 Duplicate Samples..................................................192
13.8.3 Spikes............................................................193
13.8.4 Calibration Check Standards..........................................194
13.8.5 Blind QC Check Samples ............................................194
13.8.6 Performance Evaluation Samples ......................................194
13.8.7 Interference Check..................................................194
13.9 Detection Limits.........................................................194
13.9.1 Method Detection Limit (MDL) .......................................194
13.9.2 Instrument Detection Limit (IDL)......................................195
13.9.3 Practical Quantitation Limit (PQL).....................................196
13.10 Accuracy and Precision ...................................................196
13.10.1 General Discussion ...............................................196
13.10.2 Quality Control Delineation for Accuracy and Precision..................197
13.10.3 Quality Control Charts ............................................198
Chapter 14 SAMPLE COLLECTION FOR METALS ANALYSIS
14.1 General Considerations in Sampling..........................................203
14.1.1 Factors and Requirements of Sampling Program To Be Considered...........203
14.1.2 Preparation for Sample Collection.....................................203
14.1.3 Prefield Procedures ................................................204
14.1.4 Types of Samples..................................................204
14.1.5 Manual and Automated Sample Collection..............................204
14.1.6 General Rules in Sampling ..........................................205
14.1.7 Proper Material for Sampling Devices..................................205
14.1.8 Errors Introduced during Sampling....................................205
14.1.9 Waste Disposal in the Field..........................................205
14.2 Automatic Samplers ......................................................205
14.2.1 Proper Operation of the Automatic Samplers............................205
14.2.2 Preparation of Sampling Equipment...................................206
14.3 Sample Containers........................................................206
14.3.1 Preferred Sample Containers ........................................206
14.3.2 Proper Cleaning of Sample Containers.................................207
14.4 Sample Preservation ......................................................207
14.5 Special Sampling Procedures ...............................................207
14.5.1 Total Metals......................................................207
14.5.2 Dissolved Metals..................................................208
14.5.3 Suspended Metals.................................................208
14.5.4 Sample Collection of Hexavalent Chromium............................208
14.6 Holding Time............................................................208
14.7 Field Records............................................................208
14.7.1 Chain-of-Custody .................................................208
14.7.2 Sample Label.....................................................209
14.7.3 Field Notebook...................................................209
14.7.4 Sample Field Log and Preservative Preparation Log ......................212
14.7.5 Information Available in Field Records ................................212
14.8 Field Quality Control.....................................................214
14.8.1 General Requirements of Field QA/QC Program.........................215
14.8.2 Field Quality Control Check Criteria ..................................215
14.9 Sample Collection from Different Matrices ....................................216
14.9.1 Groundwater Sampling.............................................216
14.9.2 Drinking Water Sampling...........................................218
14.9.3 Sampling Surface Waters ...........................................218
14.9.4 Sampling Waste Water .............................................219
14.9.5 Sampling Agricultural Discharges ....................................220
14.9.6 Collecting Domestic Sludge.........................................221
14.9.7 Collecting Soil Samples ............................................221
14.9.8 Sampling Hazardous Wastes.........................................222
14.9.9 Sampling Fish Tissues..............................................224
14.9.10 Collecting Air Samples.............................................224
Chapter 15 SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR METALS ANALYSIS
15.1 General Discussion.......................................................227
15.1.1 Sample Pretreatment for Total Metals..................................227
15.1.2 Sample Pretreatment for Dissolved Metals...............................227
15.1.3 Sample Pretreatment for Suspended Metals ..............................227
15.1.4 Preliminary Filtration of Samples......................................227
15.1.5 Sample Pretreatment for Acid-Extractable Metals .........................228
15.2 Digestion Procedures for Metals.............................................228
15.2.1 Introduction.......................................................228
15.2.2 Nitric Acid Digestion................................................229
15.2.3 Nitric Acid-Hydrochloric Acid Digestion................................229
15.2.4 Nitric Acid-Sulfuric Acid Digestion....................................230
15.2.5 Nitric Acid-Perchloric Acid Digestion ..................................230
15.2.6 Nitric Acid-Perchloric Acid-Hydrofluoric Acid Digestion ..................231
15.2.7 Dry Ashing........................................................231
15.2.8 Microwave-Assisted Digestion ........................................231
15.3 Acid Digestion for Total and Dissolved Metals .................................233
15.3.1 Introduction.......................................................233
15.3.2 Procedure.........................................................233
15.3.3 Quality Control (QC)................................................233
15.4 Acid Digestion of Aqueous Samples and Extracts for Total Metals by Flame
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) and Inductively Coupled
Plasma (ICP) Analyzer ....................................................234
15.4.1 Introduction.......................................................234
15.4.2 Procedure.........................................................234
15.4.3 Quality Control (QC)................................................234
15.5 Acid Digestion of Aqueous Samples and Extracts for Total Metals by Graphite
Furnace Spectroscopy (GrAAS).............................................234
15.5.1 Introduction.......................................................234
15.5.2 Procedure.........................................................235
15.5.3 Quality Control (QC)................................................235
15.6 Sample Preparation for Arsenic and Selenium Determination by Graphite
Furnace Spectroscopy (GrAAS).............................................235
15.6.1 Introduction.......................................................235
15.6.2 Procedure for Aqueous Samples .......................................235
15.6.3 Procedure for Solid Samples..........................................236
15.6.4 Quality Control (QC)................................................236
15.7 Sample Preparation for Silver Determination...................................236
15.8 Sample Preparation for Antimony Determination................................236
15.9 Sample Preparation for Mercury Determination (Cold-Vapor Technique).............236
15.9.1 Preparation of Aqueous Samples.......................................236
15.9.2 Preparation of Solid and Semisolid Samples .............................237
15.10 Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges, and Soils for Total Metals Analysis ..........237
15.10.1 Introduction.....................................................237
15.10.2 Procedure.......................................................237
15.10.3 Quality Control (QC) .............................................238
15.11 Dissolution Procedure for Oils, Greases, and Waxes ............................239
15.11.1 Procedure.......................................................239
15.11.2 Sample Collection, Preservation, and Handling .........................239
15.11.3 Procedure.......................................................239
15.12 Sample Preparation for Hexavalent Chromium (Chelation/Extraction)..............239
15.12.1 Reagents .......................................................240
15.12.2 Chelation and Extraction...........................................240
15.13 Extraction Procedure (EP) Toxicity .........................................241
15.13.1 Introduction.....................................................241
15.13.2 Sample Collection, Preservation, and Handling.........................241
15.13.3 Apparatus and Materials ...........................................241
15.13.4 Reagents .......................................................242
15.13.5 Procedure.......................................................242
15.13.6 Quality Control (QC) .............................................244
15.14 Extraction Procedure for Oily Wastes........................................244
15.14.1 Introduction.....................................................244
15.14.2 Interferences ....................................................244
15.14.3 Apparatus and Materials ...........................................244
15.14.4 Reagents .......................................................245
15.14.5 Sampling.......................................................245
15.14.6 Procedure.......................................................245
15.14.7 Quality Control (QC) .............................................246
15.15 Documentation during Sample Preparation ...................................246
15.16 Disposal of Samples, Digestates, Extracts, and Other Wastes .....................246
Chapter 16 CONVERTING RAW DATA INTO
REPORTABLE FORM
16.1 Responsibilities of the Analyst ..............................................249
16.2 Calculations for Final Values................................................250
16.2.1 Dilution and Concentration...........................................251
16.2.2 Calculations for Solids, Moisture, and Ash ..............................251
16.2.3 Conversion of Milligrams per Liter and Milliequivalents per Liter ............252
16.2.4 Conversion of ppm(w/v) to mg/cm3 and Vice Versa........................252
16.2.5 Significant Figures..................................................255
16.2.6 Rounding Data.....................................................255
16.2.7 Exponential Notation................................................256
16.3 Records for Raw and Calculated Data ........................................256
16.3.1 Field and Laboratory Notebook........................................256
16.3.2 Work Sheets.......................................................256
16.3.3 Other Documentation................................................256
16.3.4 Documents To Be Saved .............................................256
16.4 Evaluation and Approval of Analytical Data...................................260
16.4.1 Checking Correctness of Analysis......................................260
16.4.2 Validation of QC Checks.............................................260
16.4.3 Documentation of Out-of-Control Conditions.............................263
Chapter 17 REPORTING ANALYTICAL DATA
17.1 Required Documentation...................................................265
17.1.1 Documentation Required To Approve and Defend Reported Data.............265
17.2 Significant Figures in Analytical Reports......................................266
17.3 Units Used To Express Analytical Results .....................................266
17.4 Confidence Interval.......................................................267
17.5 Report Format...........................................................267
Chapter 18 SELECTED METHODS FOR DETERMINATION
OF METALS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES
18.1 Methodology............................................................269
18.1.1 EPA-Approved Methods and References for Analyzing Water Samples ........269
18.1.2 EPA-Approved Methods and References for Analyzing
Sediments and Residuals.............................................270
18.1.3 Approved Modification of EPA Methods ................................270
18.1.4 EPA Contract Laboratory Protocol (CLP)................................271
18.1.5 Determination of Selected Metals in Environmental Samples ................271
18.2 Aluminum..............................................................271
18.2.1 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS)..........................272
18.2.2 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GrAAS)................273
18.3 Antimony...............................................................273
18.3.1 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS)..........................273
18.3.2 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GrAAS)................274
18.4 Arsenic ................................................................274
18.4.1 Gaseous Hydride Atomic Absorption Method.............................275
18.4.2 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GrAAS)................275
18.5 Barium.................................................................276
18.5.1 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS)..........................276
18.5.2 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GrAAS)................277
18.6 Beryllium...............................................................277
18.6.1 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS)..........................278
18.6.2 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GrAAS)................278
18.7 Bismuth................................................................279
18.7.1 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS)..........................279
18.8 Cadmium...............................................................279
18.8.1 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS) ..........................279
18.8.2 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GrAAS)................279
18.9 Calcium................................................................280
18.9.1 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS)..........................280
18.9.2 Determination of Hardness by EDTA Titrimetric Method ...................281
18.9.3 Calcium Determination by EDTA Titrimetric Method ......................284
18.10 Chromium.............................................................285
18.10.1 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS)........................285
18.10.2 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GrAAS)..............286
18.11 Hexavalent Chromium ...................................................286
18.11.1 Chelation/Extraction Method.......................................286
18.11.2 Colorimetric Method.............................................288
18.12 Cobalt ................................................................289
18.12.1 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GrAAS).............290
18.13 Copper................................................................290
18.13.1 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS)........................290
18.14 Iron ..................................................................291
18.14.1 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS)........................291
18.14.2 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GrAAS)..............291
18.15 Lead..................................................................292
18.15.1 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS)........................292
18.15.2 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GrAAS)..............292
18.16 Lithium ...............................................................293
18.17 Magnesium ............................................................293
18.17.1 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS)........................293
18.18 Manganese.............................................................293
18.18.1 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS)........................294
18.18.2 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GrAAS)..............294
18.19 Mercury...............................................................294
18.19.1 Cold-Vapor Atomic Absorption Technique.............................294
18.20 Molybdenum...........................................................294
18.20.1 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS)........................295
18.20.2 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GrAAS)..............295
18.21 Nickel ................................................................2%
18.21.1 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS)........................296
18.21.2 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GrAAS)..............296
18.22 Potassium .............................................................296
18.22.1 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS)........................2%
18.23 Selenium..............................................................297
18.23.1 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GrAAS)..............297
18.23.2 Atomic Absorption Gaseous Hydride Technique........................299
18.24 Silver.................................................................299
18.24.1 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS)........................299
18.24.2 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GrAAS)..............299
18.25 Sodium ...............................................................300
18.25.1 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS)........................300
18.26 Thallium ..............................................................300
18.26.1 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS)........................300
18.26.2 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GrAAS)..............301
18.27 Tin...................................................................301
18.27.1 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS)........................301
18.27.2 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GrAAS)..............302
18.28 Vanadium..............................................................302
18.28.1 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS)........................302
18.28.2 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GrAAS)..............303
18.29 Zinc..................................................................303
18.29.1 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS)........................303
18.29.2 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GrAAS)..............304
Chapter 19 Laboratory Safety Rules
19.1 Laboratory Hazards.......................................................305
19.1.1 Chemical Hazards ..................................................305
19.1.2 Fire Hazards.......................................................307
19.1.3 Carelessness.......................................................308
19.2 Safe Handling of Compressed Gases .........................................309
19.2.1 General Precautions When Working with Compressed Gases................309
19.2.2 Hazardous Properties of Compressed Gases..............................310
19.3 Stockroom Safety Rules ...................................................310
19.3.1 Safety Checklist for Storage Rooms: Room Characteristics and Organization .. .310
19.3.2 Chemical Storage...................................................310
19.4 Summary of Laboratory Safety Rules.........................................311
APPENDICES
Appendix A: Operation of Mass Spectrophotometer...............................313
Appendix B: Silicon Chips...................................................317
Appendix C: Lasers.........................................................321
Appendix D: Metals and Plants................................................323
Appendix E: Toxicity of Cyanide..............................................333
Appendix F: Components of Nucleic Acid ......................................335
Appendix G: Polarized Light .................................................339
Appendix H: Stock Metal Solutions............................................341
Appendix I: Calculation for Solid Matrices .....................................345
Appendix J: Plasma........................................................347
Appendix K: Soxhlet Extraction...............................................349
Appendix L: SI Units and Conversion Factors....................................351
REFERENCES...........................................................353
INDEX...................................................................355
|
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| author | Csuros, Maria |
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| dewey-sort | 3628.5 12 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Physik Bauingenieurwesen |
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| id | DE-604.BV014410964 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:02:27Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 156670572X |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2002019440 |
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| spelling | Csuros, Maria Verfasser aut Environmental sampling and analysis for metals Maria Csuros ; Csaba Csuros Boca Raton [u.a.] Lewis 2002 372 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index. - Erscheint: Juni 2002 Chimie de l'environnement Environnement - Surveillance Métaux - Analyse Métaux - Aspect de l'environnement Environmental chemistry Environmental monitoring Metals Analysis Csuros, Csaba Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009856331&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Csuros, Maria Environmental sampling and analysis for metals Chimie de l'environnement Environnement - Surveillance Métaux - Analyse Métaux - Aspect de l'environnement Environmental chemistry Environmental monitoring Metals Analysis |
| title | Environmental sampling and analysis for metals |
| title_auth | Environmental sampling and analysis for metals |
| title_exact_search | Environmental sampling and analysis for metals |
| title_full | Environmental sampling and analysis for metals Maria Csuros ; Csaba Csuros |
| title_fullStr | Environmental sampling and analysis for metals Maria Csuros ; Csaba Csuros |
| title_full_unstemmed | Environmental sampling and analysis for metals Maria Csuros ; Csaba Csuros |
| title_short | Environmental sampling and analysis for metals |
| title_sort | environmental sampling and analysis for metals |
| topic | Chimie de l'environnement Environnement - Surveillance Métaux - Analyse Métaux - Aspect de l'environnement Environmental chemistry Environmental monitoring Metals Analysis |
| topic_facet | Chimie de l'environnement Environnement - Surveillance Métaux - Analyse Métaux - Aspect de l'environnement Environmental chemistry Environmental monitoring Metals Analysis |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009856331&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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