The age of spiritual machines: when computers exceed human intelligence
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London [u.a.]
Penguin Books
2000
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | XII, 388 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 0140282025 9780140282023 0670882178 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
A NOTE TO THE READER V
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS X/
PROLOGUE: AN INEXORABLE EMERGENCE
7
Before the next century is over, human beings will no longer be the most
intelligent or capable type of entity on the planet. Actually, let me take that
back. The truth of that last statement depends on how we define human.
PART ONE: PROBING THE PAST
CHAPTER ONE: THE LAW OF TIME AND CHAOS
9
For the past forty years, in accordance with Moore s Law, the power of
transistor-based computing has been growing exponentially. But by the
year
2020,
transistor features will be just a few atoms thick, and Moore s
Law will have run its course. What then? To answer this critical question,
we need to understand the exponential nature of time.
CHAPTER TWO: THE INTELLIGENCE OF EVOLUTION
40
Can an intelUgence create another intelligence more intelligent than itself? Are
we more intelligent than the evolutionary process that created us? In turn, will
the intelligence that we are creating come to exceed that of its creator?
CHAPTER THREE: OF MIND AND MACHINES
57
I am lonely and bored, please keep me company. If your computer
displayed this message on its screen, would that convince you that it is
Wí/
CONTENTS
conscious and has feelings? Before you say no too quickly, we need to con¬
sider how such a plaintive message originated.
CHAPTER FOUR: A NEW FORM OF INTELLIGENCE ON EARTH
66
Intelligence rapidly creates satisfying, sometimes surprising plans that meet
an array of constraints. Clearly, no simple formula can emulate this most
powerful of phenomena. Actually, that s wrong. All that is needed to solve a
surprisingly wide range of intelligent problems is exactly this: simple meth¬
ods combined with heavy doses of computation, itself a simple process.
CHAPTER FIVE: CONTEXT AND KNOWLEDGE
Θ9
It is sensible to remember today s insights for tomorrow s challenges. It
is not fruitful to rethink every problem that comes along. This is particu¬
larly true for humans, due to the extremely slow speed of our computing
circuitry.
PART TWO: PREPARING THE PRESENT
CHAPTER SIX: BUILDING NEW BRAINS
...
TOT
Evolution has found a way around the computational limitations of neural
circuitry. Cleverly, it has created organisms who in turn invented a compu¬
tational technology a million times faster than carbon-based neurons. Ulti¬
mately, the computing conducted on extremely slow mammalian neural
circuits will be ported to a far more versatile and speedier electronic (and
photonic) equivalent.
CHAPTER SEVEN:... AND BODIES
133
A disembodied mind will quickly get depressed. So what kind of bodies
will we provide for our twenty-first-century machines? Later on, the ques¬
tion will become: What sort of bodies will they provide for themselves?
CHAPTER EIGHT:
1999 757
If-all the computers in
1960
stopped functioning, few people would have
noticed. Circa
1999
is another matter. Although computers still lack a
sense of humor, a gift for small talk, and other endearing qualities of
CONTENTS
Of
φ
human
thought, they are nonetheless mastering an increasingly diverse
array of tasks that previously required human intelligence.
PART THREE: TO FAGE THE FUTURE
CHAPTER NINE:
2009 763
It is now
2009.
A
$1,000
personal computer can perform about a trillion
calculations per second. Computers are imbedded in clothing and jewelry.
Most routine business transactions take place between a human and a vir¬
tual personality. Translating telephones are commonly used. Human musi¬
cians routinely jam with cybernetic musicians. The neo-Luddite movement
is growing.
CHAPTER TEN:
2019
A
$1,000
computing device is now approximately equal to the computa¬
tional ability of the human brain. Computers are now largely invisible and
are embedded everywhere. Three-dimensional virtual-reality displays, em¬
bedded in glasses and contact lenses, provide the primary interface for
communication with other persons, the Web, and virtual reality. Most inter¬
action with computing is through gestures and two-way natural-language
spoken communication. Realistic all-encompassing visual, auditory, and
tactile environments enable people to do virtually anything with anybody,
regardless of physical proximity. People are beginning to have relationships
with automated personalities as companions, teachers, caretakers, and
lovers.
CHAPTER ELEVEN:
2029
A
$1,000
unit of computation has the computing capacity of approxi¬
mately one thousand human brains. Direct neural pathways have been
perfected for high-bandwidth connection to the human brain. A range of
neural implants is becoming available to enhance visual and auditory per¬
ception and interpretation, memory, and reasoning. Computers have read
all available human- and machine-generated literature and multimedia ma¬
terial. There is growing discussion about the legal rights of computers and
what constitutes being human. Machines claim to be conscious and these
claims are largely accepted.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER TWELVE:
2099
There is a strong trend toward a merger of human thinking with the world
of machine intelligence that the human species initially created. There is no
longer any clear distinction between humans and computers. Most con¬
scious entities do not have a permanent physical presence. Machine-based
intelligences derived from extended models of human intelligence claim to
be human. Most of these intelligences are not tied to a specific compu¬
tational processing unit. The number of software-based humans vastly
exceeds those still using native neuron-cell-based computation. Even
among those human intelligences still using carbon-based neurons, there is
ubiquitous use of neural-implant technology that provides enormous aug¬
mentation of human perceptual and cognitive abilities. Humans who do
not utilize such implants are unable to meaningfully participate in dia¬
logues with those who do. Life expectancy is no longer a viable term in re¬
lation to intelligent beings.
EPILOGUE: THE REST OF THE UNIVERSE REVISITED
Ξ53
Intelligent beings consider the fate of the universe.
TIMELINE
гб7
HOW TO BUILD AN INTELLIGENT MACHINE IN THREE
EASY PARADIGMS
гві
GLOSSARY
- ¿90
NOTES
375
SUGGESTED READINGS
ЗЧЧ
WEB LINKS
369
INDEX
377
Step into the world of
Ray Kurzweil,
the restless genius [Wall Street Journal) and ulti¬
mate thinking machine [Forbes), whose predictions for an age in which man and machine
are interchangeable are startling, provocative
—
and closer to realization than you think.
Imagine a world where the difference between man and machine blurs, where the line
between humanity and technology fades, and where the soul and the silicon chip
unite. This is not science fiction. This is the twenty-first century according to Ray
Kurzweil,
the inventor of the most innovative and compelling technology of our era. In
his inspired hands,
üfe in
the new millennium no longer seems daunting. Instead, it
promises to be an age in which the marriage of human sensitivity and artificial intelli¬
gence fundamentally alters and improves the way we live.
~J% /W ore than just a list of predictions, Kurzweil s prophetic blueprint for the future
J.
τ Λ.
guides us through the inexorable advances that will result in: computers exceed¬
ing the memory capacity and computational ability of the human brain by the year
2020
(with human-level capabilities not far behind); relationships with automated personal¬
ities who will be our teachers, companions, and lovers; and information fed straight into
our brains along direct neural pathways. Eventually, the distinction between humans
and computers will have become sufficiently blurred that when the machines claim to
be conscious, we will believe them.
From the arrowhead to the jackhammer,
toolmakers like
Kurzweil
have changed the world we live in
___
This is a book for anyone who likes to think about where current trends are taking us.
—
Christian Science Monitor
Tantalizing
—
sometimes terrifying
___
a welcome challenge to beliefs we hold dear.
—
Boston Globe
Kurzweil
offers a thought-provoking analysis of human and artificial intelligence
and a unique look at a future in which the capabilities of the computer
and the species that invented it grow ever closer.
—
Bill Gates, Chairman of Microsoft
This is a book for anyone who wonders where human technology is going next.
—
The New York Times Book Review
COVER DESIGN BY DAVID J. HIGH
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| title | The age of spiritual machines when computers exceed human intelligence |
| title_auth | The age of spiritual machines when computers exceed human intelligence |
| title_exact_search | The age of spiritual machines when computers exceed human intelligence |
| title_full | The age of spiritual machines when computers exceed human intelligence Ray Kurzweil |
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