An American health dilemma: Volume 2 Race, medicine, and health care in the United States 1900-2000
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York ; London
Routledge
2002
|
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xxxiv, 854 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 0415927374 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a An American health dilemma |n Volume 2 |p Race, medicine, and health care in the United States 1900-2000 |c W. Michael Byrd ; Linda A. Clayton |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York ; London |b Routledge |c 2002 | |
| 300 | |a xxxiv, 854 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 700 | 1 | |a Geiger, H. Jack |4 wpr | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Clayton, Linda A. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1071080725 |4 aut | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | )J( Contents
List of Figures and Tables xi
Foreword xv
Foreword to Volume One xix
Acknowledgments xxiii
Preface xxix
Introduction 1
Race, Medicine, and Health Care:
A Problematic American Relationship 1
On the Gap in Health Status between Black
and White Americans 1
A Different Perspective 2
Race as a Sociocultural Concept and Tool for Analysis 4
Race, Society, and Health in America: A Background 8
Race, Society, and the Life Sciences: The Evolution
of Western Health Systems 9
Ancient Scientific Precursors 9
The Renaissance, Race, and the Life Sciences 11
Race and the Ages of Science and Enlightenment 11
vi ¦ Contents
Medicine, Biology, and Slavery in an Age of Scientific
Dominance 13
Race, Medicine, Biology and Education Reform: Late
Nineteenth Century and Early Twentieth Century America 15
Race, Medicine, Health Care, and Civil Rights 17
Scientific Racism: The U.S. Archetype 18
American Scientific Racism and the Blind Spot 22
Tracing the Evolution of a Race and Class Based Health
System 25 ,
New Challenges 29
To Serve This Present Age? 30
PART I Race, Medicine, and Health
in Early Twentieth Century America 33
CHAPTER 1 Black Americans and the Health System
in the Early Twentieth Century, 1901 1929 35
The Medical Social Environment in the
Early Twentieth Century, 1901 1929 35
Health System Arise: 1901 1929 46
The Health System as Arbiter of Racial, Reproductive,
and Social Control 65
The Evidence of Things Not Seen: Black Health
in the Early Twentieth Century 77
A Golden Age of Medical Suzerainty:
The European American Experience 85
Another Golden Age of Medical Suzerainty:
The African American Experience 113
CHAPTER 2 Black Americans and the Health System during the
Great Depression and World War II, 1930 1945 132
A Health System Stressed: The Years of the
Great Depression, 1930 1941 138
World War II: The Health System, 1942 1945 148
African American Health: 1930 1945 150
Hegemony Denied: The Seeds Are Planted
for White Medicine s Descent 165 i
Black Doctors Come of Age: Fighting Back for
Black Patients during the Depression and the War,
1930 1945 174
Contents ¦ vii
PART II Race, Medicine, and Health before, during,
and after the Black Civil Rights Era 193
CHAPTER 3 Black Americans and the Health System from
World War II through the Civil Rights Era, 1945 1965 195
Peace Be Still 195
Health Reform Resisted: Accommodation in the
U.S. Health System, 1945 1965 203
The Last Best Chance for Poor Americans: State
and Charity Efforts 220
Prelude To Progress: Black Health, 1945 1965 223
A Profession under Siege: White Medicine, 1945 1965 234
Wade in the Water: Blacks in Medicine and Health,
1945 1965 249
An Era of Liberation Accompanies Health and Health Care
Advance 270
Persistent Old Problems: Universal Access and
Scientific Racism 280
CHAPTER 4 Civil Rights Cains, Conservative Retrenchment,
and Black Health, 1965 1980 291
On the Cusp of Equality: Justice Denied 291
Health System Accommodation, Crisis, and Separate
Development 300
A Conflagration of Costs and Failed Government Control 300
Hospitals and Health Care Institutions: A Part of the Crisis 309
Big Government Health Care, Regulatory Failure,
and Emerging Health Care Financial Markets 313
The Health Care Work Force and Attempts at Regulation 321
Pharmaceutical, Medical Supply, Medical Education,
and Research Infrastructures: Adjusting to Market Forces 327
The Ascendancy of Ambulatory Care and Voluntary
Health Agencies: Separate Development
and Moral Ambiguity 333
The Health Crisis Endgame: Government as the
Culprit and Enemy 342
Sun Pierces the Shadows: One Step Forward, Two Steps
Backward Black Health, 1965 1980 346
viii ¦ Contents
CHAPTER 5 The Medical Profession during an Era of Civil Rights
Gains and Conservative Retrenchment, 1965 1980 393
Bloody, But Unbowed: The White Medical Profession,
1965 1980 393
Black Doctors Defending Poor and Underserved Health
Battlements: Struggling to Maintain Hard Won Gains,
1965 1980 403
CHAPTER 6 Western Science s Deep, Dark Secret and the
U.S. Health System s Mendacious Legacy 417
Questioning Scientific Traditions in the United States 417
Science and the Right Wing Defense of Segregation 427
Science as Racialism 430
America s Attempt at Reproductive Control as Social Policy 448
Experimental Abuse and Exploitation in the Name
of Medical Science 459
Public and Official Responses to U.S. Medicine s and the
Health System s Deep Secrets 467
Disturbing Conclusions: The Best and Worst of Times 475
PART III The Coming of the Corporation 477
CHAPTER 7 Retrenchment and a Dream Deferred:
The Black Health Crisis of the 1980s and 1990s 479
Failed Liberalism: Friendly Authoritarian Conservatism
Triumphant 479
Health Markets and the Facade of Public Health 485
Health Financing: The Market Becomes Dominant 490
Hospitals and Nursing Homes: Changing Roles, Changing
Masters 499
Government s Changing Role in Health Care 503
The Changing Health Care Work Force 510
Health Care Sectors in Flux: Education Research and
Ambulatory Care 514
Myths and Managed Care 518
Black Health and the Threat of a Permanent Health
and Health Care Underclass ? 519
An Opening Health System Gambit 519
Health System en passant: Black and Disadvantaged Health 522
Contents m ix
The Medical Profession: A Waning Influence 546
White Professional Complicity and the Loss of Authority
and Relevance 546
African American Physicians Reaffirmation to Health
and Health Care Justice and Equity: New Rivers to Cross 549
Conclusions: The End Game—from Crisis to
Permanent Underclass ? 560
PART IV Race, Medicine, Health Reform, and the Future 567
CHAPTER 8 Black and Disadvantaged Health, Health Reform,
and the Future 569
President Clinton s Failed Health Reform 569
Background: A Perceived Mainstream Health Crisis 569
Reality: A Dual Health Crisis in Black/Poor and White 570
A Conscious Choice: Health Reform for the Mainstream
and Corporate Interests 573
A Changing World: New Standards 578
Flawed Assumptions and Myths 580
A Universal Health System: What Most Americans Want
and the Nation Probably Needs 585
Conclusions: A Permanent Health and Health Care
Underclass as we Enter the Twenty First Century? 586
Appendixes 589
Glossary 605
Notes 621
Select Bibliography 749
A Note on Sources 801
Credits 809
Index 811
) $( List of Figures and Tables
Figures
Figure 1.1 Sir Francis Galton (1822 1911) 67
Figure 1.2 Frederick L. Hoffman (1865 1946) 78
Figure 1.3 Robert F. Boyd (1858 1912) 104
Figure 2.1 Ratio of Non White to White Mortality Rates
for Selected Causes of Death, United States: 1929 1931 157
Figure 2.2 Morris Fishbein (1889 1976) 169
Figure 2.3 Paul Comely (1906 ) 177
Figure 2.4 John A. Kenney( 1874 1950) 178
Figure 3.1 Sources of National Funds for Biomedical R D
as Percentages of Total, 1940 1987 209
Figure 3.2 Proportion of Americans Covered by Some Type
of Health Insurance, 1940 1985 212
Figure 3.3 Edith Irby Jones (1927 ) 214
Figure 3.4 Infant Mortality Rates by Race, 1940 1984 229
Figure 3.5 Pellagra Deaths per 100,000 Population, Non Whites
in Southern States 232
Figure 3.6 Deaths from Syphilis per 100,000 Non whites,
Death Registration States of 1910 and
All Death Registration States 233
¦ xi
xii ¦ List of Figures and Tables
Figure 3.7 W. Montague Cobb (1904 1990) 250
Figure 3.8 John L. S. Holloman, Jr. 273
Figure 4.1 M.Alfred Haynes (1921 ) 347
Figure 4.2 The Morehouse School of Medicine in Atlanta, Georgia 350
Figure 4.3 Charles R. Drew University School of Medicine, 351
Los Angeles, California
Figure 4.4 Average DMF (Number of Decayed, Missing,
and Filled Teeth) and Components for White
and Black Adults, United States, 1960 1962 3 80
Figure 5.1 Carter G. Woodson (1875 1950) 412
Figure 7.1 Occupational Distribution by Social Class
and Gender, 1990 491
Figure 7.2 Decentralized Health Care Financing in the United States 491
Figure 7.3 Summary of Governments Major Health Care Roles 505
Figure 7.4 Standard of Living of the U.S. Labor Force
and the Health Sector Labor Force (by percent) 512
Figure 7.5 Louis Sullivan (1933 ) 558
Figure 7.6 David Satcher( 1941 ) 558
Tables
Table IA African American Citizenship Status from 1619 to 2001 26
Table IB African American Citizenship Status
and Health Experience from 1619 to 2001 27
Table 1.1 Key Statements Excerpted from The Medical Education
of the Negro, Chapter 14 of The Flexner Report
on Medical Education in the United States and Canada 99
Table 2.1 Leading New Deal Agencies 134
Table 2.2 Indicators of Health Status and Mortality Frequently
Used to Identify Inequities in Health
(based on WHO 1981a) 152
Table 2.3 Life Expectancy by Sex and Race: U.S. 1900 1945 153
Table 2.4 Death Rates, Standardized for Age, in the
Death Registration States of 1900 and 1910 154
Table 2.5 Infant Mortality Rates, by Color, Birth Registration States
or United States, 1915 1966 158
Table 2.6 Negro Deaths by Important Causes, Registration Area
1931 and 1964 159
Table 2.7 Maternal Mortality Rates in Selected Years by Color,
Birth Registration States or United States, 1915 1966 160
Table 3.1 Medical School Expenditures by Sources of Income, ;
1947 1982 208
Table 3.2 Proportions of Non White Births Occurring in Hospitals,
1935 1965 234
i
List of Figures and Tables ¦ xiii
Table 4.1 Differences in Life Expectancy, by Sex and Color,
United States, 1970 353
Table 4.2 Median Age at Death, by Sex and Color, United States, 1970 353
Table 4.3 Mortality Rate (Per Thousand) by Color at Selected Ages,
United States, 1972 354
Table 4.4 Excess Deaths in Non White Population at Specific Ages,
United States, 1970 355
Table 4.5 Person Years Lost in Non White Population by Age,
United States, 1970 356
Table 4.6 Percentage Change in Death Rates from Selected Causes
by Race and Years, United States, 1950 1980 357
Table 4.7 Average Annual Infant Mortality Rates for Selected Causes,
by Color, United States, 1965 1967 359
Table 4.8 Infant, Neonatal, Fetal, and Maternal Mortality Rates,
by Race, 1940 1980 361
Table 4.9 Live Births, According to Race and Beginning
of Prenatal Care, Selected Years, 1970 1980 362
Table 4.10 Vaccination Status of Children 1 4 Years of Age, According
to Race: United States, 1976 and 1981 364
Table 4.11 Prevalence of Types of Heart Disease in White
and Black Adults, United States, 1960 1962 365
Table 4.12 Prevalence of Heart Disease among White and
Black Adults, by Age and Sex, United States, 1960 1962 366
Table 4.13 Hypertensive Heart Disease among White and
Black Adults, by Age and Sex, United States, 1960 1962 366
Table 4.14 Prevalence Rates of Hypertension for White and
Black Adults, by Age And Sex, United States, 1960 1962 367
Table 4.15 Age Adjusted Rates for Selected Causes of Death, According
to Race and Sex, United States, 1960, 1970, 1980 368
Table 4.16 Prevalence Rates of Adults 25 74 Years with
Definite Hypertension, by Race, Age, and Sex,
United States, 1960 1962, 1971 1975, 1976 1980 370
Table 4.17 Prevalence Rates of Hypertension for Persons 2 5 74 Years
of Age by Treatment History, Race, and Sex 371
Table 4.18 Trend of Non White and White Mortality Rates
for the Most Frequent Cancers, 1950 1967 373
Table 4.19 Age Adjusted Death Rates for Influenza and Pneumonia,
by Race and Sex, United States, Selected Years
from 1950 to 1980 375
Table 4.20 Age Adjusted Death Rates for Cirrhosis of the Liver, by Race
and Sex, United States, Selected Years from 1950 to 1980 376
Table 4.21 Crude and Age Standardized Type II Diabetes
Prevalence Rates, United States, 1976 377
xiv ¦ List of Figures and Tables
Table 4.22 Use of Health Services by Selected Indices 384
Table 4.23 Physician Visits, According to Source or Place of Care
and Selected Patient Characteristics, United States,
1964, 1975, and 1980 386
Table 4.24 Percent of the Population with No Dental Visits
in the Past 2 Years, by Poor and Nonpoor Status, Color,
andAge, United States, Selected Years 1964 1981 388
Table 7.1 Occupational Structure of the U.S. Labor Force
in the Health Sector (by percent) 511
Table 7.2 Percent of Total Deaths, Death Rates, Age Adjusted
Death Rates for 1996, Percent Change in Age Adjusted
Death Rates from 1995 to 1996 and 1979 to 1996,
and Ratio of Age Adjusted Death Rates by Race and Sex
for the 15 Leading Causes of Death for the Total Population
in 1996: United States 527
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| spelling | Byrd, W. Michael Verfasser (DE-588)1071080202 aut An American health dilemma Volume 2 Race, medicine, and health care in the United States 1900-2000 W. Michael Byrd ; Linda A. Clayton New York ; London Routledge 2002 xxxiv, 854 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geiger, H. Jack wpr Clayton, Linda A. Verfasser (DE-588)1071080725 aut (DE-604)BV013654817 2 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009816092&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Byrd, W. Michael Clayton, Linda A. An American health dilemma |
| title | An American health dilemma |
| title_auth | An American health dilemma |
| title_exact_search | An American health dilemma |
| title_full | An American health dilemma Volume 2 Race, medicine, and health care in the United States 1900-2000 W. Michael Byrd ; Linda A. Clayton |
| title_fullStr | An American health dilemma Volume 2 Race, medicine, and health care in the United States 1900-2000 W. Michael Byrd ; Linda A. Clayton |
| title_full_unstemmed | An American health dilemma Volume 2 Race, medicine, and health care in the United States 1900-2000 W. Michael Byrd ; Linda A. Clayton |
| title_short | An American health dilemma |
| title_sort | an american health dilemma race medicine and health care in the united states 1900 2000 |
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