The management of information technology in research and development in the agrochemical industry: a cybernetic perspective
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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2002
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | St. Gallen, Univ., Diss., 2002 |
| Beschreibung: | XIX, 360 S. graph. Darst. |
Internformat
MARC
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| adam_text | Table of Contents
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xiii
List of Web Sites Cited xv
List of Abbreviations xvii
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Technological Developments in IT 1
1.2 The Productivity of IT Investments 4
1.3 Current State of Scientific Research 7
1.4 Research Objective 9
1.5 Scientific Positioning 11
1.6 Research Methodology 13
1.7 Definitions 16
1.7.1 Agrochemical Industry 16
1.7.2 Research and Development (R D) in the Agrochemical 16
Industry
1.7.3 Information Technology (IT) 16
1.7.4 Information 17
1.7.5 Technology 20
1.8 Structure of the Work 21
ii Table of Contents
2 Theoretical Framework 23
2.1 Holistic View of the Management Theory 23
2.2 Systems Theory 26
2.2.1 Open, Closed and Self referential Systems 27
2.2.2 Management Cybernetics 29
2.2.3 First and Second Order Cybernetics 30
2.2.4 Complexity and Complexity Handling 31
2.2.5 Systems Regulation and Steering Mechanisms 34
2.3 The Viable Systems Model 37
2.3.1 Recursion 38
2.3.2 Homeostasis 39
2.3.3 Autonomy 39
2.3.4 The VSM Components 39
2.4 A Theoretical Framework for the Management of Information 47
Technology
2.4.1 IT Strategy and Business Alignment 48
2.4.2 IT Portfolio Management 52
2.4.3 Stages of Growth Models 52
2.5 IT Architecture 54
2.5.1 ARIS Business Processes View 56
2.5.2 ISA An Integral View 57
2.5.3 Information Architecture The Information View 58
2.5.4 IT Architecture A Technical View 61
2.6 Competitive Advantage with IT 63
2.6.1 Strategic Grid 63
2.6.2 Information Intensity Matrix 64
2.6.3 Leveraging the System Functionality 66
2.6.4 Generating Competitive Advantage with IT A Resource Based 67
View
Table of Contents iii_
3 The Agrochemical Industry 69
3.1 Agriculture, a Historic Perspective 69
3.2 An Overview of the Agrochemical Industry 70
3.2.1 Geographic Sales Distribution 71
3.2.2 Agrochemical Companies 72
3.2.3 Main Market Segments 73
3.2.4 Product Application Rates 78
3.2.5 Alternative Crop Protection Methods 78
3.2.6 Biological Pest Control 79
3.2.7 Self Protecting Crops 80
3.3 Agrochemical Industry SWOT Analysis 84
3.3.1 Industry Strengths 84
3.3.2 Industry Weaknesses 87
3.3.3 Industry Opportunities 91
3.3.4 Industry Threats 98
3.3.5 SWOT Analysis Summary 101
3.4 The Agrochemical Industry a Perspective from the Financial 102
Community
3.4.1 The Agricultural (Ag) Biotech Business 103
3.4.2 Agrochemicals and Ag Biotech Outlook 107
3.5 Novartis Position in the Industry 109
iv Table of Contents
4 R D in the Agrochemical Industry 115
4.1 R D Activities in the Agrochemical Industry and the Role of IT 117
4.2 Substance Discovery 119
4.2.1 Success Factors 121
4.2.2 Geographical Dispersion 121
4.2.3 Interfaces with External Organizations and Company Internal 122
Functions
4.2.4 Expected Trends 122
4.2.5 IT Applications 123
4.2.6 Databases 124
4.2.7 IT Infrastructure 124
4.2.8 Expected IT Trends 125
4.3 Substance Optimization 128
4.3.1 Success Factors 130
4.3.2 Geographical Dispersion 131
4.3.3 Interfaces with External Organizations and Company Internal 131
Functions
4.3.4 Expected Trends 131
4.3.5 IT Applications 133
4.3.6 Databases 134
4.3.7 IT Infrastructure 134
4.3.8 Expected IT Trends 134
Table of Contents v
4.4 Substance Fitness 136
4.4.1 Key Success Factors 137
4.4.2 Geographical Dispersion 138
4.4.3 Interfaces with External Organizations and Company Internal 138
Functions
4.4.4 Expected Trends 138
4.4.5 IT Applications 139
4.4.6 Databases 139
4.4.7 IT Infrastructure 139
4.4.8 Expected IT Trends 140
4.5 Substance Development 142
4.5.1 Key Success Factors 149
4.5.2 Geographical Dispersion 151
4.5.3 Interfaces with External Organizations and Company Internal 152
Functions
4.5.4 Expected Trends 153
4.5.5 IT Applications 155
4.5.6 Databases 160
4.5.7 IT Infrastructure 161
4.5.8 Expected IT Trends 162
4.6 Substance Registration 165
4.6.1 Key Success Factors 169
4.6.2 Geographical Dispersion 170
4.6.3 Interfaces with External Organizations and Company Internal 170
Functions
4.6.4 Expected Trends 171
4.6.5 IT Applications 173
4.6.6 Databases 174
4.6.7 IT Infrastructure 174
4.6.8 Expected IT Trends 175
4.7 Pattern of Data Transformation at the Different R D Stages 177
vi Table of Contents
4.8 Summary of Current R D Trends in the Agrochemical Industry 179
5 Managing IT in R D in the Agrochemical Industry 181
5.1 Enabling Role of IT for R D in the Agrochemical Industry 183
5.2 A Holistic Framework for the Management of IT R D 185
5.2.1 External Factors Influencing IT R D 185
5.2.2 IT R D Management Levels 186
5.2.3 PurposeoflT R D 187
5.2.4 R D in the Agrochemical Industry 189
5.2.5 The R D Environment in the Agrochemical Industry 189
5.2.6 Coordination Between Corporate and Functional IT 190
Organizations
5.2.7 External IT Environment 194
5.3 Products and Services Provided by IT R D 196
5.3.1 IT R D Application Development 196
5.3.2 IT R D Development of Common Databases 197
5.3.3 IT R D Infrastructure 201
5.4 A Normative Framework for the Management of IT R D 203
5.4.1 IT Push and Business Pull 203
5.4.2 Make or Buy 206
5.4.3 Managing End User Computing 209
5.4.4IT R DSecurity 214
Table of Contents vii^
5.5 Strategic Management oflT R D 217
5.5.1 Organizations Concerned with the IT R D Strategic Planning 217
Process
5.5.2 Global Scope of the IT R D Strategic Planning Process 218
5.5.3 Requirements on the IT R D Strategic Planning Process 218
5.5.4 Aligning IT and R D Strategies 219
5.5.5 R D Strategies and the Relevance for Information Technology 220
5.5.6 Involving IT in the R D Strategic Planning Process 223
5.5.7 Exploiting Existing IT Resources and Strengths 224
5.5.8 The IT R D Strategic Planning Process 234
5.6 Managing the IT R D Portfolio 239
5.6.1 Quantitative Economic Analysis 241
5.6.2 Qualitative Analysis 243
5.6.3 Risk Management 244
5.6.4 No Go Assessment 250
5.6.5 Evaluation of Portfolio of IT R DProjects 252
5.6.6 Post Implementation Project Review 254
5.7 Organizing IT R D as a Viable System 256
5.7.1 System 1: Basis Units 257
5.7.2 System 2: IT R D Coordination and Steering Units 267
5.7.3 System 3: Operative Management 275
5.7.4 System 4: Strategic Management 277
5.7.5 System 5: IT R D Normative Management 281
5.7.6 Double Loop Learning in IT R D 283
5.7.7 IT R D as a Basis Unit within the Company wide IT 284
Structure
5.8 Obtaining Competitive Advantage with IT 286
5.8.1 Leveraging Data Resources for Sustainable Advantage 287
5.8.2 Leveraging IT Applications for Sustainable Advantage 288
5.8.3 Combining IT Capabilities for Sustainable Advantage 289
yiii Table of Contents
6 Final Considerations 291
6.1 Recommendations for the Practice 292
6.1.1 System Theoretical Perspective 292
6.1.2 Normative Management Level 292
6.1.3 Strategic Management Level 293
6.1.4 Operative Management Level 294
6.2 Limitations of IT 295
6.3 Summary 297
6.4 Future Research Directions 298
6.5 Industry Outlook 300
Bibliography 303
Appendix A: Precision Agriculture 335
Appendix B: Food Quality Protection Act 337
Appendix C: Good Laboratory Practice 339
Appendix D: The Mode of Action of Agrochemicals 341
Appendix E: High Throughput Screening in Novartis Crop Protection 343
Appendix F: Stage Plan in Novartis Crop Protection 345
Appendix G: The CADDY Standard: A Joint Initiative Between the 347
Regulatory Authorities and the Agrochemical Industry
Appendix H: The Development of a Global IT R D Project: An Example 351
of a Document Management System for Registration
Appendix I: Persons Interviewed 359
Appendix J: Interview Framework 361
List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Evolution of disk storage performance 2
Figure 1.2: Factors influencing IT R D 9
Figure 1.3: Applied science in relation to theory and practice 14
Figure 1.4: The links between data, information and knowledge 18
Figure 1.5: Structure of the work 21
Figure 2.1: System regulation, 1st and 2nd order cybernetics 31
Figure 2.2: Variety engineering in management 33
Figure 2.3: Steering and regulation 35
Figure 2.4: System one 41
Figure 2.5: Systems one, two and three 43
Figure 2.6: The organization and the steering of the VSM 46
Figure 2.7: A development path for strategic information systems 49
planning
Figure 2.8: A multiple strategic planning methodology 50
Figure 2.9: Choosing an appropriate information technology planning 51
strategy
Figure 2.10: ARIS Architecture 57
Figure 2.11: ISA Architecture 58
Figure 2.12: Goals of the information architecture 59
Figure 2.13: Information architecture bridging the gap between the 60
business and the technical implementation perspectives
Figure 2.14: IT Architecture 61
Figure2.15: Elements and guiding components of the IT architecture 62
matrix
Figure 2.16: Strategic grid 64
Figure 2.17: Information intensity matrix 65
x List of Figures
Figure 3.1: Geographical distribution of the agrochemical sales in 72
2000
Figure 3.2: Major consolidation activities in the last 5 years. 73
Companies and sales figures in US
Figure 3.3: Largest 10 agrochemical companies by sales in US $ 74
million
Figure 3.4: Agrochemical market segmentation by value in 2000 75
Figure 3.5: Milestones in gene technology 81
Figure 3.6: Chemical formulas of glyphosate and glufosinate 82
Figure 3.7: Time from discovery to the commercialization of a new 88
agrochemical substance
Figure 3.8: Agrochemical market size of generic and patent protected 90
products in billion US $
Figure 3.9: Crop losses and production saved due to CP 92
Figure 3.10: Comparing chemistry (upper scheme) and biotechnology 95
based (lower scheme) R D activities
Figure 3.11: Company average new product launches/year 97
Figure 3.12: Summary SWOT analysis of the agrochemical industry 100
Figure 3.13: Agrochemical attractiveness to industry leaders 102
Figure 3.14: Value creation along the food and feed chain 106
Figure 3.15: Regional sales distribution of Novartis CP in 1999 109
Figure 3.16: Novartis CP 1999 sales distribution by market segment 110
Figure 4.1: Relationships between product and process innovation 116
Figure 4.2: R D activities in the agrochemical industry 117
Figure 4.3: Substance discovery trends and IT impact 126
Figure 4.4: Evolution scenario of QSAR tools 133
Figure 4.5: Substance optimization trends and IT impact 135
Figure 4.6: Substance fitness trends and IT impact 141
List of Figures xi_
Figure 4.7: Substance development: Project management team 143
Figure 4.8: Factors influencing the toxicity of a substance 145
Figure 4.9: Assessment of the environmental impact of agrochemicals 148
Figure 4.10: Process support applications with system specific and 158
independent data
Figure 4.11: Development trends and IT impact 164
Figure 4.12: Registration procedure for new active ingredients in the 168
EU
Figure 4.13: Average size in number of pages, of the dossier for the 172
registration of a new active ingredient
Figure 4.14: Substance registration trends and IT impact 176
Figure 4.15: Data transformation at the different R D stages 178
Figure 5.1: The IT R D environment and management levels 187
Figure 5.2: Major R D activities, interface organizations and 190
influence factors
Figure 5.3: Interactions among corporate and functional IT 192
organizations
Figure 5.4: The external IT R D environment 194
Figure 5.5: Factors influencing the development of IT R D 198
applications
Figure 5.6: Application interfaces to common databases 200
Figure 5.7: Infrastructure coordination requirements 202
Figure 5.8: Selection criteria for make or buy IT R D decisions 209
Figure 5.9: Normative framework for the management of IT R D 213
Figure 5.10: The IT R D strategic planning environment 218
Figure 5.11: Interdependency between IT R D and 220
R D strategic planning processes
Figure 5.12: The portfolio of IT R D activities 222
Figure 5.13: Systems audit grid 226
xii List of Figures
Figure 5.14: Data sources audit grid 228
Figure 5.15: Infrastructure evaluation grid 230
Figure 5.16: Information technologies evaluation grid 232
Figure 5.17: IT R D strategic planning process 236
Figure 5.18: Types and sources of IT R D project risks 247
Figure 5.19: Project risk profile chart 248
Figure 5.20: Classification of the no go impact assessment 251
Figure 5.21: Comparative evaluation of R D IT initiatives 253
Figure 5.22: Post implementation review of IT initiatives 255
Figure 5.23: IT R D basis units 266
Figure 5.24: Systems 1 and 2 267
Figure 5.25: IT R D as a viable system model 285
Figure 6.1: Management framework for IT R D. An overview 293
Figure 6.2: Market position of leading agribusiness companies 300
Figure H.I: Development of an international registration system. The 353
project organization.
List of Tables
Table 1.1 Worldwide corporate and government spending on 5
information technology
Table 1.2 IT spending growth rates and share of the GDP 6
Table 3.1 Farmer s relative cost distribution between fertilizers and 71
agrochemicals for selected industrialized countries
Table 3.2 Major herbicide classes by sales and market introduction year 75
Table 3.3 Major fungicide classes by sales and market introduction year 76
Table 3.4 Major insecticide classes by sales and market introduction 77
year
Table 3.5 Agrochemical application rates; comparison of earlier and 78
more recent herbicides, insecticides and fungicides
Table 3.6 Sales of pesticides and bio pesticides 80
Table 3.7 R D Expenditures as % of sales for the largest 85
agrochemical companies
Table 3.8 Top 10 development compounds 89
Table 3.9 The 10 largest countries by internal agrochemical sales 93
Table 3.10 Commodity farm prices in US between 1996 and 2000 100
Table 3.11 Comparing the agrochemical and biotech seed industries 103
Table 3.12 Monsanto s biotech planted acreage in thousands of acres 105
Table 3.13 Novartis CP most important R D locations 110
Table 3.14 Pro forma Syngenta 2000 sales, R D expenses and income 111
figures
Table 3.15 Pro forma Syngenta 2000 market position by region and 112
segment
Table 3.16 Competitors strengths 113
Table 4.1 Main characteristics of process support, task specific and 160
automation systems
Table 4.2 Impact of R D trends on major IT factors 180
xiv List of Tables
Table 5.1 Processes by which IT R D requirements are generated 188
Table 5.2 Responsibility sharing between IT R D and corporate IT 193
Table 5.3 Framework for end user computing in R D in the 212
agrochemical industry
Table 5.4 Framework for the evaluation of IT R D initiatives 240
Table 5.5 Life cycle examples of IT R D projects 243
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| spelling | Azevedo, Henderson Verfasser aut The management of information technology in research and development in the agrochemical industry a cybernetic perspective Henderson Junior Azevedo 2002 XIX, 360 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier St. Gallen, Univ., Diss., 2002 Forschung und Entwicklung (DE-588)4017897-3 gnd rswk-swf Technologiemanagement (DE-588)4215161-2 gnd rswk-swf Agrikulturchemie (DE-588)4000788-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Agrikulturchemie (DE-588)4000788-1 s Forschung und Entwicklung (DE-588)4017897-3 s Technologiemanagement (DE-588)4215161-2 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009782750&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Azevedo, Henderson The management of information technology in research and development in the agrochemical industry a cybernetic perspective Forschung und Entwicklung (DE-588)4017897-3 gnd Technologiemanagement (DE-588)4215161-2 gnd Agrikulturchemie (DE-588)4000788-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4017897-3 (DE-588)4215161-2 (DE-588)4000788-1 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | The management of information technology in research and development in the agrochemical industry a cybernetic perspective |
| title_auth | The management of information technology in research and development in the agrochemical industry a cybernetic perspective |
| title_exact_search | The management of information technology in research and development in the agrochemical industry a cybernetic perspective |
| title_full | The management of information technology in research and development in the agrochemical industry a cybernetic perspective Henderson Junior Azevedo |
| title_fullStr | The management of information technology in research and development in the agrochemical industry a cybernetic perspective Henderson Junior Azevedo |
| title_full_unstemmed | The management of information technology in research and development in the agrochemical industry a cybernetic perspective Henderson Junior Azevedo |
| title_short | The management of information technology in research and development in the agrochemical industry |
| title_sort | the management of information technology in research and development in the agrochemical industry a cybernetic perspective |
| title_sub | a cybernetic perspective |
| topic | Forschung und Entwicklung (DE-588)4017897-3 gnd Technologiemanagement (DE-588)4215161-2 gnd Agrikulturchemie (DE-588)4000788-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Forschung und Entwicklung Technologiemanagement Agrikulturchemie Hochschulschrift |
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