Microbiology: principles and explorations
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
[Chichester]
Wiley
2002
|
| Ausgabe: | 5. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | getr. Zählung zahlr. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 0471387290 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804129113960611840 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Jacquelyn G Black
Marymount University
Principles
and
Explorations
5th Edition
John Wiley amp; Sons, Inc
BRIEFCONTENTS
UNITONE
Microbiology—The Fundamentals 2
1 Scope and History of Microbiology 4
2 Fundamentals of Chemistry 28
3 Microscopy and Staining 50
4 Characteristics of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Cells 72
UNITTWO
Microbial Metabolism, Growth,
and Genetics 106
5 Essential Concepts of Metabolism 108
6 Growth and Culturing of Bacteria 136
7 Microbial Genetics 163
8 Gene Transfer and Genetic Engineering 194
UNITTHREE
The Roster of Microbes and Multicellular
Parasites 221
• 9 An Introduction to Taxonomy: The Bacteria 223
10 Viruses 255
11 Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Parasites 285
UNITFOUR
Control of Microorganisms 311
12 Sterilization and Disinfection 313
13 Antimicrobial Therapy 336
UNITFIVE
Host-Microbe Interactions 367
14 Host-Microbe Relationships and Disease
Processes 369
15 Epidemiology and Nosocomial Infections 393
16 Nonspecific Host Defenses and Host Systems 423
17 Immunology 1: Basic Principles of Specific
Immunity and Immunization 445
18 Immunology II: Immunological Disorders
and Tests 478
UNITSIX
Infectious Disease of Human Organ
Systems 518
19 Diseases of the Skin and Eyes; Wounds
and Bites 520
20 Urogenital and Sexually Transmitted
Diseases 547
21 Diseases of the Respiratory System 576
22 Oral and Gastrointestinal Diseases 608
23 Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, and Systemic
Diseases 645
24 Diseases of the Nervous System 679
UNITSEVEN
Environmental and Applied Microbiology 702
25 Environmental Microbiology 704
26 Applied Microbiology 734
APPENDICES
A Metric System Measurements, Conversions,
and Math Tools A-l
B Classification of Bacteria and Viruses A-4
C Word Roots Commonly Encountered in
Microbiology A-15
D Safety Precautions in the Handling of Clinical
Specimens A-18
E Metabolic Pathways A-19
GLOSSARYG-l
CRITICALTHINKINGQUESTIONS
ANSWERS Ans-1
SELF-QUIZANSWERSAns-6
PHOTOCREDITSPC-1
INDEX1-1
xvi
CONTENTS
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MICROBIOLOGIST S NOTEBOOK: Solving Microbial Mysteries
in Household Products 2
CHAPTER L Scope and History of Microbiology 4
Why Study Microbiology? 5
Scope of Microbiology 6
The Microbes 6
The Microbiologists 8
Historical Roots 10
The Germ Theory of Disease 13
Early Studies 13
Pasteur s Further Contributions 14
Koch s Contributions 15
Work Toward Controlling Infections 16
Emergence of Special Fields of Microbiology 17
Immunology 17
Virology 18
Chemotherapy 19
Genetics and Molecular Biology 20
Tomorrow s History 21
Human Genome Project 24
Retracing Our Steps 25 / Terminology Check 26 / Critical
Thinking Questions 26 / Self-Quiz 26 / Meet Me on the
Web 27
CHAPTER 2 Fundamentals of Chemistry 28
Why Study Chemistry? 28
Chemical Building Blocks and Chemical Bonds 29
Chemical Building Blocks 29
The Structure of Atoms 29
Chemical Bonds 31
Chemical Reactions 33-
Water and Solutions 33 ~
Water 33
Solutions and Colloids 34
Acids, Bases, and pH 35
Complex Organic Molecules 36
Carbohydrates 37
Lipids 40
Proteins 42
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 44
Retracing Our Steps 47 / Terminology Check 48 / Critical
Thinking Questions 48 / Self-Quiz 40 / Meet Me on the
Web 49
CHAPTER 3 Microscopy and Staining 50
Historical Microscopy 51
Principles of Microscopy 51
Metric Units 51
Properties of Light: Wavelength and Resolution 52
Properties of Light: Light and Objects 54
Light Microscopy 56
The Compound Light Microscope 57
Dark-Field Microscopy 57
Phase-Contrast Microscopy 58
Nomarski (Differential Interface Contrast) Microscopy 58
Fluorescence Microscopy 59
Electron Microscopy 60
Transmission Electron Microscopy 60
Scanning Electron Microscopy 62
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 63
Techniques of Light Microscopy 63
Preparation of Specimens for the Light Microscope 63
Principles of Staining 65
Retracing Our Steps 68 / Terminology Check 70 / Critical
Thinking Questions 70 / Self-Quiz 70 / Meet Me on the
Web 71
CHAPTER 4 Characteristics of Prokaryotic
and Eukaryotic Cells 72
Basic Cell Types 73
Prokaryotic Cells 74
Size, Shape, and Arrangement 74
An Overview of Structure 76
The Cell Wall 76
The Cell Membrane 80
Internal Structure 82
External Structure 85
Eukaryotic Cells 89
An Overview of Structure 89
The Plasma Membrane 89
Internal Structure 90
Peroxisomes 93
External Structure 94
Evolution by Endosymbiosis 95
The Movement of Substance Across Membranes 97
Simple Diffusion 97
Facilitated Diffusion 98
Osmosis 98
Active Transport 99
Endocytosis and Exocytosis 99
Retracing Our Steps 102 / Terminology Check 103 / Critical
Thinking 104 / Self Quiz / 104 / Meet Me on the Web 105
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MICROBIOLOGIST S NOTEBOOK: Come With Me to T1GR, Th
Institute for Genomic Research 106
CHAPTERS Essential Concepts of Metabolism 10?
Metabolism: An Overview 109
Enzymes 111
Properties of Enzymes 111
Properties of Coenzymes and Cofactors 112
Enzyme Inhibition 113
Factors That Affect Enzyme Reactions 115
Anaerobic Metabolism: Glycolysis and Fermentation 115
Glycolysis 115
Fermentation 117
Aerobic Metabolism: Respiration 120
The Krebs Cycle 120
Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation 120
The Significance of Energy Capture 124
xvi
XViii Contents
CHAPTER 8 Gene Transfer and Genetic
Engineering 194
The Types and Significance of Gene Transfer 195
Transformation 195
The Discover) of Transformation 195
The Mechanism of Transformation 196
The Significance of Transfomation 197
Transduction 197
The Discover) of Transduction 197
The Mechanisms of Transduction 198
The Significance of Transduction 200
Conjugation 201
The Discovery of Conjugation 201
The Mechanisms of Conj ugation 201
The Significance of Conjugation 204
Gene Transfer Mechanisms Compared 205
Plasmids 205
Characteristics of Plasmids 205
Resistance Plasmids 206 *
Transposons 207
Bacteriocinogens 208 •
Genetic Engineering 209
Genetic Fusion 209
Protoplast Fusion 209
Gene Amplification 210
Recombinant DN A Technology 210
Hybridomas 215
Weighing the Risks and Benefits of Recombinant DNA 215
Retracing Our Steps 217 / Terminology Check 218 / Critical
Thinking Questions 219 / Self-Quiz 219 / Meet Me on the
Web 220
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The Metabolism of Fats and Proteins 125
Fat Metabolism 125
Protein Metabolism 125
Other Metabolic Processes 126
Photoautotrophy 126
Photoheterotrophy 128
Chemoautotrophy 128
The Uses of Energy 129
Biosynthetic Activities 129
Membrane Transport and Movement 130
Bioluminescence 132
Retracing Our Steps 133 / Terminology Check 134 / Critical
Thinking 134 / Self-Quiz 134 / Meet Me on the Web 135
CHAPTER 6 Growth and Culturing of Bacteria 136
Growth and Cell Division 137
Microbial Growth Defined 137
Cell Division 137
Phases of Growth 138
Measuring Bacterial Growth 139
Factors Affecting Bacterial Growth 144
Physical Factors 144
Nutritional Factors 148
Sporulation 150
Other Sporelike Bacterial Structures 152
Culturing Bacteria 152
Methods of Obtaining Pure Cultures 152
Culture Media 153
Methods of Perfoming Multiple Diagnostic Tests 157
Living, But Nonculturable, Organisms 158
Retracing Our Steps 159 / Terminology Check 161 / Critical
Thinking Questions 161 / Self-Quiz 161 / Meet Me on the
Web 162
CHAPTER 7 Microbial Genetics 163
An Overview of Genetic Processes 164
The Basis of Heredity 164
Nucleic Acids in Informationjstorage and Transfer 165
Information Transfer 165
DNA Replication 167
Protein Synthesis 168
Transcription 168
Kinds of RNA 169
Translation 171
The Regulation of Metabolism 175
The Significance of Regulatory Mechanisms 175
Categories of Regulator) Mechanisms 175
Feedback Inhibition 175
Enzyme Induction 176
Enzyme Repression 178
Mutations 179
Types of Mutations and Their Effects 179
Phenotypic Variation 180
Spontaneous and Induced Mutations 181
Chemical Mutagens 182
Radiation as a Mutagen 182
The Repair of DNA Damage 183
The Study of Mutations 184
The Ames Test 187
Retracing Our Steps 190 / Terminology Check 191 / Critical
Thinking Questions 191 / Self-Quiz 192 / Meet Me on the
Web 193
MICROBIOLOGIST S NOTEBOOK Carter Center Hoped for
Eradication of Guinea Worm from World by 2000 221
CHAPTER 9 An Introduction to Taxonomy: The
Bacteria 223
Taxonomy: The Science of Classification 224
Linnaeus, the Father of Taxonomy 224
Using a Taxonomic Key 225
Problems in Taxonomy 226
Developments Since Linnaeus s Time 227
The Five-Kingdom Classification System 227
Kingdom Monera 228
Kingdom Protista 230
Kingdom Fungi 231
Kingdom Plantae 231
Kingdom Animalia 231
The Three-Domain Classification System 232
The Evolution of Prokaryotic Organisms 232
The Tree of Life is Replaced by a Shrub 233
The Archaea 236
Classification of Viruses 237
The Search for Evolutionary Relationships 237
Special Methods Needed for Prokaryotes 237
Numerical Taxonomy 239
Genetic Homology 239
Contents xix
Other Techniques 242
The Significance of Findings 242
Bacterial Taxonomy and Nomenclature 243
Criteria for Classifying Bacteria 243
The History and Significance of Bergey s Manual 245
Problems Associated with Bacterial Taxonomy 247
Bacterial Nomenclature 247
Bacteria by Section of Bergey s Manual, First Edition 247
Bacterial Taxonomy and You 247
Retracing Our Steps 251 / Terminology Check 253 / Critical
Thinking 253 / Self-Quiz 253 / Meet Me on the Web 254
CHAPTER 10 Viruses 255
General Characteristics of Viruses 256
What Are Viruses? 256
Components of Viruses 256
Sizes and Shapes 257
Host Range and Specificity of Viruses 258
Origins of Viruses 259
Classification of Viruses 259
RNA Viruses 261
DNA Viruses 263
Viral Replication 265
General Characteristics of Replication 265
Replication of Bacteriophages 265
Lysogeny 269
Replication of Animal Viruses 271
Latent Viral Infections 274
Culturing of Animal Viruses 274
Development of Culturing Methods 274
Types of Cell Cultures 275
Viruses and Teratogenesis 276
Viruslike Agents: Viroids and Prions 277
Viroids 277
Prions 278
Viruses and Cancer 279
Human Cancer Viruses 279
How Cancer Viruses Cause Cancer__280
Oncogenes 280
Retracing Our Steps 281 / Terminology Check 282 / Critical
Thinking 283 / Self-Quiz 283 / Meet Me on the Web 284
CHAPTER U Eukaryotic Microorganisms
and Parasites 285
Principles of Parasitology 286
The Significance of Parasitism 286
Parasites in Relation to Their Hosts 286
Protists 287
Characteristics of Protists 287
The Importance of Protists 287
Classification of Protists 288
Fungi 292
Characterictics of Fungi 292
The Importance of Fungi 294
Classification of Fungi 296
Helminths 300
Characteristics of Helminths 300
Parasitic Helminths 301
Arthropods 301
Characteristics of Arthropods 305
Classification of Arthropods 306
Retracing Our Steps 308 / Terminology Check 309 / Critical
Thinking 309 / Self-Quiz 309 / Meet Me on the Web 310
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MICROBIOLOGIST S NOTEBOOK Who s Winning—The
Pharmacists, or the Microbes? 311
CHAPTER 12 Sterilization and Disinfection 313
Principles of Sterilization and Disinfection 314
The Control of Microbial Growth 314
Chemical Antimicrobial Agents 315
The Potency of Chemical Agents 315
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Chemical Agents 315
Disinfectant Selection 316
Mechanisms of Action of Chemical Agents 316
Specific Chemical Antimicrobial Agents 316
Physical Antimicrobial Agents 322
Principles and Applications of Heat Killing 323
Dry Heat, Moist Heat, and Pasteurization 323
Refrigeration, Freezing, Drying, and Freeze-Drying 327
Radiation 328
Sonic and Ultrasonic Waves 329
Filtration 330
Osmotic Pressure 331
Retracing Our Steps 333 / Terminology Check 334 / Critical
Thinking 334 / Self-Quiz 334 / Meet Me on the Web 335
CHAPTER 13 Antimicrobial Therapy 336
Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 336
The History of Chemotherapy 337
General Properties of Antimicrobial Agents 338
Selective Toxicity 338
The Spectrum of Activity 338
Modes of Action 339
Kinds of Side Effects 342
The Resistance of Microorganisms 342
Determining Microbial Sensitivities to Antimicrobial Agents 346
The Disk Diffusion Method 346
The Dilution Method 346
Serum Killing Power 347
Automated Methods 347
Attributes of an Ideal Antimicrobial Agent 347
Antibacterial Agents 348
Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis 348
Disrupters of Cell Membranes 350
Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis 351
Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis 353
Antimetabolites and Other Antibacterial Agents 354
Antifungal Agents 354
Antiviral Agents 355
Antiprotozoan Agents 358
Antihelminthic Agents 359
Special Problems with Drug-Resistant Hospital Infections 362
Retracing Our Steps 363 / Terminology Check 364 / Critical
Thinking 365 / Self-Quiz 365 / Meet Me on the Web 366
MICROBIOLOGIST S NOTEBOOK Fighting Disease at the Zoo:
No Monkey Business 367
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XX Contents
CHAPTER 14 Host-Microbe Relationships
and Disease Processes 369
Host-Microbe Relationships 370
Symbiosis 371
Contamination, Infection, and Disease 371
Pathogens, Pathogenicity, and Virulance 371
Normal (Indigenous) Microflora 372
Koch s Postulates 375
Kinds of Disease 375
Infectious and Noninfectious Diseases 376
Classification of Diseases 376
Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases 376
The Disease Process 377
How Microbes Cause Disease 377
Signs, Symptoms, and Syndromes 384
Types of Infectious Disease 384
Stages of an Infectious Disease 385
Infectious Diseases—Past, Present, and Future 388
Retracing Our Steps 390 / Terminology Check 391 / Critical
Thinking / Self-Quiz 391 / Meet Me on the Web 392
CHAPTER 15 Epidemiology and Nosocomial
Infections 393
Epidemiology 394
What Is Epidemiology? 394
Diseases in Populations 394
Epidemiologic Studies 396
Reservoirs of Infection 399
Portals of Entry 401
Portals of Exit 401
Modes of Disease Transmission 403
Disease Cycles 406
Herd Immunity 407
Controlling Disease Transmission 408
Public Health Organizations 410
Notifiable Diseases 412
Nosocomial Infections 413
The Epidemiology of NosocomiaHnfections 413
Preventing and Controlling Nosocomial Infections 418
Retracing Our Steps 419 / Terminology Check 420 / Critical
Thinking 421 / Self-Quiz 421 / Meet Me on the Web 421
CHAPTER 16 Nonspecific Host Defenses
and Host Systems 423
Nonspecific and Specific Host Defenses 424
Physical Barriers 424
Cellular Defenses 425
Defensive Cells 425
Phagocytes 427
The Process of Phagocytosis 427
Extracellular Killing 429
The Lymphatic System 429
Inflammation 432
Characteristics of Inflammation 432
The Acute Inflammatory Process 432
Repair and Regeneration 434
Chronic Inflammation 434
Fever 434
Molecular Defenses 435
Interferon 435
Complement 437
Acute Phase Response 441
Retracing Our Steps 442 / Terminology Check 443 / Critical
Thinking 443 / Self-Quiz 443 / Meet Me on the Web 444
CHAPTER 17 Immunology I: Basic Principles of
Specific Immunity and Immunization 445
Immunology and Immunity 446
Types of Immunity 446
Acquired Immunity 446
Active and Passive Immunity 446
Characteristics of the Immune System 447
Antigens and Antibodies 447
Cells and Tissues of the Immune System 449
Dual Nature of the Immune System 450
General Properties of Immune Responses 450
Humoral Immunity 453
Properties of Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) 453
Primary and Secondary Responses 456
Kinds of Antigen-Antibody Reactions 456
Monoclonal Antibodies 458
Cell-Mediated Immunity 459
The Cell-Mediated Immune Reaction 459
How Killer Cells Kill 463
The Role of Activated Macrophages 463
Superantigens 463
Factors That Modify Immune Responses 463
Immunization 465
Active Immunization 465
Hazards of Vaccines 467
Passive Immunization 469
Future of Immunization 470
Immunity to Various Kinds of Pathogens 470
Bacteria 470
Viruses 470
Fungi 472
Protozoa and Helminths 472
Retracing Our Steps 474 / Terminology Check 476 / Critical
Thinking 476 / Self-Quiz 476 / Meet Me on the Web 477
CHAPTER 18 Immunology II: Immunological
Disorders and Tests 478
Overview of Immunological Disorders 479
Hypersensitivity 479
Immunodeficiency 479
Immediate (Type I) Hypersensitivity 479
Allergen 480
Mechanism of Immediate Hypersensitivity 480
Localized Anaphylaxis 482
Generalized Anaphylaxis 482
Genetic Factors in Allergy 483
Treatment of Allergies 484
Cytotoxic (Type II) Hypersensitivity 485
Mechanism of Cytotoxic Reactions 485
Examples of Cytotoxic Reactions 486
Immune Complex (Type III) Hypersensitivity 488
Mechanism of Immune Complex Disorders 488
Examples of Immune Complex Disorders 488
Cell-Mediated (Type IV) Hypersensitivity 489
Mechanism of Cell-Mediated Reactions 489
Examples of Cell-Mediated Disorders 490
Autoimmune Disorders 493
Autoimmunization 493
Examples of Autoimmune Disorders 494
Contents xxi
Transplantation 496
Histocompatibility Antigens 496
Transplant Rejection 497
Tolerance of Fetus During Pregnancy 497
Immunosuppression 498
Drag Reactions 499
Immunodeficiency Diseases 500
Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases 500
Secondary (or Acquired) Immunodeficiency
Diseases 501
Immunological Tests 506
The Precipitin Test 506
Agglutination Reactions 507
Tagged Antibody Tests 510
Retracing Our Steps 513 / Terminology Check 515 / Critical
Thinking Questions 516 / Self-Quiz 516 / Meet Me on the
Web 517
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MICROBIOLOGIST S NOTEBOOK Controlling Nosocomial
Infections in a Burn Unit 518
CHAPTER 19 Diseases of the Skin and Eyes;
Wounds and Bites 520
The Skin, Mucous Membranes, and Eyes 521
The Skin 521
Mucous Membranes 521
The Eyes 522
Normal Microflora of the Skin 522
Diseases of the Skin 523
Bacterial Skin Diseases 523
Viral Skin Diseases 526
Fungal Skin Diseases 532
Other Skiff Diseases 534
Diseases of the Eyes 535 -—
Bacterial Eye Diseases 535
Viral Eye Diseases 537
Parasitic Eye Diseases 538
Wound and Bites 540
Wound Infections 540
Other Anaerobic Infections 540
Anthropod Bites and Diseases 540
Retracing Our Steps 544 / Terminology Check 545 / Critical
Thinking 545 / Self-Quiz 545 / Meet Me on the Web 546
CHAPTER 20 Urogenital and Sexually Transmitted
Diseases 547
Components of the Urogenital System 547
The Urinary System 548
The Female Reproductive System 549
The Male Reproductive System 549
Normal Microflora of the Urogenital System 550
Urogenital Diseases Usually Not Transmitted Sexually 551
Bacterial Urogenital Diseases 551
Parasitic Urogenital Diseases 556
Sexually Transmitted Diseases 556
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) 556
Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Diseases 556
Viral Sexually Transmitted Diseases 556
Retracing Our Steps 573 / Terminology Check 574 / Critical
Thinking 574 / Self-Quiz 574 / Meet Me on the Web 575
CHAPTER 21 Diseases of the Respiratory
System 576
Components of the Respirator) System 577
The Upper Respiratory Tract 578
The Lower Respiratory Tract 578
The Ears 578
Normal Microflora of the Respirator) System 579
Diseases of the Upper Repiratory Tract 580
Bacterial Upper Respirator) Diseases 580
Viral Upper Respiratory Diseases 583
Diseases of the Lower Respirator) Tract 585
Bacterial Lower Respirator) Diseases 585
Viral Lower Respirator) Diseases 595
Fungal Respirator) Diseases 601
Parasitic Respiratory Diseases 603
Retracing Our Steps 605 / Terminology Check 606 / Critical
Thinking 606 / Self-Quiz 606 / Meet Me on the Web 607
CHAPTER 22 Oral and Gastrointestinal
Diseases 608
Components of the Digestive System 609
The Mouth 610
The Stomach 610
The Small Intestine 610
The Large Intestine 610
Normal Microflora of the Mouth and Digestive System 610
Diseases of the Oral Cavity 611
Bacterial Diseases of the Oral Cavity 611
Viral Diseases of the Oral Cavity 615
Gastrointestinal Diseases Caused by Bacteria 616
Bacterial Food Poisoning 616
Bacterial Enteritis and Enteric Fevers 617
Bacterial Infections of the Stomach, Esophagus,
and Intestines 625
Bacterial Infections of the Gallbladder and Biliary Tract 626
Gastrointestinal Diseases Caused by Other Pathogens 628
Viral Gastrointestinal Diseases 628
Protozoan Gastrointestinal Diseases 631
Effects of Fungal Toxins 633
Helminth Gastrointestinal Diseases 634
Retracing Our Steps 642 / Terminology Check 642 / Critical
Thinking 642 / Self-Quiz 642 / Meet Me on the Web 644
CHAPTER 23 Cardiovascular, Lymphatic,
and Systemic Diseases 645
The Cardiovascular System 646
The Heart and Blood Vessels 646
The Blood 646
Normal Microflora of the Cardiovascular System 646
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Diseases 647
Bacterial Septicemias and Related Diseases 647
Helminthic Diseases of the Blood and Lymph 649
Systemic Diseases 652
Bacterial Systemic Diseases 652
Rickettsial and Related Systemic Diseases 661
Viral Systemic Diseases 665
Protozoan Systemic Diseases 670
Retracing Our Steps 675 / Terminology Check 677 / Critical
Thinking 677 / Self-Quiz 677 / Meet Me on the Web 678
XXii Contents
CHAPTER 24 Diseases of the Nervous System 679
Components of the Nervous System 680
Normal Microflora of the Nervous System 680
Diseases of the Brain and Meninges 680
Bacterial Diseases of the Brain and Meninges 680
Viral Diseases of the Brain and Meninges 682
Other Diseases of the Nervous System 686
Bacterial Nerve Diseases 686
Viral Nerve Diseases 691
Prion Diseases of the Nervous System 693
Parasitic Diseases of the Nervous System 696
Retracing Our Steps 699 / Terminology Check 700 / Critical
Thinking 700 / Self-Quiz 700 / Meet Me on the Web 701
CHAPTER 25 Environmental Microbiology 704
Fundamentals of Ecology 705
The Nature of Ecosystems 705
The Flow of Energy in Ecosystems 705
Biogeochemical Cycles 705
The Water Cycle 706
The Carbon Cycle 706
The Nitrogen Cycle and Nitrogen Bacteria 708
The Sulfur Cycle and Sulfur Bacteria 711
Other Biogeochemical Cycles 713
Air 713
Microorganisms Found in Air 715
Methods for Controlling Microorganisms in Air 715
Soil 715
Components of Soil 716
Microorganisms in Soil 716
Soil Pathogens 718
Water 718
Freshwater Environments 718
Marine Environments 719
Water Pollution 721
Water Purification 723
Sewage Treatment 725
Primary Treatment 726
Secondary Treatment 726
Tertiary Treatment 727
Septic Tanks 728
Bioremediation 728
Retracing Our Steps 731 / Terminology Check 732 / Critical
Thinking 732 / Self-Quiz 732 / Meet Me on the Web 733
CHAPTER 26 Applied Microbiology 734
Microorganisms Found in Food 735
Grains 735
Fruits and Vegetables 735
Meats and Poultry 736
Fish and Shellfish 737
Milk 738
Other Edible Substances 739
Preventing Disease Transmission and Food Spoilage 741
Food Preservation 742
Drying and Lyophilization 743
Pasteurization of Milk 745
Standards for Food and Milk Production 746
Microorganisms as Food and in Food Production 747
Algae, Fungi, and Bacteria as Food 747
Food Production 747
Beer, Wine, and Spirits 752
Industrial and Pharmaceutical Microbiology 754
Useful Metabolic Processes 754
Problems of Industrial Microbiology 754
Useful Organic Products 755
Simple Organic Compounds 755
Antibiotics 755
Enzymes 757
Amino Acids 757
Other Biological Products 757
Microbiological Mining 758
Microbiological Waste Disposal 759
Retracing Our Steps 759 / Terminology Check 760 / Critical
Thinking 761 / Self-Quiz 761 / Meet Me on the Web 762
APPENDICES
A Metric System Measurements, Conversions, and Math
Tools A-l
B Classification of Bacteria and Viruses A-4
C Word Roots Commonly Encountered in
Microbiology A-15
D Safety Precautions in the Handling of Clinical
Specimens A-18
E Metabolic Pathways A-19
GLOSSARY G-l
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ANSWERS Ans-1
SELF-QUIZ ANSWERS Ans-6
PHOTO CREDITS PC-1
INDEX 1-1
(osoir SEWIISS ssod) i^pD amp;sd)
MICROBIOLOGIST S NOTEBOOK: Visit to a Mushroom
Farm 702
LISTOFBOXES
APPLICATIONTOHEALTH
AIDS 12
Swamp Air or Mosquitoes? 18
Down the Drain 42
How to Ruin an Enzyme 114
Involuntary Drunkenness 119
Light of My Death 119
Something/or Everyone 131
Don t Leave Home Without Your C02! 156
Enemy DNA 167
If DNA Makes Only Proteins, Who Makes Carbohydrates and
Lipids? 169
You Can t Beat the System 176
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)—Key to Past and Future Worlds
of DNA 188
Need a Blood Transfusion? Call on a Genetically Altered Pig 214
Make Sure Lunch Can t Fight Back 259
Delta Hepatitis: A Defective Virus 265
Emerging Viruses 266 •
Viruses Instead of Drugs 270
Keep That Head on Your Beer! 289
Red Tides 290
The War Against Malaria: Missteps and Milestones 293
Microbes in Space 315
Soap and Sanitation 319
Hexachlorophene 321
Is Cleanliness Really All That Great? 321
No More Frogs in Formalin 322
Yogurt 326
Home Canning 326
Home Freezing 327
Hospital Sanitation and the Infection Control Practitioner 332
When Doctors Learned to Cure 338
Nothing Like a Bowl of Shark Fin Soup~~ 338
Antibiotic Resistance: Drugs in Animal Feeds 342
Space Ride for Microbes 343
Microbial Resistance 344
Disarm and Kill 350
The Role of Costridium difficile in Antibiotic-Associated Intestinal
Disease 351
Antibiotics and Acne 353
Red Man Syndrome 353
Drug-Resistant Viruses 358
Pathogens: Unsuccesful Attempts at Symbiosis 370
Can a Bloodhound Find the Correct Identical Twin? 373
Armadillo: Culture Vessel for Leprosy 375
Clinical Use of Botulinum Toxin 382
To Squeeze or Not to Squeeze 385
City Tales 399
What s in Dust? 401
Are There Amoebas in Your Emergency Eyewash Station? 405
Dog Germs! 406
Plague in the 1990s 407
Yummy Vaccines 409
The Meningitis Belt 410
Infection Control in Dentistry 417
Take Two, Not Twenty-Two 424
Phlegm, Anyone? 426
Sweat It Out, Grandma 435
Development of the Immune System 440
Stem Cells in the News 448
Humoral Immune Responses: What s in a Name? 450
Kill That Virus! Not Me! 452
How B Cells Build Diverse Antibodies 454
Cancer and Immunology 471
Mother s Milk Is Best 479
Knockout Kitties 480
The Origins of Allergies 484
Matched—but Still Mismatched 487
Poison Ivy? But It Doesn t Grow Here! 492
Sympathetic Blindness 494
New Treatmentfor Rheumatoid Arthritis 495
Disguising Tissues Aids in Transplants 498
The Boy in the Bubble 501
Pink Means You re Pregnant 509
Flesh-Eating Bacteria 524
What Goes Round in Whirlpool Baths? 526
Measles and More 526
Mind Over Body 532
Algal Infections 535
What Grows in Your Health and Beauty Aids? 537
Save Your Eyes 538
To Bathe or Not to Bathe 538
Screwworm Eradication 543
Blue Breasts 549
Are YOU Prone to UTIs? 552
But I Don t Want to Get Out of My Basket! 554
Know Your Yeast Infection 554
WARNING: Important Information About Toxic Shock Syndrome
(TSS) 555
Finished Before it Started 559
Homo sapiens and Treponema pallidum: An Evolutionary
Partnership 561
No News May Not Be Good News 564
Herpes Singles Club 568
Hold the Cortisone 569
Alcoholics and Pneumonia 579
Diphtheria and the Desert Fox 582
A Cure for the Common Cold? 584
_ DTP Vaccine Liability 586
The Whooping Cough Fashion Statement 587
The Prowler Who s Hard to Stop 590
Relief Could Cause Disease 592
Polly Want Ornithosis? 594
Chicken Flu Terrifies Hong Kong 596
The Great Flu Pandemic of 1918 597
Flu Shots May Help Prevent Heart Attacks 599
What s in Flu Vaccine? 600
The Medicine Men Knew 601
It s a Zoo in There 612
Smile 614
Keep on Brushing 614
The Price You Probably Don t Mind Paying 617
Mom Knows Best, but She Doesn t Always Know Everything 618
Homeless Bacteria Looking for a New Host 618
xxiii
XXiv List of Boxes
The Saga of Typhoid Mary 619
Cholera Around the World—and On Our Doorstep 622
Watch Out for Those Kiddie Pools Maybe 624
Beans, Anyone? 624
The Bacterium That Just Won t Quit 626
Another Plug for Breast Feedng 628
Hold the Aflatoxin! 634
With Immigration Comes Tapeworm Baggage 637
Sushi 635
Man s Best Friend s Worst Enemy 648
A Good Deed 652
Prairie Heritage: Deadly Spores 653
Disarming the Anthrax Bomb 654
Plague in the United States? 655
Outwitted by the Spirochetes Again 658
Microbes and War 662
More Than Those Slave Owners Bargained For 666
Ebola Virus Scare 668
No Good Choices 669
Desert Storm Leishmaniasis 671
Anemia Protects Against Malaria 672
Using Malaria to Unite the World 673
Post-Genomic Results Roll in Rapidly 681
A Road Less Traveled 682
How Do Bats Survive Rabies? 684
Watch Out for These Symptoms in Your Dog 684
Amoebic Invaders 686
Botulism in Waterfowl 691
The Polio Vaccine Controversy 692
Assassin Bugs 697
Nagana and HDL 699
The Greenhouse Effect 708
And It Really Smells Bad, Too 711
Bjg Poop Problems Prevented 712
Sick Buildings 714
Fungal Confusion 717
Just Don t Drink the Water- 723
Salmonella Vaccine on the Way 736 _
Beware of the Bad Egg! 737
Seafood Safety 738
Combating Lactose Intolerance 739
Bon Bon Bombs 740
One Lump or Two? 740
Home Canning 743
The Great Irradiation Debate: Are Gamma Rays Safe
for Food? 744
What Is Not in Your Beer 753
EXPLORINGTHEMICROBIALWORLD
We A re Not Alone 5
What s in the Last Drop? 16
A Thorny Problem 18
How Microbiologists Investigate Problems 21
Bacterial Acids Are Eating the Last Supper 35
Some Like It Sour 36
Can a Cow Actually Explode? 38
The Swamp of Eternal Stench 130
Every Nook and Cranny 145
When the Going Gets Tough, Hide Inside a Rock 147
In the Pink 148
Picky Eaters 150
Too Many Choices 178
Ozone Biosensors 184
Doing It the Hard Way 207
Bacteria That Don t Deserve a Bad Rap 209
Mail-Order Microbes 226
Going Where None Have Gone Before 230
The Uses of Extremozymes 236
Viroids and Prions 238
Happy Hunting 245
The Discovery of New Organisms 250
Viral Sunscreens 268
Lichen Housemates 296
Fungi and Orchids 297
Are Fungi the Biggest and Oldest Organisms on Earth? 300
Bacteria Make the World Go Round 706
The Nose of the Beholder 719
And You Though It Was El Nino 720
TRYIT
A Winter Dilemma 34
A Life of Crime 55
Are You Positive?—Or, No Strings Attached 67
Take a Stab at It 68
Living Magnets 84
Fueling the Race to Reproduce 123
Another Evil of Tobacco 257
No More Pond Scum 287
Spore Plants 298
For a Clear Aquarium 320
Be a Discoverer! 348
But I Keep Myself So Clean! 523
Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria in Root Nodules 710
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Whose DNA Do You Have? 93
Microbial Clean-Up 129
Go Ahead and Shoot 205
Virus with a Scorpion s Sting 215
Redesigning Bacteria 216
Statement on Genetically Modified Organisms 217
Pharmacy of the Future: Antisense Drugs 324
Putting Microbes to Work to Clean Our Environment 730
|
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| dewey-full | 616.01 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 616 - Diseases |
| dewey-raw | 616.01 |
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| dewey-sort | 3616.01 |
| dewey-tens | 610 - Medicine and health |
| discipline | Biologie Medizin |
| edition | 5. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| spelling | Black, Jacqueline G. Verfasser aut Microbiology principles and explorations Jacquelyn G. Black 5. ed. [Chichester] Wiley 2002 getr. Zählung zahlr. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Medical microbiology Microbiology Medizinische Mikrobiologie (DE-588)4038264-3 gnd rswk-swf Mikrobiologie (DE-588)4316357-9 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Mikrobiologie (DE-588)4316357-9 s Medizinische Mikrobiologie (DE-588)4038264-3 s 2\p DE-604 DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009755122&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Black, Jacqueline G. Microbiology principles and explorations Medical microbiology Microbiology Medizinische Mikrobiologie (DE-588)4038264-3 gnd Mikrobiologie (DE-588)4316357-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4038264-3 (DE-588)4316357-9 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Microbiology principles and explorations |
| title_auth | Microbiology principles and explorations |
| title_exact_search | Microbiology principles and explorations |
| title_full | Microbiology principles and explorations Jacquelyn G. Black |
| title_fullStr | Microbiology principles and explorations Jacquelyn G. Black |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microbiology principles and explorations Jacquelyn G. Black |
| title_short | Microbiology |
| title_sort | microbiology principles and explorations |
| title_sub | principles and explorations |
| topic | Medical microbiology Microbiology Medizinische Mikrobiologie (DE-588)4038264-3 gnd Mikrobiologie (DE-588)4316357-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Medical microbiology Microbiology Medizinische Mikrobiologie Mikrobiologie Lehrbuch |
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