Mold engineering:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Munich [u.a.]
Hanser [u.a.]
2002
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXIII, 688 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3446216596 1569903220 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Rees, Herbert |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Mold engineering |c Herbert Rees |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Munich [u.a.] |b Hanser [u.a.] |c 2002 | |
| 300 | |a XXIII, 688 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Plastics |x Molding | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Plastics |x Molds | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Kunststoffverarbeitung |0 (DE-588)4114335-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1808045827862560768 |
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| adam_text |
CONTENTS
PART
I
MOLD
ENGINEERING
SECTION
1
BASICS
ABOUT
MOLDS,
MACHINES,
PLASTICS,
AND
PRODUCTS
1
INTRODUCTION
TO
MOLD
ENGINEERING
.
3
1.1
WHAT
IS
AN
INJECTION
MOLD?
.
3
1.2
WHAT
IS
AN
INJECTION
MOLDING
MACHINE?
.
4
1.2.1
CLAMPING
MECHANISM
.
4
1.2.2
PLASTICIZING
UNIT
.
4
1.2.3
INJECTION
UNIT
.
5
1.2.3.1
RS
MACHINES
.
5
1.2.3.2
P
MACHINES
.
5
1.2.4
CONTROLS
.
6
1.3
MOLD
TIMING
AND
TERMINOLOGY
.
7
1.3.1
MOLD
CLOSING
AND
OPENING
TIMES
(DRY-CYCLE)
.
8
1.3.2
EJECTION
TIME
AND
MOLD
OPENING
STROKE
.
9
1.3.3
MOLD
OPEN
TIME
.
9
1.3.4
INJECTION
TIME
.
9
1.3.4.1
INJECTION
TIME
AND
THE
MACHINE
.
9
1.3.4.2
INJECTION
TIME
AND
MOLD
DESIGN
.
9
1.3.4.3
PLASTIC
.
10
1.3.5
INJECTION
HOLD
TIME
.
10
1.3.6
COOLING
TIME
.
10
1.3.6.1
COOLING
WATER
SUPPLY
.
10
1.3.6.2
COOLING
LAYOUT
.
11
REFERENCES
.
11
2
BASIC
MOLD
FUNCTIONS
.
13
2.1
SHAPING
THE
PRODUCT
.
13
2.1.1
PRODUCT
SHAPE
.
14
2.1.1.1
PLAIN
UTILITY
SHAPE
.
14
2.1.1.2
ARTISTIC
SHAPE
.
14
2.1.1.3
ENGINEERING
(FUNCTIONAL)
SHAPE
.
15
2.2
DUCTING
THE
PLASTIC
FROM
MACHINE
TO
CAVITIES
.
15
2.2.1
COLD
RUNNERS
.
15
2.2.2
HOT
RUNNERS
.
17
2.3
REMOVING
AIR
FROM
THE
CAVITIES
DURING
FILLING
.
18
2.3.1
SINGLE
GATE
.
18
2.3.2
UNEVEN
WALLS
.
19
2.3.3
MULTIPLE
GATES
.
19
2.4
COOLING
THE
PLASTIC
.
19
2.5
EJECTING
THE
PRODUCT
.
20
2.6
PRODUCING
ECONOMICALLY
AND
SUITING
REQUIREMENTS
.
21
2.6.1
MOLD
TYPE
AND
NUMBER
OF
CAVITIES
.
21
2.6.1.1
MACHINE
HOUR
TIME
.
23
2.6.1.2
HIGH
PRODUCTIVITY
WITHIN
A
SHORT
TIME
.
24
VIII
CONTENTS
2.6.2
MOLDING
DIFFERENT
SHAPES
IN
ONE
MOLD
.
25
2.6.3
MULTIPLE
COLOR
OR
MATERIAL
MOLDS
.
26
REFERENCE
.
26
3
MOLD
REQUIREMENTS
.
27
3.1
ACCURACY
AND
FINISH
.
27
3.1.1
ACCURACY
.
27
3.1.1.1
STEEL
SIZES
.
28
3.1.2
FINISH
.
28
3.1.2.1
TEXTURING
.
28
3.2
PRODUCTIVITY
.
29
3.2.1
NUMBER
OF
CAVITIES
.
29
3.2.2
QUALITY
OF
COOLING
.
30
3.2.3
SPEED
AND
TIMING
OF
EJECTION
.
31
3.2.4
STRENGTH
AND
DURABILITY
OF
THE
MOLD
.
31
3.2.5
EASE
OF
INSTALLATION
AND
START-UP
.
31
3.3
PHYSICAL
STRENGTH
.
33
3.3.1
TENSILE
STRENGTH
.
33
3.3.2
COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
.
34
3.3.3
PLATE
DEFLECTION
.
35
3.4
WEAR
RESISTANCE
.
36
3.4.1
WEAR
OF
MOLD
PARTS
MOVING
UNDER
PRESSURE
.
36
3.4.2
FRETTING
.
36
3.4.3
WEAR
FROM
ABRASIVE
AND CORROSIVE
PLASTICS
.
36
3.4.4
RUST
.
37
3.5
SAFETY
IN
OPERATION
.
38
3.5.1
DAMAGE
TO
THE
MOLD
.
38
3.5.2
PERSONAL
INJURY
.
39
3.6
MAINTENANCE
AND
INTERCHANGEABILITY
.
40
3.6.1
MAINTENANCE
.
40
3.6.2
INTERCHANGEABILITY
.
40
3.7
EASE
OF
INSTALLATION
IN
MOLDING
MACHINE
.
40
3.8
REASONABLE
MOLD
COST
(PRICE)
.
41
3.8.1
COST
OF
MOLD
DESIGN
ENGINEERING
(CE)
.
42
3.8.2
COST
OF
PRODUCTION
ENGINEERING
(CP)
.
42
3.8.3
COST
OF
THE
STACK
(CS)
.
43
3.8.4
COST
OF
THE
MOLD
SHOE
(CM)
.
43
3.8.5
COST
OF
ASSEMBLY
(CA)
.
43
3.8.6
COST
OF
TESTING
(CT)
.
43
3.8.7
COST
OF
OVERHEAD
AND
PROFIT
(CO
AND
P)
.
43
3.8.8
COST
OF
A
MULTICAVITY
MOLD
.
44
3.8.9
COST
OF
STACK
MOLDS
(SEE
ALSO
CHAPTER
15)
.
44
3.8.10
COST
OF
PRODUCT
.
44
4
GENERAL
MOLD
DESIGN
GUIDELINES
.
45
4.1
BEFORE
STARTING
TO
DESIGN
A
MOLD
.
45
4.2
MOLDING
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
THE
SPECIFIED
PLASTIC
.
47
4.3
ANTICIPATED
MOLDING
CYCLE
.
49
4.4
STUDYING
THE
PRODUCT
.
49
4.4.1
CHECK
THE
PRODUCT
DRAWING
.
49
4.4.1.1
CLARITY
.
49
4.4.1.2
PROJECTION
.
49
4.4.1.3
TOLERANCES
.
50
CONTENTS
IX
4.4.1.4
PRODUCT
USE
.
51
4.4.1.5
NOTES
ON
THE
DRAWING
.
52
4.4.1.6
DRAFT
ANGLES
.
52
4.4.1.7
RESPONSIBILITY
FOR
SHRINKAGE
.
54
4.4.2
WORKING
FROM
A
SAMPLE
OR
MODEL
.
54
4.5
TYPICAL
CHECK
LIST
FOR
ESTIMATORS
AND
DESIGNERS
.
55
4.5.1
MACHINE
SPECIFICATIONS
.
55
4.5.2
PRODUCT,
PRODUCT
DRAWING,
AND
PRODUCTION
SPECIFICATIONS
.
56
5
PLASTICS
IDENTIFICATION
.
59
5.1
PLASTICS
IDENTIFICATION
BY
TYPE
.
59
SECTION
2
GENERAL
MOLD
DESIGN
GUIDELINES
6
MOLD
LAYOUT
.
67
6.1
MOLD
LAYOUT
RULES
.
67
6.1.1
BEFORE
STARTING
.
67
6.1.2
FIRST
CONSIDERATIONS
.
68
6.1.3
STEP-BY-STEP
LAYOUT:
MOLD
STACK
DESIGN
.
68
6.1.4
STEP-BY-STEP
LAYOUT:
MOLD
SHOE
DESIGN
.
76
6.2
BALANCING
OF
LATERAL
FORCES
IN
CAVITIES
.
79
6.3
BALANCING
OF
RUNNERS
AND
ARRANGEMENT
OF
CAVITIES
.
81
6.3.1
BALANCING
OF
RUNNERS
.
81
6.3.2
TWO-PLATE
MOLDS
(COLD
RUNNERS)
.
82
6.3.2.1
RUNNER
LENGTH
.
83
6.3.2.2
RUNNER
CROSS
SECTION
.
83
6.3.2.3
CAVITY
SPACING
.
83
6.3.2.4
CAVITY
SUPPORTS
.
83
6.3.2.5
GATE
LOCATION
.
84
6.3.2.6
DISTANCE
AND
TIME
REQUIRED
FOR
THE
PRODUCTS
TO
FALL
FREE
OF
THE
MOLD
.
84
6.3.2.7
CLEARANCE
BETWEEN
TIE
BARS
(FREE
FALL
OR
TAKE-OFF)
.
84
6.3.2.8
MOLECULAR
ALIGNMENT
.
84
6.3.2.9
CAVITY
LAYOUT
.
85
6.3.3
THREE-PLATE
MOLDS
.
98
6.3.3.1
GENERAL
MULTICAVITY
LAYOUTS
.
98
6.3.4
HOT
RUNNER
LAYOUT
.
103
REFERENCES
.
104
7
MOLDING
OPERATION
SEQUENCES
.
105
8
PLASTIC
SHRINKAGE
.
109
8.1
THEORY
.
109
8.2
PRACTICE
AND
APPLICATIONS
.
ILL
8.2.1
INJECTION
VARIABLES
AND
SHRINKAGE
.
ILL
8.2.1.1
HEAVY-WALLED
PRODUCTS
.
112
8.2.1.2
EJECTION
OF
THE
PRODUCT
.
112
8.2.1.3
TIME
LIMIT
OF
SHRINKAGE
.
112
8.2.1.4
ANNEALING
THE
PRODUCT
.
112
8.2.1.5
PRODUCT
THICKNESS
.
112
8.2.2
BASIC
SHRINKAGE
FORMULA
.
114
X
CONTENTS
8.2.3
RESPONSIBILITY
FOR
SHRINKAGE:
SELECTION
OF
SHRINKAGE
FACTORS
.
116
8.2.3.1
STEEL
SIZES
.
116
8.2.3.2
MOLDING
MATERIAL
.
116
8.2.3.3
OTHER
RULES
AFFECTING
SHRINKAGE
.
117
8.2.4
EFFECT
OF
SHRINKAGE
ON
MOLD
OPENING
AND
STRIPPING
FORCE
.
117
8.2.5
PRACTICAL
SUGGESTIONS
FOR
DESIGNING
WITH
SHRINKAGE
.
118
8.2.5.1
PRODUCT
TOLERANCES
AND
SHRINKAGE
.
118
8.2.5.2
SHRINKAGE
OF
THREADS
.
119
8.2.6
APPROXIMATE
MOLD
SHRINKAGE
FOR
SOME
MATERIALS
.
120
8.2.7
OTHER
FACTORS
AFFECTING
SHRINKAGE
.
120
8.2.7.1
WALL
THICKNESS
OF
PRODUCT
.
120
8.2.7.2
PRODUCT
SHAPE
.
120
8.2.7.3
GATES
.
121
8.2.7.4
EQUAL
COOLING
.
122
8.2.7.5
ORIENTATION
OF
PLASTIC
WITHIN
THE
CAVITY
.
123
8.2.7.6
OPERATING
CONDITIONS
.
123
8.2.8
SPI
STANDARD
MOLDING
TOLERANCES
.
123
8.2.9
EFFECTS
OF
SHRINKAGE
ON
CONTAINER
SHAPE
.
123
8.2.9.1
CYLINDRICAL
CONTAINERS
.
123
8.2.9.2
CONICAL
CONTAINERS
.
123
REFERENCES
.
125
9
MOLD
SURFACE
TOLERANCES
.
127
9.1
BASIC
TOLERANCE
CONSIDERATIONS
.
127
9.1.1
MISCONCEPTION#!
.
127
9.1.2
MISCONCEPTION
#2
.
128
9.1.3
MISCONCEPTION
#3
.
128
9.2
TOLERANCES
FOR
WALL
THICKNESS
OF
PRODUCTS
.
129
9.3
RESPONSIBILITY
FOR
TOLERANCES
.
129
10
GATES
AND
RUNNERS
.
131
10.1
GATE
LOCATION
AND
NUMBER
PER
CAVITY
.
131
10.1.1
ONE
GATE
PER
CAVITY
.
131
10.1.1.1
OUTSIDE
CENTER
GATING
(OSCG)
.
131
10.1.1.2
INSIDE
CENTER
GATING
(ISCG)
.
133
10.1.1.3
SIDE
GATING
NEAR
TOP
.
134
10.1.1.4
OUTSIDE
SIDE
GATING
NEAR
RIM
.
134
10.1.1.5
GATING
OF
AN
ELONGATED
PRODUCT
.
135
10.1.1.6
GATING
A
PRODUCT
WITH
A
LIVE
HINGE
.
135
10.1.2
TWO
OR
MORE
GATES
PER
CAVITY
-
LARGE
PRODUCTS
.
136
10.1.3
TWO
OR
MORE
GATES
PER
CAVITY
-
SLENDER
PRODUCTS
.
137
10.1.3.1
INSIDE
SIDE
GATING
AT
RIM
.
138
10.1.4
GATE
VESTIGE
.
138
10.1.4.1
HIDING
THE
GATES
.
139
10.1.4.2
DIMPLE
.
139
10.1.4.3
RECESSED
GATE
.
140
10.1.4.4
HOT
RUNNER
EDGE
GATE
WITH
A
DIMPLE
.
141
10.1.4.5
VALVED
GATES
.
141
10.2
HOT
RUNNER
GATE
TYPES
AND
CONFIGURATIONS
.
142
10.2.1
OPEN
GATE
.
142
10.2.1.1
CIRCULAR
GATES
.
142
10.2.1.2
ANNULAR
GATES
.
145
10.2.1.3
HOT
RUNNER
EDGE
GATES
(HREG)
.
147
CONTENTS
XI
10.2.2
VALVED
GATES
.
149
10.2.2.1
BASIC
VALVE
GATE
.
150
10.2.3
FACTORS
AFFECTING
GATE
SIZE
AND
SHAPE
.
151
10.2.3.1
FACTORS
AFFECTING
GATE
AND
LAND
SIZE
IN
OPEN
GATES
.
153
10.2.4
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
A
CORRECTLY
DESIGNED
GATE
.
154
10.2.5
GATE
SHAPE
AND
SIZE
.
154
10.2.5.1
LAND
LENGTH
(GATE
HEIGHT)
.
154
10.2.5.2
GATE
DIAMETER
.
155
10.2.5.3
ROLE
OF
SHEARING
IN
GATE
DIAMETER
SIZING
.
155
10.2.5.4
TIME
OF
EXPOSURE
TO
SHEAR
.
156
10.2.5.5
ESTABLISHING
A
PROPER
GATE
SIZE
.
156
10.3
COLD
RUNNER
GATE
TYPES
AND
CONFIGURATIONS
.
157
10.3.1
GENERAL
FEATURES
.
157
10.3.2
EDGE
GATES
.
159
10.3.3
FAN
GATES
.
160
10.3.4
DIAPHRAGM
GATE
.
160
10.3.5
TAB
GATES
.
162
10.3.6
TUNNEL
GATES
.
163
10.3.7
MULTIPLE
TUNNEL
GATING
.
167
10.3.8
CURVED
OR
SUBMARINE
TUNNEL
GATING
.
167
10.3.9
THREE-PLATE
GATES
.
168
10.4
COLD
RUNNER
EJECTION
AND
PULLERS
.
169
10.4.1
RUNNER
PULLERS
AND
EJECTION
OF
THE
RUNNER
.
170
10.4.2
FLOW
OF
PLASTIC
AROUND
SUCKER
PIN
HEADS
.
173
10.4.3
LOCATION
AND
NUMBER
OF
EJECTORS,
SUCKERS,
OR
SUCKER
PINS
.
173
10.4.4
PLACEMENT
OF
SUCKERS
NEAR
A
TUNNEL
GATE
.
175
10.4.5
SUCKERS
FOR
THREE-PLATE
DROPS
.
175
10.5
COLD
RUNNER
MOLDS
.
176
10.5.1
TWO-PLATE
MOLDS
.
176
10.5.1.1
SPRUE
GATES
(ONE
CAVITY
ONLY)
.
177
10.5.1.2
SIMPLE
RUNNER
(TWO
OR
MORE
CAVITIES)
.
178
10.5.2
THREE-PLATE
MOLDS
.
179
10.5.3
GENERAL
COMMENTS
ABOUT
THREE-PLATE
MOLDS
.
180
10.5.3.1
DIMPLES
.
180
10.5.3.2
RUNNERS
.
180
10.5.3.3
DROPS
.
181
10.5.3.4
NUMBER
OF
GATES
PER
CAVITY
.
182
10.6
HOT
RUNNER
MOLDS
.
183
10.6.1
PRE-ENGINEERED
HOT
RUNNER
SYSTEMS
.
186
REFERENCES
.
188
11
VENTING
.
189
11.1
BACKGROUND
AND
THEORY
.
189
11.2
TERMINOLOGY
AND
RULES
.
190
11.3
PARTING
LINE
VENTING
.
191
11.3.1
VENT
CHANNELS
AND
GROOVES
.
193
11.4
VENT
PINS
AND
INSERT
VENTING
.
196
11.4.1
VENT
PINS
.
196
11.4.2
VENTING
OF
RIBS
.
196
11.5
MISCELLANEOUS
VENTING
.
197
11.5.1
RUNNER
VENTING
.
197
11.5.2
VENTING
THE
BOTTOM
OF
A
CAVITY
.
197
XII
CONTENTS
12
EJECTION
.
199
12.1
GENERAL
COMMENTS
AND
DEFINITIONS
.
199
12.2
BASIC
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
ANY
EJECTION
METHOD
.
200
12.2.1
EJECTION
FEATURES
.
200
12.2.2
LENGTH
OF
MACHINE
EJECTOR
.
201
12.3
GENERAL
EJECTION
GUIDELINES
.
202
12.3.1
STROKE,
CLEARANCE,
AND
PRODUCT
HEIGHT
.
202
12.3.2
VENTING
.
204
12.3.3
WHERE
TO
EJECT
RELATIVE
TO
THE
PRODUCT
.
205
12.4
EJECTOR
PINS
AND
SLEEVES
.
208
12.4.1
CLEARANCE
(FIT)
AND
LENGTH
OF
LAND
.
208
12.4.2
SIZE,
FINISH,
AND
SHAPE
OF
PINS
.
209
12.4.3
SPECIAL
EJECTOR
SHAPES
.
210
12.4.4
NUMBER
AND
LOCATION
OF
EJECTOR
PINS
.
211
12.5
EJECTOR
AND
EJECTOR
RETAINER
PLATES
.
213
12.5.1
EJECTION
FORCE
.
213
12.5.2
INJECTION
FORCES
.
214
12.5.3
INFLUENCE
OF
LOCATION
OF
EJECTORS
RELATIVE
TO
MACHINE
EJECTORS
.
214
12.5.4
EJECTOR
RETAINER
PLATE
.
215
12.5.5
PREVENTING
EJECTOR
PINS
FROM
TURNING
.
216
12.5.6
RETURN
PINS
.
217
12.5.7
EJECTOR
BOX
.
219
12.5.8
GUIDING
EJECTOR
PLATES
.
220
12.5.9
RETURNING
THE
EJECTOR
PLATE
.
222
12.5.9.1
TIE
THE
EJECTOR
PLATE
TO
M/C
EJECTOR
.
222
12.5.9.2
USE
LINKAGES
ATTACHED
TO
THE
MOLD
.
223
12.5.9.3
RETURN
SPRINGS
.
223
12.5.9.4
AIR
CYLINDERS
.
225
12.6
STRIPPERS
.
226
12.6.1
GENERAL
RULES
FOR
STRIPPERS
.
227
12.6.2
GUIDING
THE
STRIPPER
.
230
12.6.3
STRIPPER
RINGS
.
233
12.6.3.1
FIXED
STRIPPER
RINGS
.
233
12.6.3.2
FLOATING
STRIPPER
RINGS
.
233
12.6.4
STRIPPER
BARS
.
236
12.6.5
STRIPPING
FROM
THE
INJECTION
SIDE
.
237
12.7
AIR
EJECTION
.
238
12.7.1
PROBLEMS
WITH
AIR
EJECTION
.
238
12.7.2
BASIC
REQUIREMENTS
OF
AIR
EJECTION
.
239
12.7.3
POPPET
EJECTION
.
240
12.7.3.1
RULES
FOR
ALL
POPPET
DESIGNS
.
241
12.7.3.2
POPPET
WITH
DOUBLE-ACTING
ACTUATOR
.
242
12.7.4
BLOW
JETS
.
243
12.7.4.1
BLOW-DOWN
.
245
12.7.5
BLOW
SLOTS
.
247
12.7.5.1
OPEN
BLOW
SLOTS
.
247
12.7.5.2
CLOSED
BLOW
SLOTS
.
249
12.7.6
AIR
EJECTION
FROM
THE
INJECTION
SIDE
.
251
12.7.7
COMBINED
MECHANICAL
AND
AIR
EJECTION
.
252
12.8
MULTIPLE
EJECTION
STROKE
.
253
12.9
SPECIAL
EJECTION
METHODS
.
253
12.9.1
NECK
RING
EJECTION
.
254
12.9.2
TULIP
EJECTION
.
255
12.9.3
CORE
PULL
EJECTION
.
255
CONTENTS
XIII
12.9.4
SWING
ARM
EJECTION
.
256
12.10
TWO-STAGE
(AND
MULTI-STAGE)
EJECTION
.
258
12.10.1
WHY
AND
WHEN
TO
USE
TWO-STAGE
EJECTION
.
259
12.10.2
TYPICAL
TWO-STAGE
EJECTION
ACTUATIONS
.
260
12.10.3
MOVING
CAVITY
.
264
12.11
MOLDING
SURFACE
FINISH
.
268
12.12
SEQUENCE
OF
EJECTION
.
269
12.13
COLLAPSIBLE
CORES
.
272
12.13.1
ANGLED
MOVING
CORE
.
273
12.14
UNSCREWING
MOLDS
.
273
12.14.1
CONVENTIONAL
UNSCREWING
METHODS
.
274
12.14.2
HUSKY
'
S
ORIGINAL
UNSCREWING
MOLD
.
275
12.14.3
HUSKY
'
S
NEW
UNSCREWING
MOLD
SYSTEM
.
277
13
MOLD
COOLING
.
279
13.1
INTRODUCTION
.
279
13.1.1
OBJECTIVES
OF
MOLD
DESIGN
.
280
13.1.2
AVAILABLE
ASSISTANCE
.
281
13.2
WHY
COOL
AN
INJECTION
MOLD?
.
281
13.3
WHAT
AFFECTS
THE
COOLING
OF
A
MOLD?
.
282
13.3.1
TEMPERATURE
OF
THE
COOLING
MEDIUM
.
283
13.3.2
TEMPERATURE
OF
THE
PLASTIC
-
HEAT
BALANCE
.
283
13.3.2.1
SEPARATING
THE
COOLING
FROM
THE
MOLDING
OPERATION
.
287
13.3.3
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
OF
HEAT,
TEMPERATURE,
AND
ENERGY
.
291
13.3.3.1
HEAT
.
291
13.3.3.2
TEMPERATURE
DIFFERENCES
.
292
13.3.3.3
HEAT
CONDUCTIVITY
(OR
THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY)
.
293
13.3.3.4
HEAT
CONTENT
.
293
13.3.3.5
COOLANT
FLOW
.
294
13.3.4
RUNNER
SYSTEMS
.
296
13.3.5
TEMPERATURE
OF
THE
MOLD
SHOE
.
297
13.4
LAYING
OUT
COOLING
CHANNELS
.
298
13.4.1
DISTANCE
BETWEEN
DRILLED
(BORED)
PASSAGES
AND
OTHER
PASSAGES
OR
WALLS
.
298
13.4.1.1
LENGTH
OF
BORE
.
298
13.4.1.2
DRILL
SIZE
.
298
13.4.1.3
SIZE
OF
FITTINGS
.
298
13.4.1.4
DISTANCES
OF
COOLING
CHANNELS
.
299
13.4.1.5
STRENGTH
OF
MOLD
MATERIAL
.
300
13.4.1.6
EFFICIENCY
OF
COOLING
CHANNELS
.
301
13.4.2
LAYOUT
AND
SIZING
OF
COOLING
IN
THE
MOLD
PLATES
.
301
13.4.2.1
SIZE
AND
AVAILABLE
MACHINE
SPACE
.
302
13.4.2.2
NUMBER
AND
SIZE
OF
SCREWS
.
302
13.4.2.3
POSITION
AND
SIZE
OF
LEADER
PINS
AND
BUSHINGS
.
302
13.4.2.4
OPTIMUM
COOLING
.
302
13.4.2.5
COST
.
302
13.4.3
SERIES
AND
PARALLEL
COOLING
.
303
13.4.3.1
BAFFLES
IN
PLATES
.
305
13.4.4
RUNNER
AND
CAVITY
PLATE
IN
THREE-PLATE
MOLDS
.
307
13.4.5
LAYOUT
AND
SIZING
OF
COOLING
CHANNELS
IN
MOLD
COMPONENTS
CONTACTING
MOLDED
PRODUCTS
.
310
13.4.5.1
COMPRESSIBILITY
AND
SHRINKAGE
OF
PLASTIC
.
310
13.4.5.2
CAVITY,
CORE,
INSERT,
GATE
PAD,
AND
STRIPPER
COOLING
.
312
13.5
SIZE
AND
NUMBER
OF
SUPPLY
LINES
(HOSES)
.
342
XIV
CONTENTS
13.6
COOLANT
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
A
MOLD
.
343
13.6.1
INTRODUCTION
.
343
13.6.2
CALCULATION
OF
HEAT
INPUT
.
344
13.6.2.1
SPECIFIC
HEAT
.
345
13.6.3
COOLING
REQUIREMENTS
.
346
13.6.4
TEMPERATURE
OF
COOLING
WATER
.
347
13.6.5
DEWPOINT
.
347
13.6.6
QUANTITY
OF
COOLING
WATER
REQUIRED
.
348
13.6.7
EFFICIENCY
OF
COOLING
.
349
13.6.8
COOLING
WATER
SUPPLY
.
350
13.6.8.1
COOLING
TOWERS
.
350
13.6.8.2
CHILLERS
.
351
13.6.8.3
SIZING
OF
CHILLERS
REQUIRED
.
352
13.6.9
SIZE
OF
COOLING
LINES
.
353
REFERENCES
.
353
14
HEAT
EXPANSION
.
355
14.1
VARIABLES
AFFECTING
HEAT
EXPANSION
.
355
14.2
FACTORS
IN
ACCEPTABLE
STRESS
.
358
14.2.1
MATERIAL
SELECTION
.
358
14.2.2
CREATION
OF
A
"
COLD
CLEARANCE
"
.
358
14.3
HEAT
GRADIENT
.
360
14.4
PLATES
.
360
14.4.1
INTERLOCKS
.
361
14.4.2
INDIVIDUAL
ALIGNMENT
OF
CAVITY
STACKS
.
362
14.4.2.1
VERTICAL
SHUT-OFF
.
363
14.5
HOT
RUNNER
MANIFOLDS
.
363
14.5.1
MOLD
TEMPERATURE
.
364
14.5.2
PLASTIC
TEMPERATURE
.
364
14.6
INJECTION
BLOW
MOLDS
.
364
15
STACK
MOLDS
.
367
15.1
THEORY
OF
STACK
MOLDS
.
367
15.2
DEFINITIONS
AND
NOMENCLATURE
.
367
15.3
ARRANGEMENT
.
368
15.4
STROKE
.
368
15.5
SUPPORT
.
369
15.6
CLAMPING
FORCE
.
372
15.7
ASYMMETRICAL
LAYOUTS
.
373
15.8
OTHER
IMPORTANT
MACHINE
AND
MOLD
FEATURES
.
375
15.8.1
SHOT
VOLUME
.
375
15.8.2
RECOVERY
RATE
.
375
15.8.3
INJECTION
RATE
.
375
15.8.4
REPEATABILITY
OF
SHOT
SIZE
AND
PRODUCT
QUALITY
.
375
15.8.5
SPRUE
BREAK
.
375
15.8.6
DECOMPRESSION
OF
THE
HOT PLASTIC
VOLUME
.
376
15.8.7
INJECTION
WITH
OPEN
NOZZLES
.
376
15.8.8
INJECTION
WITH
SHUT-OFF
NOZZLES
.
376
15.8.9
DAY
LIGHT,
SHUT
HEIGHT,
AND
CLAMP
STROKE
.
377
15.8.9.1
DAY
LIGHT
.
377
15.8.9.2
CLAMP
STROKE
LIMITERS
.
378
15.8.9.3
SHUT
HEIGHT
.
378
15.8.9.4
CLAMP
STROKE
.
378
CONTENTS
XV
15.8.10
INJECTION
CARRIAGE
TRAVEL
.
378
15.8.10.1
INJECTION
CARRIAGE
FORWARD
STOP
.
378
15.8.11
PURGE
GUARD
.
378
15.8.12
EJECTION
.
379
15.8.13
CENTER
SECTION
SUPPORTS
.
379
15.8.14
DROP
LIMITERS
.
379
15.8.15
MOLD
BREAK
FORCE
.
380
15.9
RULES
FOR
STACK
MOLD
DESIGN
.
380
15.9.1
CAVITY
LAYOUT
.
380
15.9.2
LENGTH
OF
SPRUE
BAR
.
381
15.9.3
HEATING
OF
SPRUE
BAR
.
382
15.9.4
PROTECTION
FROM
ACCIDENTAL
CONTACT
WITH
SPRUE
BAR
.
382
15.9.5
GUIDING
THE
SPRUE
BAR
.
382
15.9.6
CLAMP
STROKE
.
383
15.9.7
ACTUATION
OF
EJECTION
MECHANISMS
.
383
15.9.7.1
CHAINS
OR
PULL
RODS
.
383
15.9.7.2
EJECTION
SYSTEM
ADDED
TO
STATIONARY
PLATEN
.
383
15.9.7.3
ACTUATING
CYLINDERS
IN
THE
MOLD
PLATE
.
383
15.9.7.4
EJECTION
LINKED
WITH
THE
MOLD
MOVEMENT
.
384
15.9.7.5
TWO-STAGE
EJECTION
.
385
15.10
WATER,
AIR,
AND
POWER
SUPPLY
TO
THE
CENTER
SECTION
.
386
15.10.1
MOLD
SERVICES
.
386
15.11
EXAMPLES
OF
STACK
MOLDS
.
387
SECTION
3
SPECIFIC
SUBJECTS
FOR
THE
MOLD
DESIGNER
16
MOLD
MATERIALS
SPECIFICATIONS
.
393
16.1
MATERIAL
COMPARISONS
.
393
16.2
GUIDELINES
FOR
SELECTION
OF
MOLD
MATERIALS
.
394
16.3
HEAT
TREATING
.
399
16.3.1
STRESS
RELIEVING
.
399
16.3.2
CARBURIZING
.
399
16.3.2.1
DEPTH
OF
PENETRATION
.
399
16.3.2.2
PARTIAL
CARBURIZING
FOR
THIN
SECTIONS
AND
THREADS
.
400
16.3.2.3
WHY
USE
CARBURIZING
STEELS
AT
ALL?
.
400
16.3.3
NITRIDING
.
401
16.3.4
FLAME
HARDENING,
INDUCTION
HARDENING
.
402
16.4
MOLD
FINISHING
.
402
16.4.1
MOLDING
SURFACE
FINISHES
.
402
16.4.2
MOLDING
SURFACE
FINISHING
SYMBOLS
.
402
16.4.3
SPECIAL
TEXTURES
.
403
16.4.3.1
EDM
TEXTURING
.
404
16.4.3.2
EDM
FINISH
.
405
16.4.4
SAND
BLASTING
AND
VAPOR
HONING
.
405
16.4.4.1
SAND
BLASTING
.
406
16.4.4.2
VAPOR
HONING
.
406
16.4.5
POLISHING
AND
BUFFING
.
406
16.4.5.1
WHY
POLISH?
.
406
16.4.5.2
COST
OF
POLISHING
.
407
16.4.5.3
DRAW
POLISH
.
407
16.4.5.4
DIAMOND
GRIT
.
408
16.4.5.5
MEASURING
ROUGHNESS
.
409
XVI
CONTENTS
16.4.5.6
POLISHING
TERMS
AND
SEQUENCES
.
410
16.4.6
NONMOLDING
SURFACE
FINISHING
SPECIFICATIONS
.
411
16.4.6.1
POLISHING
OF
SHARP
COMERS
.
411
17
MOLD
PLATES
.
413
17.1
PURPOSE
AND
MATERIAL
SELECTION
.
413
17.2
DEFLECTION
OF
MOLD
PLATES
.
414
17.3
FORCES
AFFECTING
MOLD
PLATES
.
415
17.4
SIMPLIFIED
CALCULATION
OF
PLATE
DEFLECTION
AND
STRESS
.
416
17.4.1
DEFLECTION
.
416
17.4.2
STRESS
.
416
17.4.3
DESIGN
CHECK
.
417
17.5
GUIDING
OF
MOVING
PLATES
.
418
17.5.1
SUPPORTING
GUIDES
.
418
17.5.2
GUIDING
PLATES
.
419
18
METAL
FATIGUE
.
423
18.1
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
MATERIALS
.
423
18.2
METAL
FATIGUE
.
424
18.2.1
WHAT
IS
FATIGUE?
.
424
18.3
FOUR
BASIC
TYPES
OF
LOADS
.
425
18.3.1
AXIAL
LOAD
.
425
18.3.2
BENDING
LOAD
.
426
18.3.3
SHEAR
LOAD
.
426
18.3.4
TORSIONAL
LOAD
.
426
18.4
LOAD
FLUCTUATION,
SIZE,
AND
DIRECTION
.
427
18.5
FATIGUE
LIFE
CURVES
.
427
18.6
AVOIDING
FATIGUE
FAILURE
IN
MOLDS
.
431
18.6.1
MATERIAL
SELECTION
.
431
18.6.2
FINISHING
.
432
18.6.3
PRODUCT
SHAPE
.
432
18.6.4
STRESS
CONCENTRATIONS
.
432
18.7
EFFECT
OF
HARDNESS
ON
FATIGUE
LIMIT
.
434
18.8
EFFECT
OF
FINISH
.
435
18.9
EFFECT
OF
STRESS
RISERS
ON
FATIGUE
LIMIT
.
436
18.9.1
SECTION
CHANGES
.
436
18.9.2
STRESS
RISERS
IN
COMERS
.
436
18.9.3
TOOL
MARKS
.
436
18.9.4
SPLINES
AND
KEY
WAYS
.
438
18.9.4.1
EXTERNAL
THREADS
OR
SPLINES
AND
SNAP
RING
GROOVES
.
438
18.10
FRETTING
.
440
18.11
WELDING
AND
FATIGUE
.
440
18.12
OTHER
AREAS
AFFECTING
FATIGUE
LIFE
.
440
18.12.1
GRAIN
STRUCTURE
.
440
18.12.2
LOCATION
OF
ENGRAVING
.
441
18.12.3
SHOTPEENING
.
441
18.13
EXAMPLES
OF
FATIGUE
.
441
18.13.1
CAVITY
INSERTS
.
442
18.13.2
DRILLED
HOLES
IN
CAVITIES
.
444
REFERENCES
.
445
CONTENTS
XVII
19
SCREWS
IN
MOLDS
.
447
19.1
THREADED
FASTENERS
.
447
19.2
HOW
SCREWS
WORK
.
447
19.3
TYPES
OF
SCREW
THREADS
BY
METHOD
OF
MANUFACTURE
.
449
19.3.1
ROLLED
THREADS
.
449
19.3.2
CUT
THREADS
.
449
19.4
TYPES
OF
THREAD
PITCH:
FINE
OR
COARSE
THREADS
.
449
19.5
HOLDING
ACTION
AND
PRELOAD
OF
SCREWS
.
450
19.6
INFLUENCE
OF
TEMPERATURE
ON
SCREWS
.
453
19.7
EFFECT
OF
CYCLICAL
LOADS
ON
SCREWS
.
456
19.8
LUBRICATION
OF
SCREWS
.
456
19.9
STEEL
SCREW
STANDARDS
.
457
19.9.1
SCREW
STEEL
PROPERTY
.
457
19.9.2
THREAD
TOLERANCES
FOR
12.9
SCREWS
.
457
19.9.3
LENGTH
OF
THREAD
ENGAGEMENT
.
457
19.9.4
ADDITIONAL
SUGGESTIONS
REGARDING
SCREWS
AND
SCREW
JOINTS
.
458
19.9.4.1
ODD
SCREW
SIZES
.
458
19.9.4.2
DEPTH
OF
COUNTERBORE
.
459
19.9.4.3
SPACE
FOR
WRENCHES
.
459
19.9.4.4
OTHER
SCREW
HEAD
TYPES
.
459
19.9.5
SHOULDER
SCREWS
(STRIPPER
BOLTS)
AND
SET
SCREWS
.
460
19.10
SCREW
DATA
.
461
19.11
SCREWS
AND
STUDS
FOR
ADJUSTMENT
.
466
19.12
SECURING
SCREWS
.
468
19.12.1
LOCKWASHERS
.
468
19.12.2
LOCTITEYY,
PERMAFLEXYY,
ETC
.
468
19.12.3
DEFORMED
THREADS
.
469
19.12.4
WIRING
OF
SCREW
HEADS
.
469
19.12.5
SCREWS
SECURED
BY
PLASTIC
INSERTS
(NYLOKYY,
ETC.)
.
470
19.13
NUTS
.
470
19.13.1
SECURING
NUTS
.
470
19.13.2
COTTER
PINS
.
470
19.13.3
JAM
NUTS
.
470
19.13.4
NUTS
SECURED
BY
PLASTIC
INSERTS
(NYLOKYY,
ETC.)
.
471
19.13.5
OTHER
METHODS
FOR
SECURING
NUTS
.
471
19.13.5.1
LOCTITEYY,
PERMAFLEXYY,
ETC
.
471
19.13.5.2
LOCKWASHERS
.
471
19.13.5.3
TAB
WASHERS
.
471
REFERENCES
.
472
20
MOLD
AND
MOLD
PARTS
HANDLING
.
473
20.1
SAFETY
.
473
20.2
LIFTING
PLATES
.
473
20.2.1
MACHINING
OF
A
MOLD
PART
.
473
20.2.2
LIFTING
HOLES
ON
THE
FACES
OF
A
PLATE
.
475
20.3
EYE
BOLTS
.
476
20.3.1
LIFTING
AND
SLINGING
THEORY
.
476
20.3.2
SLINGING
OF
LOADS
.
478
20.3.3
DO
'
S
AND
DON
'
TS
OF
EYE
BOLT
USAGE
.
479
20.3.4
EXAMPLES
OF
EYE
BOLT
USE
.
480
20.4
LIFT
BARS
.
482
20.5
MOUNTING
OF
MOLD
IN
MACHINE
.
484
20.5.1
LARGER
MOLDS
.
484
XVIII
CONTENTS
20.5.2
QUICK
MOLD
CHANGERS
.
485
20.6
LATCHES
.
485
20.6.1
LATCHES
FOR
MOLD
SERVICING
.
486
21
AIR
AND
OIL-HYDRAULIC
ACTUATORS
.
489
21.1
AIR
CYLINDERS
AND
PISTONS
.
489
21.1.1
SINGLE-ACTING
ACTUATOR
.
489
21.1.2
DOUBLE-ACTING
ACTUATOR
.
490
21.1.3
SPEED
OF
BUILD-UP
OF
FORCE
F
.
490
21.1.4
SEALS
.
492
21.1.5
LOCATION
AND
NUMBER
OF
ACTUATORS
.
493
21.1.6
ALIGNMENT
.
493
21.1.7
FINISH
OF
WALLS
AND
PISTON
ROD
.
493
21.1.8
FORCE
REQUIRED
.
493
21.1.9
EXHAUST
NOISE
.
494
21.1.10
COST
OF
AIR
OPERATION
.
494
21.2
OIL-HYDRAULIC
ACTUATORS
.
495
21.2.1
HYDRAULIC
OIL
LINES
.
496
21.2.2
STROKE
.
496
21.2.3
BLEEDING
OF
AIR
.
496
21.2.4
INTERFACE
WITH
THE
MOLDING
MACHINE
.
496
21.3
MOLD
SAFETY
.
496
22
RULES
AND
CALCULATIONS
FOR
DESIGNERS
.
499
22.1
PROJECTED
AREA
(A
PP
)
OF
PRODUCT
.
499
22.2
SHUT-OFF
AREA
OF
STEEL
(A
SS
)
.
500
22.3
CLAMPING
FORCE
F
C
.
501
22.4
FATIGUE
.
501
22.5
COMPRESSION
OF
STACK
.
502
22.6
HOOP
STRESSES
AND
CAVITY
EXPANSION
.
503
22.7
SPRINGS
.
506
22.8
WEDGES
.
506
22.9
MISCELLANEOUS
CALCULATIONS
.
507
22.9.1
DIMENSIONING
OVER
ROLLERS
OR
BALLS
.
507
22.9.2
DETENT
.
508
22.10
HEAT
CONDUCTIVITY
.
508
22.10.1
HEAT
EXPANSION
.
509
22.11
SPECIFIC
HEAT
.
509
22.12
WATTAGE
PER
LENGTH
OF
HEATER
.
511
22.12.1
TUBULAR
HEATERS
.
511
22.12.2
CARTRIDGE
HEATERS
.
511
22.12.3
HEAT
INPUT
(IN
W)
PER
MASS
OF
THE
HOT
RUNNER
MANIFOLD
.
511
22.13
FREQUENTLY
USED
CONVERSION
FACTORS
.
511
22.14
PRELOAD
OF
TAPER
FITS
.
514
22.14.1
PURPOSE
OF
TAPER
IN
MOLDS
.
514
22.14.2
PURPOSE
OF
PRELOADS
IN
TAPERS
.
515
22.14.3
WEDGES
AND
SHUT-OFFS
.
519
22.15
HOW
TO
DIMENSION
TAPERS
.
521
22.15.1
EXTERNAL
TAPERS
.
521
22.15.2
INTERNAL
TAPERS
.
521
22.15.3
ANGLED
SURFACES
.
522
22.15.4
CONSTRUCTION
(CHECKING)
BALLS
.
523
22.16
FATIGUE
IN
STRIPPER
RINGS
OR
ANY
PRELOADED
TAPER
.
524
CONTENTS
XIX
22.16.1
STRIPPER
RING
.
524
22.16.2
SELF-LOCKING
OF
TAPERS
.
525
22.16.3
STRESSES
.
526
22.16.3.1
CONTACT
STRESS
S
C
.
526
22.16.4
EFFECT
ON
PRELOAD
BY
GRINDING
OF
THE
TAPER
.
527
22.17
CHAMFERS
AND
RADII
.
528
22.17.1
GENERAL
INFORMATION
.
528
22.17.2
SPECIFYING
CHAMFERS
.
529
22.17.3
SPECIFYING
RADII
.
529
22.17.4
RADII
IN
COMERS
.
530
22.17.5
HEELS
.
531
22.18 O-RING
SEAL
INSTALLATION
.
531
22.19
DRILLING
IN
MOLDS
.
532
22.19.1
TWISTDRILLS
.
532
22.19.1.1
ACCURACY
OF
HOLE
LOCATION
AND
DIAMETER
.
533
22.19.1.2
COOLING
OF
THE
CUTTING
EDGES
.
533
22.19.1.3
LENGTH
OF
DRILLED
HOLES
.
534
22.19.1.4
GUIDING
OF
THE
DRILL
POINT
.
534
22.19.1.5
FINISH
OF
BORE
.
534
22.19.1.6
TWIST
DRILL
MATERIALS
.
534
22.19.1.7
ADVANTAGES
AND
DISADVANTAGES
OF
TWIST-DRILLED
HOLES
.
535
22.19.1.8
AVAILABILITY
OF
TWIST
DRILL
SIZES
.
535
22.19.2
DEEP
HOLE
DRILLING
(GUN
DRILLS)
.
535
22.19.2.1
GUN
DRILL
MATERIAL
.
535
22.19.2.2
CUTTING
EDGE
OF
THE
DRILL
.
536
22.19.2.3
POSITIONING
THE
DRILL
.
536
22.19.2.4
DIAMETER
AND
LENGTH
OF
GUN
DRILLS
.
538
22.19.2.5
COOLING
OF
CUTTING
EDGE
.
538
22.19.2.6
HARD
SPOTS
IN
MATERIAL
.
538
22.19.2.7
EFFECTS
OF
WANDERING
OF
DRILL
.
539
22.19.2.8
FINISH
OF
DEEP
HOLE
DRILLED
CHANNELS
.
539
22.19.2.9
SUGGESTIONS
FOR
THE
DESIGN
OF
DEEP
HOLES
.
539
22.19.3
DRILLING
OF
COOLING
AND
AIR
CHANNELS
IN
MOLDS
.
540
22.19.3.1
CROSS
DRILLING
.
541
22.19.3.2
BAFFLES
FOR
COOLING
FLOW
.
541
22.19.3.3
PLUGGING
OF
COOLANT
CHANNELS
.
543
22.19.3.4
DISTANCE
OF
WATERLINES
FROM
HOLES
AND
SURFACES
.
544
22.19.3.5
DIMENSIONING
OF
DRILLED
BORES
.
545
REFERENCES
.
546
PART
II
MOLD
PERFORMANCE
23
MOLD
PERFORMANCE
AND
MOLD
LIFE
.
549
REFERENCES
.
551
24
FREQUENTLY
ASKED
QUESTIONS
ABOUT
MOLD
PERFORMANCE
.
553
24.1
WHAT
IS
THE
LIFE
EXPECTANCY
OF
A
MOLD?
.
553
24.1.1
PRODUCT
OBSOLESCENCE
.
553
24.1.2
MOLD
OBSOLESCENCE
.
553
24.2
WHAT
AFFECTS
PHYSICAL
MOLD
LIFE?
.
554
24.2.1
MECHANICAL
COMPONENTS
.
554
24.2.2
ELECTRICAL
COMPONENTS
.
555
XX
CONTENTS
24.3
WHAT
IS
THE
DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN
PRODUCTION,
PRODUCTIVITY,
AND
EFFICIENCY?
.
555
24.3.1
PRODUCTION
.
555
24.3.2
PRODUCTIVITY
.
556
24.3.3
EFFICIENCY
.
556
24.4
HOW
DOES
PERFORMANCE
AFFECT
THE
COST
OF
A
MOLDED
PRODUCT?
.
557
24.4.1
COST
OF
THE
PLASTIC
.
558
24.4.2
POWER,
WATER,
AND
COMPRESSED
AIR
COSTS
.
558
24.4.3
DIRECT
LABOR
COSTS
REQUIRED
TO
MAKE
A
PRODUCT
.
559
24.4.4
MOLD
COST
.
561
24.4.5
MACHINE
(HOUR)
COST
.
562
24.4.6
MAINTENANCE
COST
.
564
24.4.7
FIXED
PLANT
COSTS
.
564
25
CYCLE
TIME
.
565
25.1
EFFECT
OF
PRODUCT
DESIGN
.
565
25.1.1
WALL
THICKNESS
T
.
565
25.1.2
UNIFORMITY
OF
WALLS
.
565
25.1.3
FEASIBILITY
OF
GOOD
COOLING
PROVIDED
TO
ALL
PRODUCT
AREAS
.
565
25.2
EFFECT
OF
MOLD
DESIGN
.
566
25.2.1
HEAT
EXCHANGE
.
566
25.2.2
PLASTIC
DISTRIBUTION
.
566
25.2.3
VENTING
.
566
25.2.4
EJECTION
.
566
25.3
EFFECT
OF
MACHINE
SIZE
SELECTION
.
567
25.4
EFFECT
OF
MOLDING
MATERIAL
(PLASTIC)
.
567
25.4.1
VISCOSITY
.
567
25.4.2
CRYSTALLINITY
.
567
25.4.3
STOCK
TEMPERATURE
.
568
25.4.4
HEAT
CONDUCTIVITY
.
568
25.4.5
SOURCES
OF
PLASTIC
.
568
25.5
EFFECT
OF
PRODUCT
TEMPERATURE
AT
EJECTION
.
569
25.5.1
STRESSES
IN
THE
PRODUCT
.
569
25.5.2
STRIPPING
OF
UNDERCUTS
OR
THREADS
.
569
25.6
EFFECT
OF
INJECTION
(FILLING)
SPEED
.
570
25.6.1
MACHINE
CAPABILITY
.
570
25.6.2
TYPE
OF
PLASTIC
.
570
25.6.3
PRODUCT
DESIGN
.
570
25.6.4
MOLD
DESIGN
.
570
25.7
INJECTION
CAPACITY
.
572
25.7.1
PLASTICIZING
CAPACITY
.
572
25.7.1.1
RS
MACHINES
.
572
25.7.1.2
P
MACHINES
.
573
25.7.1.3
SELECTION
OF
EXTRUDER
SIZE
.
573
25.7.2
SHOT
SIZE
AND
NUMBER
OF
CAVITIES
.
573
25.7.2.1
NUMBER
OF
CAVITIES
.
574
25.7.2.2
PRESSURE
DROP
.
574
25.7.2.3
SHOT
CAPACITY
.
575
25.7.2.4
FLOW
MOLDING
.
575
25.8
EJECTION
TIMING
.
575
25.9
LENGTH
OF
CLAMP
STROKE
.
576
25.10
MOLD
COOLING
.
576
25.10.1
COOLING
EFFICIENCY
.
577
25.10.1.1
TEMPERATURE
DIFFERENTIAL
(AT)
BETWEEN
PLASTIC
AND
COOLANT
.
577
CONTENTS
XXI
25.10.1.2
DISTANCE
HEAT
MUST
TRAVEL
FROM
HOT
PLASTIC
TO
COOLANT
CHANNELS
.
577
25.10.1.3
HEAT
CONDUCTIVITY
OF
MOLD
MATERIALS
.
577
25.10.1.4
DIRT
IN
COOLANT
AND
CORROSION
.
578
25.10.1.5
SPECIFIC
HEAT
OF
THE
COOLANT
.
578
25.10.1.6
FLOW
CHARACTERISTIC
OF
COOLANT
INSIDE
CHANNELS
.
579
25.10.1.7
VOLUME
OF
COOLANT
PER
UNIT
OF
TIME
.
580
26
WALL
THICKNESS
.
583
26.1
INJECTION
PRESSURE
.
583
26.1.1
INJECTION
PRESSURE
BEHIND
THE
MACHINE
NOZZLE
.
583
26.1.2
ACTUAL
PRESSURE
INSIDE
THE
CAVITY
SPACE
.
584
26.2
FLOW
LENGTH
.
585
26.3
CLAMP
FORCE
.
587
26.4
MELT
INDEX
.
588
26.5
SHRINKAGE
.
591
26.5.1
WALL
THICKNESS
AND
SHRINKAGE
.
591
26.6
COOLING
TIME
.
592
26.6.1
THIN
WALLS
.
592
26.6.2
HEAVY
WALLS
.
593
26.7
CORE
SHIFT
.
593
26.7.1
INACCURACIES
IN
MACHINING
.
594
26.7.2
MULTIPLE
GATES
.
594
26.7.3
CORE
DEFLECTION
.
594
26.7.4
CORE
SUPPORT
.
595
26.7.5
QUALITY
OF
ALIGNMENT
FEATURES
.
595
26.7.6
WEDGE
LOCK
.
596
26.7.7
OTHER
FACTORS
AFFECTING
CORE
SHIFT
.
596
REFERENCES
.
596
27
PRODUCT
SIZE
AND
SHAPE
.
597
27.1
SHRINKAGE
ALLOWANCE
.
597
27.2
MOLDING
MATERIAL
.
598
27.3
OPERATING
CONDITIONS
.
598
27.4
ACCURACY
OF
MOLD
.
598
27.5
MOLD
COOLING
.
599
28
CRYSTALLINITY
.
601
28.1
PROPERTIES
OF
INJECTION
MOLDING
GRADE
PLASTICS
.
601
28.2
EFFECT
OF
COOLING
ON
CRYSTALLINE
MATERIALS
.
603
28.3
PRACTICAL
EFFECT
OF
DISTRIBUTION
BETWEEN
AMORPHOUS
AND
CRYSTALLINE
LAYERS
.
604
28.4
MELTING
POINT
(T
M
)
AND
GLASS
TRANSITION
POINT
(T
G
)
.
604
28.5
PET
PREFORM
MOLDING
.
606
28.6
DRYING
OF
PLASTIC
.
606
REFERENCES
.
606
29
MOLD
FORCES
.
607
29.1
CLAMPING
FORCES
.
607
29.2
SCREW
FORCES
.
609
29.3
MOLD
OPENING
FORCES
.
610
29.4
EJECTION
FORCES
.
610
29.4.1
TENSION
.
610
29.4.2
COMPRESSION
.
611
XXII
CONTENTS
29.4.3
DEFLECTION
.
612
29.4.3.1
EJECTOR
PLATE
DEFLECTION
.
612
29.4.3.2
STRIPPER
PLATE
DEFLECTION
.
613
29.4.4
TORSION
.
614
29.5
INJECTION
FORCES
.
615
29.5.1
HYDRAULIC
FORCES
.
615
29.5.2
COMPRESSION
.
616
29.5.3
TENSION
.
616
29.5.4
DEFLECTION
.
617
29.6
SHEAR
FORCES
.
617
29.7
FORCES
CAUSED
BY
UNEQUAL
MOLD
COOLING
.
618
29.7.1
HEAT
EXPANSION
.
618
29.7.2
HOT
RUNNER
COMPONENTS
.
619
29.8
INJECTION
UNIT
FORCE
.
619
29.9
EFFECT
OF
SURFACE
DEFINITION
.
620
30
PRELOAD
.
623
30.1
WHAT
IS
PRELOAD?
.
623
30.2
CLAMP
FORCE
.
624
30.3
FORCES
ON
SIDE
CORES
.
627
30.3.1
FORCES
MOVING
SIDE
CORES
IN
AND
OUT
.
627
30.3.2
FORCES
HOLDING
SIDE
CORES
AGAINST
PLASTIC
PRESSURE
DURING
INJECTION
.
627
30.3.2.1
WEDGES
.
627
30.3.2.2
HYDRAULIC
ACTUATORS
.
628
30.3.3
PRELOAD
ON
A
SIDE
CORE
.
628
30.4
MOLD
FORCES
AT
RIGHT
ANGLES
TO
CLAMP
FORCE
.
630
30.5
INSERTED
CAVITIES
.
631
30.6
ONE-PIECE
(MODULAR)
CAVITIES
.
631
30.7
COMPOSITE
CAVITIES
.
632
30.8
SIDE
SPLIT
CAVITIES
.
634
30.8.1
MUG
WITH
HANDLE
.
635
30.8.1.1
DETERMINING
PRELOAD
.
637
30.8.1.2
CALCULATING
PRELOAD
IN
WEDGES
.
638
30.8.1.3
SHIMS
.
638
30.8.1.4
STRESSES
AND
DEFLECTION
IN
SIDE
CAVITIES
.
639
30.8.2
CRATE
MOLD
.
644
30.8.3
PAIL
MOLD
.
645
30.8.3.1
HOOP
STRESS
AND
CAVITY
EXPANSION
.
648
30.9
PRELOAD
IN
SCREWS
.
650
30.9.1
SHOULDER
SCREWS
.
650
30.9.2
MOLD
MOUNTING
SCREWS
.
651
30.9.3
MOLD
CLAMPS
.
651
31
WEAR
AND
LUBRICATION
.
653
31.1
WEAR
CAUSED
BY
RESIN
ACTION
.
653
31.1.1
ABRASION
.
653
31.1.2
CORROSION
.
654
31.2
CORROSION
CAUSED
BY
COOLANT
.
655
31.3
CORROSION
CAUSED
BY
ATMOSPHERE
.
656
31.4
WEAR
OF
TAPERS
.
656
31.5
LUBRICATION
IN
MOLDS
.
657
31.5.1
LEADER
PINS,
BALL
BEARINGS,
AND
BUSHINGS
.
658
31.5.2
PRESSURE
OR
CENTRAL
LUBRICATION
.
658
CONTENTS
XXIII
31.6
SPECIAL
SURFACE
TREATMENTS
TO
REDUCE
WEAR
.
659
31.6.1
HARD
CHROME
PLATING
.
659
31.6.2
NITRIDING
(HARD
OR
SOFT)
.
659
31.6.3
OTHER
COATINGS
.
659
32
HOBBING-IN
OF
MOLD
PARTS
.
661
32.1
HOBBING
.
661
32.2
TOPICAL
AREAS
SUBJECT
TO
UNDESIRED
HOBBING-IN
.
662
32.3
CONTROL
OF
HOBBING
.
662
32.3.1
STEEL
SELECTION
.
662
32.3.2
SIZE
OF
THE
CONTACT
AREA
.
663
32.3.2.1
VENTING
.
663
32.3.2.2
DIRT
ON
THE
PARTING
LINE
.
663
32.3.2.3
PARTING
LINE
STOPS
.
664
32.4
TAPER
LOCKS
.
664
32.5
SUPPORT
OF
MOLD
PLATES
.
664
32.6
SUPPORT
OF
CAVITIES,
CORES,
AND
OTHER
INSERTS
ON
MOLD
PLATES
.
666
32.7
INFLUENCE
OF
ELEVATED
TEMPERATURES
.
666
GLOSSARY
OF
MOLDING
TERMINOLOGY
.
667
TIME
ELEMENTS
IN
A
MOLDING
CYCLE
.
667
MOLD
OPERATING
TERMINOLOGY
.
668
INDEX
.
673 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Rees, Herbert |
| author_facet | Rees, Herbert |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Rees, Herbert |
| author_variant | h r hr |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV014214101 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TP1150 |
| callnumber-raw | TP1150 |
| callnumber-search | TP1150 |
| callnumber-sort | TP 41150 |
| callnumber-subject | TP - Chemical Technology |
| classification_rvk | ZM 8160 |
| classification_tum | CIT 735f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)49326838 (DE-599)BVBBV014214101 |
| dewey-full | 668.4/12 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 668 - Technology of other organic products |
| dewey-raw | 668.4/12 |
| dewey-search | 668.4/12 |
| dewey-sort | 3668.4 212 |
| dewey-tens | 660 - Chemical engineering |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Werkstoffwissenschaften Chemie-Ingenieurwesen Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV014214101 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-22T00:34:27Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3446216596 1569903220 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009745899 |
| oclc_num | 49326838 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-92 DE-12 DE-210 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-1050 DE-1046 DE-29T DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-92 DE-12 DE-210 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-1050 DE-1046 DE-29T DE-83 |
| physical | XXIII, 688 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2002 |
| publishDateSearch | 2002 |
| publishDateSort | 2002 |
| publisher | Hanser [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Rees, Herbert Verfasser aut Mold engineering Herbert Rees 2. ed. Munich [u.a.] Hanser [u.a.] 2002 XXIII, 688 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Plastics Molding Plastics Molds Kunststoffverarbeitung (DE-588)4114335-8 gnd rswk-swf Thermoplast (DE-588)4059844-5 gnd rswk-swf Spritzgießen (DE-588)4056561-0 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Spritzgießen (DE-588)4056561-0 s Thermoplast (DE-588)4059844-5 s DE-604 Kunststoffverarbeitung (DE-588)4114335-8 s 1\p DE-604 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009745899&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Rees, Herbert Mold engineering Plastics Molding Plastics Molds Kunststoffverarbeitung (DE-588)4114335-8 gnd Thermoplast (DE-588)4059844-5 gnd Spritzgießen (DE-588)4056561-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4114335-8 (DE-588)4059844-5 (DE-588)4056561-0 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Mold engineering |
| title_auth | Mold engineering |
| title_exact_search | Mold engineering |
| title_full | Mold engineering Herbert Rees |
| title_fullStr | Mold engineering Herbert Rees |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mold engineering Herbert Rees |
| title_short | Mold engineering |
| title_sort | mold engineering |
| topic | Plastics Molding Plastics Molds Kunststoffverarbeitung (DE-588)4114335-8 gnd Thermoplast (DE-588)4059844-5 gnd Spritzgießen (DE-588)4056561-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Plastics Molding Plastics Molds Kunststoffverarbeitung Thermoplast Spritzgießen Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009745899&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT reesherbert moldengineering |