Trace element speciation for environment, food and health:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge
2001
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXVI, 391 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0854044590 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Trace element speciation for environment, food and health |c ed. by Les Ebdon ... RSC Royal Society of Chemistry |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Nutritional Requirements | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Trace Elements |x adverse effects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Trace Elements |x analysis | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Trace Elements |x deficiency | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: Trace element speciation for environment, food and health
Autor: Ebdon, Les
Jahr: 2001
Contents
Foreword v
Philippe Quevauviller
IUPAC Definitions for Terms Related to Chemical Speciation
and Fractionation of Elements ix
Rita Cornells
List of Abbreviations xxiii
Contributors xxv
General Aspects
Chapter 1 Accuracy and Traceability in Speciation Analysis 3
Philippe Quevauviller
1 Introduction 3
2 Accuracy 4
3 The Traceability Concept as Applied to Speciation 5
3.1 Stated References for Speciation Analysis 6
3.1.1 Generalities 6
3.1.2 CRMs as Stated References 6
3.1.3 Reference to Well-defined Species 7
3.1.4 Reference Methods 8
3.2 Significance of the Unbroken Chain of Comparisons for
Speciation 9
3.2.1 Traceability Links 9
3.2.2 Extraction Recoveries 9
3.2.3 A Particular Case - Distillation 9
3.2.4 Derivatisation Yields 10
3.2.5 Separation 11
3.2.6 Detection 12
3.2.7 Calibration 13
3.3 Measurement Uncertainties 13
3.4 Conclusions 14
4 References 15
xii Contents
Chapter 2 Quality Control in Speciation Analysis 17
Erwin Rosenberg and Freek Ariese
1 Introduction 17
2 General Aspects of Quality Control in Speciation Analysis 20
3 Sampling, Conservation and Storage 20
4 Subsampling 22
5 Extraction/Digestion 23
6 Derivatisation 26
7 Separation 32
8 Detection 34
9 Calibration 35
10 Calculation of Results and Reporting 39
11 Achieving Quality in Speciation Analysis on a Daily Basis 41
12 Conclusions 46
13 References 46
Chapter 3 Sample Treatment and Storage in Speciation Analysis 51
J.L. Gomez-Ariza, E. Morales, I. Girdldez, and D. Sdnchez-Rodas
1 Introduction 51
2 Sample Treatment 53
2.1 Species Pre-treatment and Extraction 53
2.2 Solvent Extraction Procedures 54
2.2.1 Organotin Species 54
2.2.2 Organolead Species 55
2.2.3 Organomercury Species 55
2.2.4 Organoarsenic and Organoantimony Species 56
2.2.5 Organoselenium Species 56
2.3 Basic and Enzymatic Hydrolysis 57
2.4 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) 58
2.5 Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) 58
2.6 Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) for Species Separation and
Pre-concentration 59
2.6.1 Chelating Sorbents 59
2.6.2 Columns and Cartridges 60
2.7 Derivatization 61
2.7.1 Hydride Generation 61
2.7.2 Alkylation Reactions 63
2.7.3 Aqueous Alkylation 64
2.8 Fast Extraction Methods 65
2.8.1 Microwave-assisted Sample Preparation 65
2.8.2 Solid Phase Micro-extraction (SPME) 66
2.8.3 Fully Automated Systems for Speciation 67
2.8.4 Other Fast Methods 67
2.9 Speciation of Volatile Species 68
3 Sample Preservation and Storage 69
Contents xjjj
3.1 Mercury Species 69
3.2 Arsenic Species 70
3.3 Selenium Species 72
Acknowledgement 72
4 References 72
Chapter 4 Aspects of the Threshold Limit Concept 81
Bernd Neidhart
1 Introduction 81
2 Analytical Aspects 83
2.1 Importance of Speciation 83
2.2 Sampling 83
2.2.1 Time-dependent Inhomogeneous Populations 84
2.2.2 Spatially Inhomogeneous Populations 84
2.3 Analytical Quality Criteria 85
3 Legal Aspects 85
3.1 General View 86
3.2 Legal Reasoning for TLVs 86
3.3 Legal Reasoning and Analytical Reality 87
3.4 Legal Certainty 87
3.5 More Rapid Judgement 88
3.6 Public Acceptance 88
4 Suggestions for Dealing with TLVs 89
5 Conclusion 91
6 References 92
Chapter 5 Considerations of the Legislative Aspects of the Data Quality
Requirements in Trace Element Analysis 93
Roger Wood and Helen Crews
1 Introduction 93
2 Legislative Requirements 93
2.1 The European Union 94
2.1.1 The Council Directive on the Official Control of
Foodstuffs 94
2.1.2 Directive on Additional Measures Concerning the
Control of Foodstuffs 94
2.2 Codex Alimentarius Commission 95
2.2.1 Guidelines for the Assessment of the Competence of
Testing Laboratories Involved in the Import and Export
Control of Foods 95
2.2.2 CAC Criteria for Laboratories Involved in the Import
and Export Control of Foods 96
3 An Example of National Requirements for Food Chemical
Surveillance 97
3.1 UK Food Standards Agency Surveillance Requirements 97
xiv Contents
3.2 Consequence of the Legislative Requirements 97
4 IUPAC/ISO/AOAC Internal Quality Control (IQC) Guidelines 98
4.1 Quantitative Chemical Analysis 98
5 Harmonised Guidelines for the Use of Recovery Information in
Analytical Measurement 99
6 In-House Method Validation 99
6.1 Existing In-House Method Validation Protocols and
Measurement Uncertainty Standards/Guides 100
7 Criteria Approach For Evaluating Acceptable Methods of
Analysis for Codex Purposes 101
7.1 Method Criteria 102
8 Conclusions 103
9 References 103
Appendix: Example of Application of Criteria 105
Environment
Chapter 6 Metal Speciation for Improved Environmental Management 115
O. F. X. Donard
1 The Occurrence and Importance of Metal Species in the Environment 115
2 Analytical Responses and Legislative Implications 117
3 Existing Analytical Responses and Current Needs 120
4 Current Status and Future Needs 124
5 References 126
Chapter 7 Mercury - Do We Know Enough? 127
Milena Horvat
1 Introduction 127
2 Chronology of Mercury Investigation 127
3 The Role of Analytical Chemistry 129
4 Mercury as a Global Pollutant 131
5 The Mercury Cycle 132
6 Mercury Toxicity 134
7 What is Safe? 138
8 Conclusions 139
9 References 139
Chapter 8 Organotin Compounds in the Environment Still a Critical Issue 142
O. F. X. Donard, G. Lespes, D. Amouroux and R. Morabito
1 General Background 142
2 Organotins in Industrial and Domestic Products 144
3 Occurrence of Organotins in the Environment 146
3.1 Environmental Behaviour of Organotin Compounds 146
3.1.1 Marine Environments 146
Contents xv
3.1.2 Freshwater and Terrestrial Environments 149
3.2 Organotin Compounds in Marine Environments and Related
Questions 150
3.3 Organotins in Freshwater and Terrestrial Ecosystems 155
4 Increasing Awareness of Biological Effects of Organotin Compounds 158
5 Critical Considerations with Respect to Determination and
Environmental Monitoring Strategies 160
5.1 Sample Preparation 160
5.1.1 Sample Treatment 160
5.1.2 Extraction 161
5.1.3 Derivatisation 162
5.2 Sample Collection 163
5.2.1 Sampling 163
5.2.2 Choice of Samples 164
5.2.3 Number of Samples 165
5.2.4 Sample Collection 165
5.2.5 Spatial Variability 165
5.2.6 Temporal Variability 166
5.2.7 Sample Storage 166
6 Environmental Policies and Regulations 167
6.1 Policy Evolution 167
6.2 Industrial Responses 167
7 Conclusions 168
Acknowledgement 170
8 References 170
Chapter 9 An Environmental Case History of the Platinum Group Metals 176
Sebastien Rauch and Gregory M. Morrison
1 Introduction 176
2 Natural Occurrence 176
3 Uses of Platinum Group Metals 177
4 Platinum Group Metal Research 178
5 The Analytical Challenge 179
6 Speciation of Platinum Emission 180
7 Platinum Speciation in the Environment 181
8 Platinum Group Metals in Man 183
9 Future Research 185
10 References 185
Chapter 10 Speciation in the Frame of Environmental Bio-monitoring -
Challenges for Analytical and Environmental Sciences 188
Hendrik Emons
1 Environmental Bio-monitoring 88
2 Bio-indicator Matrices 189
3 Total Procedures for Speciation 190
xvi Contents
4 Future Needs 193
Acknowledgement 194
5 References 195
Chapter 11 Arsenic Speciation in the Environment 196
Peter Fodor
1 General 196
2 Arsenic Sources 196
3 Arsenic in Soils and Sediments 198
3.1 Soils 198
3.2 Sediments 199
4 Microbial Activity 199
5 Arsenic in the Atmosphere 201
6 Arsenic in Natural Waters 202
7 Terrestrial Organisms 204
7.1 Plants 204
7.2 Animals, Humans 205
8 Marine Environment 206
8.1 Seawater 206
8.2 Marine Sediment 206
8.3 Marine Algae 207
8.4 Marine Animals 207
9 References 207
Chapter 12 Rapid Tests - A Convenient Tool for Sample Screening with
Regard to Element Speciation 211
Martina Unger-Heumann
1 Introduction 211
2 Definition of Rapid Test 211
3 Reasons for the Use of Rapid Tests 214
4 Rapid Tests for Element Speciation 215
4.1 Nitrogen 215
4.2 Phosphorus 215
4.3 Sulfur 216
4.4 Chlorine 216
4.5 Chromium 217
4.6 Iron 217
5 Fields of Application 217
5.1 Environmental Analysis 217
5.2 Food Analysis 219
6 Conclusion 219
7 References 219
Contents xvii
Food
Chapter 13 The Importance of Trace Element Speciation in Food Issues 223
Helen M. Crews
1 Introduction 223
2 Bioavailability 223
2.1 Iron 224
2.2 Selenium 224
2.3 Arsenic 225
2.4 Tin 225
2.4.1 Tributyltin from Industrial Activity in the Food Chain 225
3 Requirements for Better Risk Assessment of Dietary Trace Elements 226
4 Analytical Requirements 226
5 Conclusions 227
6 References 227
Chapter 14 Trace Metal Speciation - A View from Inside the Food
Industry 228
Simon Branch
1 Introduction 228
2 Reasons for Speciation in Industry 229
2.1 Legislation Based on Speciation 229
2.2 Dietary Supplementation and Fortification of Foods 229
2.3 Existing Speciation Measurements 230
3 Conclusion 230
4 References 231
Chapter 15 Trace Element Speciation in Food: A Tool to Assure
Food Safety and Nutritional Quality 232
Peter Van Dael
1 Introduction 232
2 Speciation and Food Safety 233
2.1 Arsenic 233
2.2 Chromium 234
2.3 Mercury 235
3 Speciation and Nutritional Food Quality 235
3.1 Selenium 236
4 Conclusion 237
5 References 238
Chapter 16 Arsenic Intake in the Basque Country (Spain): A Real
Need for Speciation 241
/. Urieta, M. Jalon and M. L. Macho
1 Introduction ~
xviii Contents
2 Dietary Intake of Total Arsenic 244
3 Inorganic Arsenic Intake of Average Consumers 245
4 Theoretical Intake of Inorganic Arsenic of Extreme Fish Consumers 246
5 Dietary Intake of Total and Inorganic Arsenic: 1996-1998 247
6 Conclusions 249
7 References 249
Chapter 17 Trace Element Speciation and International Food
Legislation - A Codex Alimentarius Position Paper on
Arsenic as a Contaminant 251
Erik H. Larsen and Torsten Berg
1 Introduction - What is a Codex Position Paper? 251
2 Position Paper on Arsenic 252
2.1 Occurrence of Arsenic in Food 252
2.2 Toxicological Evaluations 253
2.3 Analytical Data 254
2.4 Intake Data 255
2.5 Potential Health Risks 256
2.6 Fair Trade Considerations 257
2.7 Conclusions and Recommendations 257
3 References 258
Chapter 18 The Need for Speciation to Realise the Potential of
Selenium in Disease Prevention 261
Sven Moesgaard and Richard Morrill
1 Introduction 261
2 Historical Background of Selenium 262
2.1 Recognition as an Essential Trace Element 262
2.2 Anti-carcinogenic Agent 263
2.2.1 Animal Studies 263
2.2.2 Human Studies 264
3 Clinical Intervention Trials 264
3.1 Linxian Study 264
3.2 Clark Study 264
3.3 Bonelli Study 266
3.4 Summary 268
4 The PRECISE Trial 268
5 Species of Selenium in Foodstuffs and Dietary Supplements 268
5.1 Selenium in Foodstuffs 268
5.2 Selenium in Dietary Supplements 269
5.3 Selenium in Body Fluids and Tissues 270
6 Selenium Metabolism in Humans and Animals 271
6.1 Adsorption 271
6.2 Transport 271
6.3 Storage 272
Contents xix
6.4 Elimination 272
7 Selenium Intake Levels 272
7.1 Safe and Adequate Levels 273
7.2 Recommended Levels 273
7.3 Upper Safety Levels 273
8 Uptake Variability of Selenium Species 273
9 Speciation of Selenium 277
9.1 Selenium in Foodstuffs 277
9.2 Selenium in Dietary Supplements 277
9.3 Selenium in Body Fluids And Tissues 278
9.4 Methods of Speciation 278
9.5 Pharmaceutical Quality Control 279
10 Public Health Implications of a Positive Population Study 279
10.1 Fortification of Foodstuffs and Feedstuffs 280
10.2 Enrichment of Fertilizers 280
10.3 Selenium Tablets (Dietary Supplement or Drug) 281
11 Need for Research and Legislation/Regulation 281
12 Conclusion 282
13 References 282
Health
Chapter 19 The Importance of Speciation of Trace Elements in Health
Issues 287
Rita Cornells
1 Introduction 287
2 Biological Monitoring of Trace Element Species by Measuring
Biomarkers of Exposure 288
3 The Study of Trace Element Kinetics in the Body Due to Industrial
Exposure and the Dependency on the Chemical Form of Exposure 289
4 Identification of the Chemical Form of the Species That Will Become
the Basis of Toxicity Studies 292
5 Conclusions 296
6 References 296
Chapter 20 Occupational Health and Speciation Using Nickel and
Nickel Compounds as an Example 297
Sally Pugh Williams
1 Introduction 297
2 Sources of Exposure to Nickel 298
3 Is it all NickePNICKEL ? 30°
4 Nickel and Health 301
5 Nickel and Respiratory Cancer 302
6 Occupational Exposure Limits for Nickel 303
7 Air Monitoring and Biological Monitoring for Nickel 304
xx Contents
8 Conclusion 306
9 References 306
Chapter 21 Surface Structure and Speciation of Metal Aerosols:
A Key to the Understanding of Their Biological Effects 308
Markku Huvinen
1 Introduction 308
2 Ferrochromium Production 308
2.1 Production Process 309
2.2 Exposure 309
3 Production of Stainless Steel 309
3.1 Production Process 310
3.2 Exposure 311
4 Health Effects 312
4.1 Chromium 312
4.2 Stainless Steel 313
5 Health Effects in the Production Chain of Ferrochromium and
Stainless Steel 313
6 Conclusions and Research Needs 313
7 References 314
Chapter 22 The Importance of Chromium in Occupational Health 315
Grant Darrie
1 Introduction 315
2 Occurrence, Production and Use 315
2.1 The Redox Chemistry of Chromium 316
2.2 Chromium Metallurgy 316
2.3 Chromium in Refractories 317
3 Chromium Chemicals 317
3.1 Hexavalent Chromium 318
3.1.1 Chromates 318
3.1.2 Dichromates 318
3.1.3 Chromic Acid 319
3.2 Tetravalent Chromium 320
3.3 Trivalent Chromium 320
3.3.1 Chromic Sulfate 320
3.3.2 Chromic Oxide 321
3.3.3 Complexes 321
4 Toxicity 322
4.1 Occupational 322
4.2 Hexavalent Chromium 322
4.3 Carcinogenicity 324
4.4 Genotoxcity 327
4.5 Trivalent Chromium 327
5 Behaviour of Chromium in the Body 328
Contents xxj
6 Conclusion 328
7 References 328
Chapter 23 Speciation Related to Human Health 331
Ridnsares Munoz-OHvas and Carmen Cdmara
1 Introduction 331
2 Usefulness of Samples 333
2.1 Blood 333
2.2 Urine 333
2.3 Hair 333
2.4 Human Milk 334
3 Main Analytes and Species 334
3.1 Essential Trace Elements 334
3.1.1 Copper 334
3.1.2 Selenium 335
3.1.3 Zinc 337
3.1.4 Iron 338
3.2 Probably Essential Trace Elements 338
3.2.1 Nickel 338
3.2.2 Vanadium 339
3.2.3 Cobalt 339
3.3 Potentially Toxic Trace Elements 339
3.3.1 Aluminium 339
3.3.2 Arsenic 341
3.3.3 Cadmium 342
3.3.4 Lead 342
3.3.5 Mercury 343
3.3.6 Platinum 344
3.3.7 Tin 345
3.3.8 Antimony 345
4 Conclusion: Needs for Elemental Speciation in Human Studies 346
4.1 Sample Collection 346
4.2 Storage and Stability of the Species 347
4.3 Pre-treatment of the Sample 347
4.4 Clean-up Processes 348
4.5 Analysis -*48
4.6 Methods Validation 348
4.7 Regulations 349
5 References 349
Chapter 24 Risk Assessment and Trace Element Speciation 354
John H. Duffus
1 Introduction
2 Trace Elements as Hazards
3 Risk Assessment of Trace Elements - General Considerations 358
xxii Contents
4 Cationic Metal Uptake Mechanisms and Their Relation to Chemical
Speciation 359
4.1 Bioavailability of Metals in Sediments 363
5 Uptake of Anions and Non-metals 364
5.1 Selection by Charge and Size; the Hydration of Anions and
Binding to Proteins 365
5.2 Selection of Anions by Differences in Binding Affinity for
Different Cationic Centres 365
5.3 Kinetic Binding Traps for Anions, with or without
Accompanying Redox Reactions 366
6 Competition and the Uptake and Toxicity of Non-nutrient
Elements 367
7 Conclusions 369
8 References 370
Overview
Chapter 25 An Overview 375
Les Ebdon and Les Pitts
1 Introduction 375
2 Analytical Needs and Instrumentation 375
3 Sample Preparation 377
4 Certified Reference Materials 378
5 Spiking 379
6 Speciation at the Cellular Level 379
7 Communication 380
8 Legislation 382
9 Conclusion 384
Subject Index 385
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV014091050 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:57:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0854044590 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009652844 |
| oclc_num | 47150355 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-703 |
| physical | XXVI, 391 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2001 |
| publishDateSearch | 2001 |
| publishDateSort | 2001 |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Trace element speciation for environment, food and health ed. by Les Ebdon ... RSC Royal Society of Chemistry Cambridge 2001 XXVI, 391 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Chromatography methods Environmental Exposure adverse effects Nutritional Requirements Trace Elements adverse effects Trace Elements analysis Trace Elements deficiency Trace elements Speciation Lebensmittelqualität (DE-588)4343361-3 gnd rswk-swf Quantitative Analyse (DE-588)4125311-5 gnd rswk-swf Spurenelement (DE-588)4056595-6 gnd rswk-swf Gesundheit (DE-588)4020754-7 gnd rswk-swf Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd rswk-swf Multielementanalyse (DE-588)4298359-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Spurenelement (DE-588)4056595-6 s Multielementanalyse (DE-588)4298359-9 s Quantitative Analyse (DE-588)4125311-5 s DE-604 Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 s Lebensmittelqualität (DE-588)4343361-3 s Gesundheit (DE-588)4020754-7 s Ebdon, Les Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009652844&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Trace element speciation for environment, food and health Chromatography methods Environmental Exposure adverse effects Nutritional Requirements Trace Elements adverse effects Trace Elements analysis Trace Elements deficiency Trace elements Speciation Lebensmittelqualität (DE-588)4343361-3 gnd Quantitative Analyse (DE-588)4125311-5 gnd Spurenelement (DE-588)4056595-6 gnd Gesundheit (DE-588)4020754-7 gnd Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd Multielementanalyse (DE-588)4298359-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4343361-3 (DE-588)4125311-5 (DE-588)4056595-6 (DE-588)4020754-7 (DE-588)4186812-2 (DE-588)4298359-9 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Trace element speciation for environment, food and health |
| title_auth | Trace element speciation for environment, food and health |
| title_exact_search | Trace element speciation for environment, food and health |
| title_full | Trace element speciation for environment, food and health ed. by Les Ebdon ... RSC Royal Society of Chemistry |
| title_fullStr | Trace element speciation for environment, food and health ed. by Les Ebdon ... RSC Royal Society of Chemistry |
| title_full_unstemmed | Trace element speciation for environment, food and health ed. by Les Ebdon ... RSC Royal Society of Chemistry |
| title_short | Trace element speciation for environment, food and health |
| title_sort | trace element speciation for environment food and health |
| topic | Chromatography methods Environmental Exposure adverse effects Nutritional Requirements Trace Elements adverse effects Trace Elements analysis Trace Elements deficiency Trace elements Speciation Lebensmittelqualität (DE-588)4343361-3 gnd Quantitative Analyse (DE-588)4125311-5 gnd Spurenelement (DE-588)4056595-6 gnd Gesundheit (DE-588)4020754-7 gnd Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd Multielementanalyse (DE-588)4298359-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Chromatography methods Environmental Exposure adverse effects Nutritional Requirements Trace Elements adverse effects Trace Elements analysis Trace Elements deficiency Trace elements Speciation Lebensmittelqualität Quantitative Analyse Spurenelement Gesundheit Umweltverschmutzung Multielementanalyse Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009652844&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ebdonles traceelementspeciationforenvironmentfoodandhealth |