Learning and memory:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Belmont, CA
Wadsworth
2001
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 1. Aufl. u.d.T.: Gordon, William C.: Learning and memory |
| Beschreibung: | XXIV, 406 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0534169147 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804128948484833280 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Learning
and Memory
Second Edition
JESSE E PURDY
Southwestern University
MICHAEL R MARKHAM
Florida International University
BENNETT L SCHWARTZ
Florida International University
WILLIAM C GORDON
University of New Mexico
WADSWORTH
- *
THOMSON LEARNING
Australia • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Contents
Preface xvii
1 Ah Introduction to Learning and Memory 1
Chapter Overview 2
Varieties of Learning and Memory 3
Habituation and Sensitization 3
Classical Conditioning 4
Instrumental Conditioning 4
Short-Term Memory 5
Long-Term Memory 5
Encoding, Storage, Representation, and Retrieval 6
Theme 1: Learning and Memory Are Basic
Processes That Result in Diverse Phenomena 7
Defining Learning and Memory 1
Defining Learning 7
Defining Memory 9
Theme 2: Learning and Memory Are Interrelated
but Separable Domains 10
VII
CONTENTS
Theme 3: Learning and Memory Are Adaptive
Processes 10
Learning and Memory in Biological Organisms 12
A Biological Basis of Learning and Memory 13
Biological Constraints on Learning and Memory 17
Theme 4: Learning and Memory Occur
in a Biological Context 17
Differences and Similarities in the Study of Learning
and Memory 17
Summary Statements 19
2 Classical Conditioning: Basic Principles 21
Chapter Overview 22
Pavlov s Original Experiments 23
Examples of Classical Conditioning 24
The Concept of Contingency 28
Methods for Studying Classical Excitatory Conditioning 29
Human Conditioning Paradigms 29
Conditioning Paradigms Used with Animals 31
Variables That Affect Excitatory Conditioning 33
The Relationship Between the CS and US 33
The Temporal Order of the CS and US 34
The CS-US Interval 35
The Correlation ofCS and US Occurrence 31
The Number of CS- US Pairings 38
Characteristics of the CS and the US 39
CS and US Intensity 39
Prior Experience with CS or US 40
CS-US Relevance 40
The Presence of Other Stimuli During Conditioning 42
Conditioning Without an Explicit US 46
Higher Order Conditioning 46
Sensory Preconditioning 41
The Biological Basis of Classical Conditioning 48
Classical Inhibitory Conditioning 50
Problems in Measuring the Inhibitory CR 50
Conditionings That Promote Inhibitory Conditioning 51
CONTENTS
Extinction 54
Spontaneous Recovery 55
Variables That Affect Rate of Extinction 55
Treating Phobias Through Extinction 56
Summary Statements 57
3 Classical Conditioning: Theoretical Issues 59
Chapter Overview 60
The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
for CR Development 63
Contiguity Theory: Basic Assumptions 63
Contiguity Theory: The Evidence 64
Contingency Theory: Basic Assumptions 66
Contingency Theory: The Evidence 61
Conclusions About Contingency in Conditioning 69
Modified Contiguity Theory: The Rescorla-Wagner
Model 70
The Formal Expression of the Rescorla-Wagner Model 11
Rescorla- Wagner Model: The Evidence 13
Recent Theories of Classical Conditioning 75
Wagner s Priming Theory 15
Behavior Systems Theory 18
What Is Associated in Classical Conditioning? 83
Stimulus-Response or Stimulus-Stimulus Learning? 83
Evidence Concerning the Elements in an Association 83
The Role of Context in Conditioning 81
Contextual Stimuli as CSs 88
Evidence for Contextual Stimuli as CSs 88
Contextual Stimuli as Cues for the CS-US Relationship 89
Conclusions About Contextual Stimuli 89
Summary Statements 90
4 Instrumental/Operant Conditioning:
Learning from the Consequences of Behavior 91
Chapter Overview 93
Early Experiments: Thorndike and Skinner 95
Behavior, Consequences, and Contingencies 96
Reinforcement and Punishment 96
Operant Conditioning in the Treatment of Alcohol Abuse 99
CONTENTS
Paradigms for Studying Instrumental and Operant
Conditioning
The Instrumental-Operant Distinction
Instrumental- Conditioning Paradigms
Escape and Avoidance Paradigms
Operant Procedures
The Bar-Press Response in Rats
The Key-Peck Response in Pigeons
Operant Responses in Humans
Measuring the Operant Response
The Shaping Procedure
Variables That Affect Instrumental and Operant
Responding
Positive Reinforcement Situations
Amount or Magnitude of Reinforcement
Delay of Reinforcement
Contrast Effects
Intermittent Reinforcement
Schedules of Reinforcement
More Complex Schedules of Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement Situations: Escape Learning
and Avoidance
Amount of Reinforcement
Delay of Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement Situations: Avoidance Learning
Punishment Situations
The Biological Basis of Instrumental/Operant
Conditioning
Biological Constraints on Conditioning
Reinforcement Centers in the Brain
The Discriminative Stimulus
Extinction
Variables That Affect Extinction of Positively
Reinforced Responses
Conditions Present During Extinction
Variables That Affect Extinction of Negatively Reinforced
Responses
Summary Statements
CONTENTS
5 Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Theoretical
Issues 131
Chapter Overview 132
The Nature of Reinforcement 135
Primary and Secondary Reinforcers 135
Theories of Primary Reinforcement 136
Stimulus-Based Theories of Reinforcement 136
Response-Based Theories of Reinforcement 140
The Response-Disequilibrium Hypothesis 142
Conclusions About Primary Reinforcement Theories 146
The Role of Reinforcement in Instrumental and
Operant Conditioning 146
The Thorndike-Hull Hypothesis 141
The Spence-Hull Hypothesis 149
Response-Outcome Theories 153
Theories of Extinction 154
Amsel s Frustration Theory: A Competing-Response
Hypothesis 154
The Discrimination Hypothesis of Extinction 156
Capaldi s Generalization Decrement Hypothesis 151
Capaldi s Sequential Theory 151
Conclusions Concerning Extinction Theories 158
Punishment: Theoretical Issues 159
Should We Use Punishment? 162
Response Disequilibrium and Punishment 163
Summary Statements 164
6 The Interaction of Classical and Operant Conditioning 165
Chapter Overview 166
Classical Conditioning and Instrumental Conditioning
in Avoidance Learning 168
Mowrer s Two-Factor Theory 168
Support for Two-Factor Theory 110
Contradictory Evidence for Two-Factor Theory 111
The Role of Discriminative Stimuli and Instinctive Drift 112
The Observing Response: The Power of Conditioned
Reinforcement 174
Theoretical Explanations of the Observing Response 116
Generality of the Observing Response 111
CONTENTS
Autoshaping and Sign Tracking 177
Autoshaping: The Role of the Discriminative Stimulus
as a Conditioned Stimulus 111
Sign Tracking Studies 181
What Is Learned in Sign Tracking and Goal Tracking? 185
Situations in Which Instrumental Conditioning
Influences the Classically Conditioned Response 188
The Conditioned Response May Make the US More
Reinforcing 188
The CR May Be Reinforced by the US 189
Classical and Operant Conditioning: One Process
or Two? 189
A Mathematical Model of Operant Conditioning 190
Summary Statements 191
Generalization, Discrimination, and Concept Learning 193
Chapter Overview 194
Stimulus Generalization 198
Methods for Studying Generalization in the Laboratory 198
Variables That Affect Stimulus Generalization 200
The Basis for Generalization Gradients 204
Traditional Explanations for Generalization 204
The Role of Incidental Stimuli in Generalization 205
Two Recent Theoretical Interpretations of Stimulus
Generalization 205
Generalizations Mediated by Internal Responses 201
Discrimination Learning 208
Apparatus, Methods of Training, and Types of
Discriminations 209
Theories of Discrimination Learning 212
Attacks on the Continuity Position 211
Additional Attacks on Continuity Theory 218
Conclusions 222
Concepts Learning 222
Representation of Concepts 223
Theories of Concept Representation - 223
Concepts in Nonhuman Species 221
Summary Statements 229
CONTENTS xiil
8 Sensory and Short-Term or Working Memory
Chapter Overview
Information Processing
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Memory Systems
The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
Sensor) Memory
The Adaptive Value of Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory
The Characteristics of Short-Term Memory
Control Processes in Short-Term Memory
Codes Used in Short- Term Memory
Forgetting from Short- Term Memory
Evidence Pertinent to the Decay and Interference Theories
Working Memory
Evidence for Subsystems
Phonological Loop
Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad
Central Executive
The Neuropsychology of Short-Term Memory
Summary Statements
9 Encoding in Long-Term Memory
Chapter Overview
The Levels-of-Processing Approach
Intentional vs Incidental Learning
Evidence Supporting the Levels-of-Processing Approach
The Status of the Levels-of-Processing Approach
Distinctiveness
Effort of Processing
Elaborative Processing
Retrieval Conditions Matter
Dimensions of Encoding
Historical Antecedents
Learning and Practice
The Spacing Effect
XIV CONTENTS
Massed and Distributed Practice 278
Organization 281
Imagery 282
Imagery Mnemonics vs Imagery-Based Memories 281
Summary Statements 289
10 Retrieval from Long-Term Memory 291
Chapter Overview 292
Testing Memory 294
Recognition vs Recall 294
Theories of Retrieval 295
A Single-Process Model of Retrieval 295
Instances of Recall Exceeding Recognition 298
Tulving s Synergistic Ecphory 299
Retrieval Strength and Storage Strength 301
The Encoding-Specificity Hypothesis 303
Evidence Favoring the Encoding-Specificity Hypothesis 303
State-Dependent Learning 306
Availability and Accessibility 308
Memory Construction at the Time of Retrieval 308
Flashbulb Memories 309
Retrieval-Induced Forgetting 310
Misinformation Effect and Eyewitness Memory 311
The Cognitive Interview 311
Summary Statements 318
11 Conscious and Nonconscious Processes in
Long-Term Memory 319
Chapter Overview 320
Nonconscious Memory 321
Implicit and Explicit Testing 321
Nonconscious Memory in Amnesics 323
Nonconscious Memory in Normals 324
Systems and Processes 327
A Systems View 328
A Process View 331
CONTENTS XV
Monitoring and Control of Human Memory
Feeling-of-Knowingfudgments
Judgments of Learning
Control Processes and Metamemory
Amnesia
Forms of Amnesia
The Amnesic Syndrome
Korsakoff s Disease
Summary Statements
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
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| title | Learning and memory |
| title_auth | Learning and memory |
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| title_fullStr | Learning and memory Jesse E. Purdy ... |
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