Verfügbarkeit: Methods of tissue engineering

Methods of tissue engineering:

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	San Diego [u.a.] Academic Press 2002
Schlagworte:	Tissue Engineering
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XLI, 1285 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	0124366368

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MARC


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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	===== CONTENTS =â€”â€”â€” CONTRIBUTORS xxvii FOREWORD xxxix PREFACE xli Section I: Methods for Cell and Tissue Culture 1. Regulatory Issues and Standardization 3 Steven T. Boyce introduction 3 safety considerations 4 effectiveness considerations 6 regulatory activities of fda 7 standardization through the astm 13 future prospects, ethics, and responsibility 15 2. Cell Isolation and Selection 19 Soverin Karmiol INTRODUCTION 19 CELL ISOLATION 19 TRAUMA 22 measurement of viability 22 selection 23 metabolic and nutritional characteristics 27 conclusion 30 3. Maintenance of Primary and Early Passage Cultures 37 R. Ian Freshney INITIATION OF CELL LINES 37 MAINTENANCE OF THE PRIMARY CULTURE 3 8 FEEDING PROTOCOL 38 SUBCULTURE 40 SUBCULTURE PROTOCOL, MONOLAYER CELLS 40 SUBCULTURE PROTOCOL, SUSPENSION CELLS 41 GROWTH CYCLE 42 SERIAL PROPAGATION 43 SENESCENCE 44 IMMORTALIZATION 44 TRANSFORMATION 44 VALIDATION 45 CULTURE CONDITIONS 47 TRANSITION TO CELL LINE 47 DIFFERENTIATION 48 INDUCTION OF DIFFERENTIATION 49 ORGANOTYPIC CULTURE 51 Contents 4. Cell Quantitation and Characterization 55 Robert J. Hay introduction 55 methods for determining cell number 55 cell line identification 62 proteins and cell line characterization 76 5. Adventitious Agents and Chemical Toxicity 85 Gary C. du Moulin development of screening strategies 85 sources of adventitious agents 85 general guidance for developing screening programs 86 screening of autologous tissues 87 screening of allogeneic tissues 8 8 screening of xenogeneic tissues 88 methodologies available for detecting the presence of biological agents 88 media and reagent purity 93 6. Culture Environments: Cell Polymer Bioreactor Systems 97 Lisa E. Freed and Gordana Vunjak Novakovic INTRODUCTION 97 THE CELLS 97 THE SCAFFOLDS 99 BIORE ACTORS 104 ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGIES 109 SUMMARY 109 7. Culture Environments: Micro arrays 113 Joe Tien and Christopher S. Chen introduction 113 experimental methods 114 8. Culture Environments: Micropatterned Cell Cultures and cocultures 121 Sangeeta N. Bhatia background 121 experimental methods 122 9. Epithelial Cell Culture: Cornea 131 May Griffith, Mitchell A. Watsky, Chia Yang Liu, and Vickery Trinkaus Randall the corneal epithelium 131 culture of primary corneal epithelial cells 132 development of cell lines with extended life spans 135 three dimensional cultures 138 10. Epithelial Cell Culture: Breast 141 Charles W. Patrick Jr., Xuemei Wu, Carol Johnston, and Greg P. Reece INTRODUCTION 141 CULTURE OF PREADIPOCYTES 145 Contents â€” . I POLYMER SEEDING 146 histology 146 11. Liver Cell Culture and Lineage Biology 151 Jeffrey M. Macdonald, Anon Xu, Hiroshi Kubota, Edward LeCluyse, Geraldine Hamilton, Huifei Liu, YiWei Rong, Nicholas Moss, Cynthia Lodestro, Tom Luntz, Stephen P. Wolfe, and Lola M. Reid INTRODUCTION 151 GENERAL ISSUES 151 PURIFICATION OF THE CELLS OF INTEREST 155 IDENTIFICATION, PURIFICATION, AND UTILIZATION OF DEFINED SIGNALS: SOLUBLE SIGNALS AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX 168 SYNTHETIC BIODEGRADABLE SCAFFOLDINGS FOR PROGENITOR CELLS 175 monolayer cultures of cells 179 three dimensional systems 18 6 appendix 1 193 appendix 2 194 12. Epithelial Cell Culture: Pancreatic Islets 203 Thierry Berney, Antonello Pileggi, R. Damaris Molano, and Camillo Ricordi introduction 203 principles of islet isolation and culture 203 protocols 209 13. Epithelial Cell Culture: Tracheal Gland Cells 219 Marc D. Merten INTRODUCTION 219 MATERIALS 220 METHODS 221 RESULTS 223 possible applications 224 conclusion 227 14. Epithelial Cell Culture: Kidney 229 Ho Yun Chung, Timothy Atalla, and Anthony Atala introduction 229 15. Epithelial Cell Culture: Gastrointestinal Tract 235 Gregory M. Organ BACKGROUND 235 LABORATORY PROTOCOLS 237 discussion 239 16. Epithelial Cell Culture: Urothelium 243 Jin Yao Lai and Anthony Atala INTRODUCTION 243 PREPARATION OF UROTHELIAL CELLS 244 SEEDING OF UROTHELIAL CELLS 245 SUBCULTURE OF UROTHELIAL CELLS 246 Contents 17. Epithelial Cell Culture: Prostate 247 Donna M. Peehl and Robert G. Sellers introduction 247 prostatic epithelial cell cultures 247 prostatic stromal cell cultures 252 novel applications of prostatic cell cultures 256 conclusions 258 18. Epithelial Cell Culture: Three Dimensional Cervical System 263 Craig Meyers introduction 263 19. Epithelial Cell Culture: Vaginal Cell Reconstruction 273 Roger E. De Filippo and Anthony Atala introduction 273 methods of cell culture 273 cell expansion 274 cell characterization 274 conclusion 275 20. Mesenchymal Cell Culture: Adipose Tissue 277 Adam J. Katz introduction 277 isolation, culture, and developmental manipulation of lipo derived cells 279 present and future 284 21. Mesenchymal Cell Culture: Smooth Muscle 287 Byung Soo Kim and Anthony Atala INTRODUCTION 287 ISOLATION 287 CULTURE 289 characterization 290 22. Mesenchymal Cell Culture: Cardiac Derived Muscle Cells 293 Shay Soker, Kavid Udompanyanan, and Anthony Atala introduction 293 sources for cardiac myocytes 293 specific culture conditions for cardiomyocytes 294 methods for isolation of cardiac myocytes 295 characterization of cardiomyocytes in culture 296 23. Mesenchymal Cell Culture: Functional Mammalian Skeletal Muscle Constructs 299 Paul E. Kosnik and Robert G. Dennis PREPARATION OF SOLUTIONS AND MEDIA 299 PREPARATION OF CULTURE DISHES 300 PREPARATION AND PLACEMENT OF ARTIFICIAL TENDONS 301 ISOLATION OF SATELLITE CELLS AND FIBROBLASTS 302 PLATING AND CULTURE OF PRIMARY CELLS 303 Contents . xi cultures of c2c12 and 10t1/2 cells 303 myooid formation 303 24. Mesenchymal Cell Culture: Instrumentation and Methods for Evaluating Engineered Muscle 307 Robert G. Dennis and Paul E. Kosnik instrumentation 307 measurement of excitability and isometric contractility 310 data analysis and interpretation 315 25. Mesenchymal Cell Culture: Cartilage 317 Bernd Kinner and Myron Spector introduction 317 cell isolation and culture procedures 319 26. Mesenchymal Cell Culture: Bone 333 John E. Davies, J. M. Karp, and D. Baksh introduction 333 the osteogenic cell source 334 bone marrow culture 335 concluding remarks 341 27. Mesenchymal Cell Culture: Endothelial Cell Tissue Engineering 345 Helen M. Nugent, Sabil A. Parikh, and Elazer R. Edelman INTRODUCTION 345 ENDOTHELIAL CELL SEEDING OF VASCULAR GRAFTS 346 CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH ENDOTHELIALIZED VASCULAR GRAFTS 350 intravascular stent endothelialization 351 perivascular endothelial cell implantation 351 conclusion 353 28. Mesenchymal Cell Culture: Blood Vessels 359 Lucie Germain, Murielle Remy Zolghadri, and Francois A. Auger introduction 359 steps for the tebv production 361 materials and methods 362 endothelialization of the tebv 366 discussion 366 conclusion 368 29. Neuroectodermal Cell Culture: Endocrine Cells 371 Peter I. Lelkes and Brian R. Unsworth INTRODUCTION 371 CELLS 372 THREE DIMENSIONAL CELL CULTURE IN ROTATING WALL VESSEL BIOREACTORS 375 ANALYSIS OF NEUROENDOCRINE ORGANOIDS ASSEMBLED IN RWV BIOREACTORS 380 METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 3 8 0 Contents 30. Neuroectodermal Cell Culture: Glia and Neurons 383 Il Woo Lee INTRODUCTION: NERVE REGENERATION AND NEURAL TISSUE ENGINEERING 383 PC 12 CELL LINE 383 SCHWANN CELL CULTURE 385 OLFACTORY ENSHEATHING CELLS 389 PRIMARY DISSOCIATED CELL CULTURES OF RAT HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS 391 spinal cord neuronal culture from rat embryo 393 31. Gonad Cell Culture: Testis 397 Anna Orsola and Anthony Atala harvesting of leydig, sertoli, and germ cells 397 cell characterization 399 plating and culture conditions 400 32. Gonad Cell Culture: Ovarian Cells 405 Atlantida M. Raya Rivera and Anthony Atala introduction 405 methods for granulosa cell culture 406 methods for culturing follicles 407 33. Stem Cell Culture: Pluripotent Stem Cells 411 Michael J. Shamblott, Joyce Axelman, Jared Sterneckert, Nicolas Christoforou, Ethan S. Patterson, Mahmud A. Siddiqi, Heidi Kahler, Laeticia A. Ifeanyi, and John D. Gearhart INTRODUCTION 411 mPSC METHODS 412 mouse es cell embryoid body formation: on plate, hanging droplet, and suspension culture 417 human eg cell growth, embryoid body formation, and immunohistochemical analysis 418 conclusion 419 34. Stem Cell Culture: Neural Stem Cells 421 Yang D. Teng, Kook I. Park, Erin B. Larvik, Robert hanger, and Evan Y. Snyder INTRODUCTION 421 MURINENSCs 421 HUMAN NSCs 424 neural stem cells and tissue engineering 426 35. Stem Cell Culture: Liver Stem Cells 429 Bryon E. Petersen and Heather M. Hatch the hepatic oval cell compartment 429 hepatic regeneration 430 applications of isolated adult hepatic oval cells 435 36. Stem Cell Culture: Muscle Stem Cells 439 Joon Yung Lee and Johnny Huard INTRODUCTION 439 MYOBLASTS 439 SATELLITE CELLS 440 MUSCLE STEM CELLS 440 ( Dntrnt^ METHODS OF PURIFICATION OF SATELLITE CELLS 442 ARE MUSCLE DERIVED STEM CELLS PLURIPOTENT? 444 TISSUE ENGINEERING APPROACHES BASED ON MUSCLE DERIVED STEM CELLS 445 future directions 448 37. Stem Cell Culture: Endothelial Progenitor Cells for Regeneration 455 Takayuki Asahara and Jeffrey M. Isner stem and progenitor cells for regeneration 455 identification of endothelial progenitor cells 455 kinetics of endothelial progenitor cells 456 circulating endothelial cell versus endothelial progenitor cells 457 38. Stem Cell Culture: Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Bone Marrow 461 Mark E Pittenger, Alan M. Flake, and Robert J. Deans SOURCES OF MULTIPOTENTIAL ADULT CELLS 461 ISOLATION AND INITIAL PLATING OF HUMAN MSCs 462 hMSC EXPANSION AND CHARACTERIZATION 463 DIFFERENTIATION ASSAYS IN VITRO 463 THE FETAL SHEEP MODEL AS AN ASSAY SYSTEM FOR HUMAN mesenchymal stem cells 466 future considerations 467 39. Stem Cell Culture: Chondrogenic Stem Cells 471 Georg Bartsch and Anthony Atala CHONDROGENIC STEM CELLS FROM EMBRYONIC SOURCES 471 MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS FROM BONE MARROW 472 mesenchymal stem cells from connective tissue 473 40. Stem Cell Culture: Hematopoietic Stem Cells 477 JoelS. Greenberger IDENTIFICATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS BY ANIMAL MODEL SYSTEMS 477 IN VITRO ASSAYS FOR GROWTH OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS 478 human hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 479 quiescence 481 current research efforts and future directions 481 41. Stem Cell Culture: Lymphoid Cells 487 Hadar Haddad, Kathleen S. Carswell, and Eleftherios T. Papoutsakis INTRODUCTION 487 CELL TYPES AND SOURCES 487 CULTURE MEDIUM, CYTOKINES, AND ISOLATION OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS 489 CULTURE SYSTEMS 490 METHODS OF ACTIVATION/STIMULATION 491 SURFACE ANTIGEN EXPRESSION 495 EFFECTOR FUNCTION 496 Contents Section II: Methods for Cell Delivery Vehicles 42. Modification of Natural Polymers: Collagen 505 Stephen F. Badylak INTRODUCTION 505 GLUTARALDEHYDE TREATMENT OF COLLAGEN BASED MATERIALS 506 STABILIZATION OF COLLAGEN BASED BIOMATERIALS BY CARBODIIMIDE TREATMENT 508 COLLAGEN STABILIZATION BY DYE MEDIATED PHOTOOXIDATION 508 COLLAGEN STABILIZATION BY POLYEPOXY COMPOUNDS 509 COLLAGEN STABILIZATION BY DEHYDRATION AND THERMAL METHODS 510 PREPARATION OF COLLAGEN BASED MATRICES WITHOUT CROSS LINKING 511 SUMMARY 511 43. Modification of Natural Polymers: Collagen glycosaminoglycan copolymers 515 Frederick Cahn INTRODUCTION 515 COLLAGEN GAG DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR ARTIFICIAL SKIN GRAFTS 515 collagen gag assays for artificial skin grafts 520 44. Modification of Natural Polymers: Albumin 525 Jin Ho Lee and Kinam Park INTRODUCTION 525 ALBUMIN IMMOBILIZATION 525 ALBUMIN MODIFICATION WITH HEPARIN 528 ALBUMIN MODIFICATION WITH PEG 529 ALBUMIN MODIFICATION WITH VINYL POLYMERS 531 OTHER ALBUMIN MODIFICATIONS 533 SUMMARY 533 45. Modification of Natural Polymers: Hyaluronic Acid 539 Yi Luo, Kelly R. Kirker, and Glenn D. Prestwich introduction 539 chemical modifications 540 conclusion 548 46. Modification of Natural Polymers: FlBRINOGEN FlBRIN 555 Charles ]. Doillon INTRODUCTION 555 FIBRIN PREPARATION 557 PURIFIED FIBRINOGEN: APPLICATION TO THREE DIMENSIONAL CELL CULTURE SYSTEMS 559 MODIFICATIONS IN PROCEDURES AND APPLICATIONS 560 CONCLUSION 561 Contents . . x 47. Modification of Natural Polymers: Chitosan 565 Chad D. Brown and Allan S. Hoffman BACKGROUND 565 PREPARATION OF PARTIALLY DEACETYLATED CHITOSAN 566 CHITOSAN SCAFFOLD PREPARATION 567 CHITOSAN FORMULATIONS FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS 568 STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE ANGIOGENESIS USING CHITOSAN 572 SUMMARY 573 48. Polymers Biosynthesized by Microorganisms: polyhydroxyalkanoates 575 David P. Martin, Simon F. Williams, and Frank A. Skraly introduction 575 purification 578 characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoates 578 preparation of porous pha matrices 579 sterilization 581 tissue engineering applications 582 49. Synthesis of Synthetic Polymers: Aliphatic Carbonate Based Polymers 585 G. G. Atkins and S. W. Shabby INTRODUCTION 585 APPROACHES TO THE SYNTHESIS OF BIOMEDICALLY SIGNIFICANT carbonate based absorbable macromolecules and rationale 585 preparation methods of aliphatic carbonate based systems derived from step growth prepolymers 586 preparative methods of the aliphatic tmc based copolymers 586 50. Synthesis of Synthetic Polymers: Dioxanone and Dioxepanone Based Polymers 591 K. A. Carpenter and S. W. Shabby introduction 591 approaches to the synthesis of biomedically significant pd and pod based absorbable macromolecules and rationale 591 preparative methods of pd and dop based polymers 592 51. Synthesis of Synthetic Polymers: Polyphosphazenes 597 Harry R. Allcock BACKGROUND 597 REASONS FOR USE IN TISSUE ENGINEERING 598 DESIGN PRINCIPLES 598 SYNTHESIS ISSUES 600 SOLID BIOERODIBLE POLYMERS 600 HYDROGELS 601 MICROSPHERES 603 SURFACES OPTIMIZED FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING 605 CONCLUSIONS 605 Contents 52. Synthesis of Synthetic Polymers: Poly(anhydrides) 609 Venkatram Prasad Shastri, Alex Zelikin, and Patrice Hildgen introduction 609 biomedical applications of poly(anhydrides) 610 synthesis of poly(anhydrides) 611 synthesis of a, w bis(p carboxyphenoxy)alkanes (cpp and cph) 612 synthesis of imide containing monomers 613 synthesis of the mixed anhydride of the diacid monomer 613 synthesis of poly(anhydrides) by melt polycondensation 614 photocurable poly(anhydrides) 614 synthesis of methacrylated sebacic acid, cpp, and cph 614 photocuring of methacrylated monomers 615 material characteristics 616 53. Synthesis of Synthetic Polymers: Poly(ortho esters) 619 Kirk P. Andriano, Robert Gurny, and Jorge Heller INTRODUCTION 619 EXPERIMENTAL 620 RESULTS 622 discussion 624 conclusions 627 54. Synthesis of Synthetic Polymers: Poly(amino acids) 629 Rebecca K. Lawson Smith and Kimberly A. Woodhouse chemical synthesis of poly(amino acids) 630 biological synthesis of poly(amino acids) 645 55. Synthesis of Synthetic Polymers: Polypropylene fumarate) 649 Richard G. Payne and Antonios G. Mikos background 649 protocol 650 reactions 650 final purification 651 conclusions 651 56. Synthesis of Hydrogels: Alginate Hydrogels 653 Kamal H. Bouhadir and David J. Mooney introduction 653 modifications of alginate hydrogels 654 cell interactions 657 degradation of modified alginate hydrogels 658 conclusions 661 57. Synthesis of Hydrogels: Environmentally Sensitive Hydrogels Based on N isopropylacrylamide 663 Ranee A. Stile and Kevin E. Healy INTRODUCTION 663 ISSUES WITH CURRENT INJECTABLE SCAFFOLDS 663 AN IDEAL INJECTABLE POLYMER SCAFFOLD 664 Contents xvii EXPLOITING PHASE SEPARATION TO DEVELOP INJECTABLE POLYMER SCAFFOLDS 664 P(NIPAAm) BASED HYDROGELS AS INJECTABLE POLYMER SCAFFOLDS 666 SYNTHESIS OF P(NIPAAm co AAc) HYDROGELS 667 CHARACTERIZATION OF P(NIPAAm co AAc) HYDROGELS 667 P(NIPAAm co AAc) HYDROGELS FOR ARTICULAR CARTILAGE REGENERATION 672 P(NIPAAm co AAc) HYDROGELS FOR BONE REGENERATION 674 SUMMARY 676 58. Processing of Polymer Scaffolds: Solvent Casting 681 Gregory E. Rutkowski, Cheryl A. Miller, and Surya K. Mallapragada INTRODUCTION 681 CHOICE OF SOLVENT 6 81 SOLVENT CASTING 683 SURFACE ANALYSIS 685 SUMMARY 686 59. Processing of Polymer Scaffolds: Membrane Lamination 687 Frank T. Gentile INTRODUCTION 687 STRUCTURE PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS FOR POLYMERS US1.I' IN MEMBRANE LAMINATION 688 MEMBRANE LAMINATION PROCESSING 689 MEMBRANE PROPERTIES 690 SUMMARY 694 60. Processing of Polymer Scaffolds: Freeze Drying 697 Kyumin Whang and Kevin E. Healy introduction 697 materials 697 equipment 698 fabrication process 698 characterization of scaffolds 699 processing variables affecting scaffold microarchitecture 699 preferred method of scaffold fabrication "02 61. Processing of Polymer Scaffolds: Poi.ymkr Ceramic Composite Forms 705 Cato T. Laurencin, Helen H. Lit, and Yusiif Khan INTRODUCTION 705 CONVENTIONAL BONE GRAFTS "06 rationale for composite biomaterials "06 62. Processing of Polymer Scaffolds: Phase Separation 715 Ruiynn Zhang and Peter X. Ma INTRODUCTION 715 MATERIALS 716 SOLID LIQUID PHASE SEPARATION 716 LIQUID LIQUID PHASE SEPARATION 719 Contents 63. Processing of Polymer Scaffolds: Polymerization 725 Paul D. Dalton, Sarojini Vijayasekaran, and Molly S. Shoichet INTRODUCTION 725 REAGENTS 725 METHODS 726 tips and know how 729 conclusion and future directions 730 64. Processing of Polymer Scaffolds: Gas Foam Processing 733 Thomas P. Richardson, Martin C. Peters, and David J. Mooney INTRODUCTION 733 PROCESSING OF POLYMERS FOR USE IN TISSUE ENGINEERING 734 GAS FOAMING 735 PREPARATION PROTOCOL 738 CHARACTERIZATION 738 SUMMARY 739 65. Cell Synthetic Surface Interactions: Self Assembling BlOMATERIALS 741 Julia J. Hwang, Daniel A. Harrington, Harm Anton Klok, and Samuel I. Stupp INTRODUCTION 741 METHODS 743 66. Cell Synthetic Surface Interactions: Targeted Cell Adhesion 751 Andrea L. Koenig and David W. Grainger cells at biomaterial surfaces 751 extracellular matrix and cell adhesion motifs 754 receptor mediated cell surface adhesion 755 cell peptide and proteoglycan binding 756 adhesion molecule immobilization 756 experimental protocols for accessing cell surface interactions 761 future developments 763 abbreviations 764 67. Cell Synthetic Surface Interactions: Physicochemical Surface Modification 771 Gilson Khang and Hai Bang Lee INTRODUCTION 771 MATERIALS 772 METHODS 774 conclusions 779 68. Microencapsulation Methods: Agarose PSSa 781 Hiroo Iwata INTRODUCTION 781 ENCAPSULATION OF ISLETS IN AGAROSE MICROBEADS 782 ENCAPSULATION OF ISLETS IN AGAROSE POLY(STYRENE SULFONIC ACID) (PSSA) MICROBEADS 784 Contents x/x 69. mlcroencapsulation methods: alginate (ca2+ lnduced Gelation) 787 Hua Yang and James R. Wright Jr. INTRODUCTION 787 ALGINATE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND GEL FORMING KINETICS 788 LARGE DIAMETER, UNCOATED ALGINATE GEL SPHERE ENCAPSULATION TECHNIQUE 789 UNCOATED ALGINATE GEL FOR ISLET XENOTRANSPLANTATION 791 UNCOATED ALGINATE GEL FOR ISLET ALLOTRANSPLANTATION 791 CO ENCAPSULATION METHOD 791 ENCAPSULATION OF HYBRIDOMA CELLS 793 SPHERE DIAMETER 794 STRAIN AND SPECIES DIFFERENCES 795 BIOCOMPATIBILITY 795 RETRIEVABILITY AND BIODEGRADATION OF ALGINATE GEL CAPSULES 796 PROTECTIVE MECHANISM(S) OF UNCOATED ALGINATE GEL 798 SUMMARY 799 70. mlcroencapsulation methods: Alginate Poly(l lysine) 803 Elliot L. Cbaikof, Susan Safley, and Colin J. Weber PRINCIPLE OF DIVALENT CATION MEDIATED ALGINATE CROSS LINKING 803 THE PRINCIPLES OF ALGINATE POLY(l LYSINE) MICROCAPSULE FORMATION 804 LIMITATIONS OF THE ALGINATE POLY(l LYSINE) MICROCAPSULE STRATEGY 804 IMPROVEMENTS IN ALGINATE POLY(l LYSINE) MICROCAPSULE DESIGN 806 ALGINATE POLY(l LYSINE) MICROCAPSULE BIOCOMPATIBILITY 807 71. Microencapsulation Methods: Alginate Poly(lysine) Poly(ethyleneimine) Protamine Sulfate Heparin 809 Tadeusz Orlowski INTRODUCTION 809 MATERIALS AND METHODS 810 COMPARISON OF APIPRH AND APA CAPSULES 811 CONCLUSION 813 72. MlCROENCAPSULATION METHODS: GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS AND CHITOSAN 815 Victor S. Lin and Howard W. T. Matthew INTRODUCTION 815 MATERIALS 817 METHODS 818 73. MlCROENCAPSULATION METHODS: POLYACRYLATES 825 Minhua Feng and Michael V. Sefton INTRODUCTION 825 Contents GENERAL MICROENCAPSULATION PROCESSES 826 SYNTHETIC POLYMERS FOR CELL MICROENCAPSULATION 827 CELL MICROENCAPSULATION PROTOCOLS 829 EVALUATION OF CELL CAPSULES 830 CONCLUDING REMARKS 831 74. MICROENCAPSULATION METHODS: POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) (PVA) 835 Brian C. Anderson, Aurelia Amanda, and Surya K. Mallapragada BACKGROUND 835 BIOCOMPATIBILITY 835 CELLULAR ENCAPSULATION 836 BIO ACTIVE MOLECULE RELEASE 836 USE AS A STABILIZER 838 75. MICROENCAPSULATION METHODS: PMCG CAPSULES 841 Taylor G. Wang INTRODUCTION 841 THEORETICAL MODEL 842 PMCG CAPSULES 843 ANIMAL STUDIES 849 DISCUSSION 852 76. MICROENCAPSULATION METHODS: CHITOSAN AND ALGINATE 857 Mattheus F. A. Goosen INTRODUCTION 857 CHITOSAN MEMBRANES AND CELL ENCAPSULATION 857 MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY CONTROL TECHNIQUES 858 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF POLYMER DROPLET FORMATION USING ELECTROSTATICS 861 USE OF ELECTROSTATICS TO STUDY THE GROWTH OF SOMATIC TISSUE ENCAPSULATED IN ALGINATE 863 CONCLUDING REMARKS 868 Section III: Methods for Engineering Cells and Tissues 77. Fetal Cell Culture 875 Paolo De Coppi, Gunter Scbuch, and Anthony Atala introduction 875 sources for fetal cells 875 fetal cell isolation 875 78. Breast Reconstruction 881 Geoffrey L. Robb, Michael ]. Miller, and Charles W. Patrick Jr. INTRODUCTION 881 TYPES OF BREAST RECONSTRUCTION 881 SURGICAL PRINCIPLES AND TISSUE ENGINEERING 882 tissue engineered breast equivalent 884 79. Blood Vessel Substitute 891 Dror Seliktar and Robert M. Nerem INTRODUCTION 891 Contents _ xx/ requirements for a blood vessel substitute 892 collagen based construct technologies 893 cell seeded polymeric scaffold technologies 895 cell self assembly technologies 898 acellular technologies 899 summary and conclusions 901 80. Small Diameter Vascular Grafts 905 Laura E. Niklason and Mitchel Seruya introduction 905 approaches to the problem 906 methods for vascular tissue engineering 909 future directions 911 81. Cardiac Tissue 915 Robert E. Akins introduction 915 cell isolation 916 selection of medium 919 preparation of cell support materials 919 bioreactor setup and use 919 82. Cardiac Valves and Arteries 923 John E. Mayer Jr., Kristine Guleserian, Fraser Sutherland, and Tjorvi Perry introduction 923 laboratory projects 923 future prospects 925 83. Cornea 927 May Griffith, Vickery Trinkaus Randall, Mitchell A. Wat sky, Chia Yang Liu, and Heather Sheardown the cornea 927 handling corneal cells 928 keratoprostheses 932 corneal tissue equivalents 935 assays of cellular differentiation 937 84. Alimentary Tract 943 Shojiro Matsuda and Yoshito Ikada introduction 943 esophagus replacement by tissue engineering 94 \ 85. Monitoring Metabolic Activity and Differentiated Function IN A BlOARTIFICIAL LlVER DEVICE 951 Susan Fugett Abu Absi, Donavon ). Hess, Kristine E. (irochler, Rory I'. Rentmel, Timothy D. Sielaff, and Wei Shou Hu INTRODUCTION 951 OXYGEN CONSUMPTION 955 UREAGENESIS AND ALBUMIN PRODUCTION 956 DRUG METABOLISM 957 CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY 958 MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF REACTOR PERFORMANCE 960 CONCLUSIONS 961 Contents 86. Blood Cell Substitutes 965 Thomas Ming Swi Chang BACKGROUND AND PRINCIPLES 965 LABORATORY PROCEDURE FOR THE PREPARATION OF POLYHEMOGLOBIN 967 CHARACTERIZATION 968 ANIMAL SAFETY STUDIES ARE NOT NECESSARILY VALID FOR HUMANS 970 new generations 972 87. Liver 977 Kohei Ogawa and Joseph P. Vacanti INTRODUCTION 977 ENGINEERING LIVER TISSUES 978 FUTURE DIRECTIONS 983 88. EXTRACORPOREAL KIDNEY 987 Evangelos Tziampazis and H. David Humes INTODUCTION 987 ENGINEERING A BIO ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY 989 SUMMARY 994 89. Intracorporeal Kidney 999 James J. Yoo, Tae Gyun Kwon, and Anthony Atala INTRODUCTION 999 COMPONENTS REQUIRED FOR THE ENGINEERING OF KIDNEY TISSUE 999 engineering renal structures in vivo 1000 creation of functioning renal units in vivo 1000 using a collagen based kidney matrix for renal tissue engineering 1001 90. Urethral Tissue 1005 James J. Yoo, Shay Soker, and Anthony Atala INTRODUCTION 1005 AUTOLOGOUS UROLOGIC CELLS FOR URETHRAL TISSUE REPAIR 1005 urethral tissue regeneration 1007 biocompatible urethral stents for stricture diseases 1009 91. Penis 1011 Heungjae Park, DeZheng Dong, and Anthony Atala introduction 1011 corporal tissue reconstitution 1011 penile prostheses for reconstruction 1015 92. Testes 1019 Marcelle Machluf and Anthony Atala INTRODUCTION 1019 TRANSPLANTATION OF TESTES 1019 TRANSPLANTATION OF TESTICULAR TISSUES 1020 TESTOSTERONE DELIVERY SYSTEMS 1020 CELL ENCAPSULATION FOR TESTOSTERONE THERAPY 1021 Contents xx/// methods for encapsulation 1023 concluding remarks 1024 93. Cartilage Reconstruction 1027 Lawrence ]. Bonassar cartilage physiology 1027 engineering of cartilagenous tissues 1030 future directions 1036 94. Phalanges and Small Joints 1041 Noritaka Isogai and William J. Landis background 1041 laboratory protocol 1041 observation of the tissue engineered constructs 1045 95. Meniscus 1049 Andrew J. Carter and]antes W. Huckle introduction 1049 meniscal development 1049 meniscal tissue engineering 1050 conclusions 1056 96. Cell Based Therapies for the Treatment of Articular Cartilage Injury 1059 Bernd Kinner and Myron Spector introduction 1059 laboratory basis 1059 clinical applications 1063 current and future investigations 1067 discussion 1069 97. Cell Based Therapies for Bulking Agents 1075 Hans G. Pohl and Anthony Atala autologous chondrocytes 1076 autologous bladder muscle cells 107s autologous primary m yoblasts 1079 autologous fat cells 1080 conclusions 1080 98. Myoblast Transplantation 1083 Daniel Skuk and Jacques P. Tremblay SEARCHING FOR A TREATMENT OF GENETIC MYOPATHIES 1083 MUSCLE CHARACTERISTICS CONDITIONING MT 1083 ANIMAL MODELS FOR MT STUDIES 1085 CULTURING AND TRANSPLANTING MUSCLE CELLS 1085 IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MYOBLAST IMPLANTATION 1087 MONITORING THE SUCCESS OF MT 1088 IMPROVING THE SUCCESS OF MT 1089 FOLLOWING THE EARLY FATE OF IMPLANTED MYOBLASTS 1090 IN VITRO GENETIC MODIFICATION OF MYOBLASTS 1091 PERSPECTIVES FOR HUMAN USE 1092 Contents 99. Skeletal Muscle 1099 Jennifer J. Marler MUSCLE CELL BIOLOGY 1099 TISSUE ENGINEERING APPROACHES 1100 ENGINEERING THREE DIMENSIONAL SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE 1103 summary and future prospects 1103 100. Vision Enhancement Systems 1107 Gislin Dagnelie, Kab Guan Au Eong, James D. Weiland, and Srinivas R. Sadda INTRODUCTION 1107 OPTOELECTRONIC VISION ENHANCEMENT 1107 VISUAL PROSTHETIC DEVICES BASED ON ELECTRICAL STIMULATION 1110 TISSUE TRANSPLANTATION 1116 CONCLUSIONS 1121 101. CNS Grafts for Treatment of Neurological Disorders 1127 Jonathan H. Dinsmore, Jerri Martin, Julie Siegan, Jody Pope Morrison, Charles Lindberg, Judson Ratliff, and Douglas Jacoby INTRODUCTION 1127 METHODS 1128 RESULTS 1130 conclusions 1133 102. Peripheral Nerve Regeneration 1135 Byung Soo Kim and Anthony Atala introduction 1135 nerve grafting with acellular nerve matrix 1136 nerve grafting with tubular conduits loaded with ecms, schwann cells, or growth factors 1137 assessments of nerve function recovery 1139 103. Spinal Cord 1143 Martin Oudega and Jacqueline Sagen introduction 1143 axon bridges 1143 cell based delivery of therapeutic molecules 1147 replacement of local neural circuitries 1149 104. Cryopreserved Dermal Implants 1157 Gail K. Naughton and Dawn R. Applegate INTRODUCTION 1157 DERMAGRAFT MANUFACTURING PROCESS 1158 MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF DERMAGRAFT 1163 CRYOPRESERVATION OF AN ENGINEERED HUMAN DERMAL TISSUE 1170 SUMMARY 1172 105. Bilayered Skin Constructs 1177 Janet Hardin Young and Nancy L. Parenteau INTRODUCTION 1177 SCIENTIFIC RATIONALE 1178 Contents _ ^ DESIGN 1180 clinical performance 1184 conclusion 1186 106. Uterus 1189 Carlos E. Baez and Anthony Atala INTRODUCTION 1189 ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY 1189 PROTOCOLS FOR CULTURING ENDOMETRIAL CELLS 1190 PROTOCOLS FOR CULTIVATING MYOMETRIAL CELLS 1192 PROTOCOL FOR ENGINEERING UTERINE TISSUE 1192 IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ENDOMETRIAL CELLS 1192 107. Jawbone 1195 Yukihiko Kinoshita and Teruo Amagasa INTRODUCTION 1195 STRATEGIES OF BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING 1195 USING POLY(l LACTIC ACID) MESH AND AUTOGENIC PARTICIPATE CANCELLOUS BONE AND MARROW TO RECONSTRUCT THE JAWBONE 1196 in the future 1202 108. Periodontal Applications 1205 William V. Giannobile and Stephen J. Meraw APPLICATION OF BIOMIMETICS AND TISSUE ENGINEERING TO PERIODONTOLOGY 1205 GRAFT MATERIALS AND DEVICES 1205 SIGNALING MOLECULES AND ATTACHMENT FACTORS 1208 CELL AND GENE THERAPY 1211 AUTHOR INDEX 1217 SUBJECT INDEX 1267
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spellingShingle	Methods of tissue engineering Tissue Engineering (DE-588)4646061-5 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4646061-5
title	Methods of tissue engineering
title_auth	Methods of tissue engineering
title_exact_search	Methods of tissue engineering
title_full	Methods of tissue engineering ed. by Anthony Atala ...
title_fullStr	Methods of tissue engineering ed. by Anthony Atala ...
title_full_unstemmed	Methods of tissue engineering ed. by Anthony Atala ...
title_short	Methods of tissue engineering
title_sort	methods of tissue engineering
topic	Tissue Engineering (DE-588)4646061-5 gnd
topic_facet	Tissue Engineering
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009604977&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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