Understanding radioactive aerosols and their measurement:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Dordrecht [u.a.]
Kluwer
2001
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Environmental science and technology
19 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | X, 329 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0792370686 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 490 | 1 | |a Environmental science and technology |v 19 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: Understanding radioactive aerosols and their measurement
Autor: Schery, Stephen D.
Jahr: 2001
Contents
Preface................................................ ix
CHAPTER 1 Radioactivity and Aerosols: An Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction.........................................1
1.2 The importance of aerosols in environmental and atmospheric science 2
1.3 Nuclear radiation and decay..............................8
1.4 Size classification of aerosol particles......................14
1.5 Emission sources and chemical properties of aerosol particles......19
1.6 Concentration of radionuclides in the environment..............23
1.6.1 Environmental radionuclides........................23
1.6.2 Aerosols......................................25
1.7 Radioactive aerosols and human health......................32
1.8 Supplemental reading..................................37
1.9 Exercises and problems................................39
CHAPTER 2 Radioactivity and the Interaction of Nuclear Radiation with
Matter 43
2.1 Introduction........................................43
2.2 Radioactive decay....................................44
2.3 The interaction of heavy charged particles with matter...........52
2.3.1 The energy transferred to electrons....................52
2.3.2 The Bethe Formula...............................59
2.4 The interaction of gamma radiation with matter................67
2.4.1 The photoelectric effect............................72
2.4.2 The Compton effect..............................73
2.4.3 Pair production..................................75
2.4.4 Comments on the attenuation of gamma radiation..........76
2.4.5 Closing remarks on gamma radiation..................78
2.5 Supplemental reading................................. 79
2.6 Exercises and problems................................80
CHAPTER 3 Measurement of Nuclear Radiation and Radioactivity 85
3.1 Introduction........................................85
3.2 Use of ionization and atomic excitation to detect nuclear radiation . . 89
3.3 The Geiger-Mueller detector.............................95
3.4 Alpha-particle measurement.............................105
3.4.1 Semiconductor alpha-particle detectors................105
3.4.2 Alpha-particle measurement using the track-etch technique . . Ill
3.5 Gamma-radiation measurement..........................113
3.5.1 Germanium detectors.............................113
3.5.2 Sodium-iodide scintillation detectors..................119
3.6 Supplemental reading.................................122
3.7 Exercises and problems................................123
CHAPTER 4 Physical Behavior of Aerosol Particles 129
4.1 Introduction........................................129
4.2 Motion of aerosol particles relative to the surrounding air mass . . . .129
4.3 Uniform motion and gravitational settling...................134
4.4 Diffusion..........................................136
4.4.1 Fick s law and root-mean-square displacement...........136
4.4.2 The Stokes-Einstein equation for the aerosol-particle
diffusion coefficient.............................140
4.5 Refinements to aerosol-particle motion.....................145
4.6 Recoil and radioactive decay............................152
4.7 Aerosol particles in electric fields........................153
4.7.1 The electric charge on aerosol particles................153
4.7.2 Motion of a charged aerosol particle in a uniform
electric field...................................156
4.8 Scattering of light by aerosol particles.....................159
4.9 Supplemental reading.................................166
4.10 Exercises and problems...............................167
CHAPTER 5 Aerosol Measurement 171
5.1 Introduction........................................171
5.2 Common techniques of aerosol measurement.................171
5.3 Inertial impaction....................................176
5.4 Filtration..........................................186
5.5 Radioactive aerosols..................................196
5.6 Examples of radioactive-aerosol measurement................200
5.6.1 Naturally-occurring atmospheric 7Be and 210Pb...........200
5.6.2 Continuous air monitors..........................202
5.6.3 Short-lived 2Rn and 22ORn decay products.............205
VI
5.6.4 Diffusive deposition on graded screens................207
5.7 Supplemental reading.................................211
5.8 Exercises and problems...............................212
CHAPTER 6 Radioactive Aerosols: Atmospheric Sources and Indoor
Models 217
6.1 Introduction.......................................217
6.2 Naturally-occurring radioactive aerosols....................218
6.2.1 Types and sources..............................218
6.2.2 Chemical and physical forms.......................223
6.2.3 Attachment of radioactive molecular clusters to larger
aerosol particles................................224
6.3 Anthropogenic radioactive aerosols.......................226
6.3.1 Introduction...................................226
6.3.2 Radioactive aerosols from nuclear explosions in the
atmosphere...................................228
6.3.3 Radioactive aerosols from nuclear reactor operations......233
6.3.4 Other sources of anthropogenic radioactive aerosols.......234
6.4 Indoor radioactivity..................................235
6.4.1 The well-mixed air model.........................235
6.4.2 The well-mixed air model applied to 222Rn decay products . . 240
6.4.3 Limitations of the well-mixed air model...............249
6.5 Supplemental reading.................................253
6.6 Exercises and problems...............................254
CHAPTER 7 Radioactive Aerosols: Tracer Applications and Outdoor
Transport 259
7.1 Introduction.......................................259
7.2 Removal of aerosol particles from the atmosphere.............260
7.2.1 Introduction...................................260
7.2.2 Wet deposition.................................264
7.2.3 Dry deposition.................................266
7.3 Radioactive aerosols as atmospheric tracers.................268
7.4 An outdoor box model................................277
7.5 The Gaussian plume model.............................280
7.6 Improvements to the Gaussian plume model.................286
7.7 The atmospheric diffusion equation.......................288
7.8 Supplemental reading.................................300
Vll
7.9 Exercises and problems...............................301
Appendix A — Units of Measurement for Radioactivity and Aerosols .... 306
Appendix B — Explanation of Symbols........................313
Cited References ........................................318
Index................................................ 321
vm
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| title_auth | Understanding radioactive aerosols and their measurement |
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