Gender, work and wages in the Soviet Union: a legacy of discrimination
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Basingstoke [u.a.]
Palgrave
2001
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVII, 288 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0333734149 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Gender, work and wages in the Soviet Union |b a legacy of discrimination |c Katarina Katz |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804128816267788288 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of Tables x
List of Figures xiv
List of Abbreviations xv
Acknowledgements xvi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 The roots of the present in the past 1
1.2 The history of the study 3
1.3 Underlying assumptions 4
1.4 Western research on the employment and earnings of 6
Soviet women
1.5 Outline of the book 9
2 Gender, Discrimination and Western Economic Theory 11
2.1 Gender wage differentials 11
2.2 Neoclassical and efficiency wage theory 16
2.3 Why do women get lower pay? 18
2.4 Occupational segregation 21
2.5 Discrimination 28
2.6 Modelling wages and wage discrimination 37
Appendix 46
3 Soviet Wages and Salaries 49
3.1 Issues in Soviet wage formation 49
3.2 The post war Soviet wage system 55
3.3 Wages by occupation and sector 60
3.4 Not just the money wage 70
4 Women and Men in Taganrog and in the USSR 82
4.1 The data 82
4.2 Gender and age composition of the sample 84
4.3 Education 86
4.4 Female labour force participation 90
4.5 Working hours 95
4.6 Segregation by gender 97
4.7 Children, housework and employment 101
vii
viii Contents
4.8 The wages of Soviet women and men: a first look 109
Appendix 115
5 The Wages of Soviet Women and Men 120
5.1 The raw materials of analysis sample and variables 120
5.2 Wage functions for hourly wage rates 127
5.3 Monthly wages 135
5.4 Results from the decomposition 139
5.5 Beyond Taganrog 143
5.6 Productive and non productive work 145
Appendix 149
6 Pay and Education 161
6.1 Introduction: The debate over wage levelling 161
6.2 Pay and education in the USSR. What is known? 162
6.3 Methodological issues 165
6.4 Results from the survey 168
6.5 Was there an official policy of wage levelling ? 184
6.6 Demand and supply of educated labour in the USSR 187
6.7 What determines the choice of education? 191
6.8 Over and underqualification of staff 192
6.9 Conclusions 196
Appendix 198
7 Taganrog Post USSR: Patriarchy, Poverty, Perspectives 202
7.1 Introduction 202
7.2 Women in post reform Russia 203
7.3 Russian survey data 207
7.4 Gender and employment in Russia 209
7.5 Unemployment 219
7.6 The gender earnings gap 224
7.7 Estimates of wage and earnings models 228
Appendix 232
8 Summary and Conclusions 237
8.1 The Woman Question in Soviet ideology 237
8.2 Economic theory and statistical methods 238
8.3 Soviet priorities, wages and gender 239
8.4 The male/female wage differential 240
8.5 Rewards to education or levelling ? 243
8.6 The Soviet legacy of discrimination 244
8.7 Women in post Soviet Russia 246
I
Contents ix
Notes 249
References 268
Index 282
List of Tables ,
Table 2.1 Female/male wage ratios in 1960 and 1988 11 |
Table 2.2 Segregation, participation and wage ratios, OECD 12 !
countries
Table 2.3 Female/male earnings ratio adjusted for hours 14 I
(in per cent) and percentile position of the female
average in the male wage distribution
Table 3.1 Relative basic wage under normal working conditions 61
Table 3.2 Bonuses as a percentage of industrial workers wages 65
Table 3.3 Relative monthly earnings by branch of industry 66 |
(as per cent of average industrial wage) !
Table 3.4 Relative average monthly wages for workers and 69
employees in different sectors
Table 4.1 Life expectancy at birth 85
Table 4.2 The percentage of women among students in higher 88
education
Table 4.3 Female and male labour force participation rates, 94
16 64 years of age, 1989
Table 4.4 Percentages of women in different sectors 98
Table 4.5 Percentages of women in selected non manual 101
occupations
Table 4.6 Housework done by men and women in Russian 106
cities, 1965 68
Table 4.7 Housework and paid work done by men and women 106
in Pskov, 1986 ,
Table 4.8 Housework and paid work done by working men and 107
women in Taganrog, 1989
Table 4.9 Housework and paid work done by urban, employed 108
men and women aged 18 and above in Pskov and
Finland
Table 4.10 Average monthly wage (after tax) by type of 112
education (all household members with non zero
wage the previous month)
Table 4.11 Average monthly wage (after tax), by job level 113
Table 4.12 Average monthly pre tax wages for workers and 114
employees in different branches of the state
sector
x !
List of Tables xi
Table A4.1 Age distribution in percentages of adult (aged 20+) 117
men and women among all household members
(All), among respondents (Resp.), in Taganrog and in
the Russian urban population
Table A4.2 Education of employed men and women among all 118
household members (All), among respondents (Resp.)
and according to census data for Taganrog and the
RSFSR
Table A4.3 Wages from the state sector and total labour income 119
(including income from co operatives and
self employment) of the sample of all household
members and of respondents
Table 5.1 Comparison of average working hours reported as 123
normal hours and calculated from time use data
Table 5.2 Model A: hourly wages of men and women 129
Table 5.3 Model A of monthly wages 136
Table 5.4 Decomposition of the gender wage gap according 140
to Model A
Table 5.5 Decomposition of the gender wage gap according 140
to Model B
Table 5.6 Estimates of models of average monthly wages in 148
branches of the economy
Table A5.1 Definition and means of variables 151
Table A5.2 Imputed years of schooling (edyrs) for different 153
levels of education
Table A5.3 Comparison of main respondents with other 154
household members
Table A5.4 Model B (without part time variables) 158
Table A5.5 Variable means for Soviet and sample workers and 160
employees for Model C
Table 6.1 Models C E for hourly wages 171
Table 6.2 Models C E of monthly wages 172
Table 6.3A Hourly wages for men, Models E I 174
Table 6.3B Hourly wages for women, Models E I 175
Table 6.4A Monthly wages for men, Models E I 176
Table 6.4B Monthly wages for women, Models E I 177
Table 6.5A Hourly wages for men, Models I L 178
Table 6.5B Hourly wages for women, Models I L 178
Table 6.6A Monthly wages for men, Models I L 179
Table 6.6B Monthly wages for women, Models I L 179
Table 6.7 Models I, J, K and L 180
xii List of Tables
Table 6.8A Percentage wage differential over unskilled workers 180
with incomplete secondary school, for selected
groups: hourly wages of men
Table 6.8B Percentage wage differential over unskilled workers 180
with incomplete secondary school, for selected
groups: hourly wages of women
Table 6.9A Percentage wage differential relative to unskilled 181
workers with incomplete secondary school, for
selected groups: monthly wages of men
Table 6.9B Percentage wage differential relative to unskilled 181 ;
workers with incomplete secondary school, for
selected groups: monthly wages of women
Table 6.10 Average education premia, per year of study, as a 182
percentage of wages
Table 6.11 Proportion of employed specialists with different 192
professional training working as blue collar workers
Table 6.12 Education of staff in selected occupations, 1970 89 195
Table A6.1 Estimates of hourly wages with education/job type 199
combinations
Table 7.1 Self defined main occupation of men aged 16 59 211
and women aged 16 54 in the samples of 1989
and 1993/4
Table 7.2 Occupation of mothers according to age of youngest 215
child
Table 7.3 Percentage women among the employed in 216
economic sectors
Table 7.4 Percentage men and women with entrepreneurial 218
or ITD incomes, Taganrog 1993/4
Table 7.5 Unemployment rates, 1992 98 220
Table 7.6 Ratio of female to male earnings 226
Table 7.7 Model of 1989 monthly wages and 1993/4 monthly 229 |
earnings
Table 7.8 Decomposition of the gender gap in monthly wages, 231 .
1989, and earnings, 1993
Table A7.1 Distribution of male and female workforce by sector 233
in Taganrog and the RSFSR/Russian Federation
Table A7.2 Average monthly wages for workers and employees 234
in different branches of the economy in percentages
of the average wage and the female/male wage ratios
1998 I
i
List of Tables xiii
Table A7.3 Non response of men and women aged 18 to 235
pension age, 1993/4
Table A7.4 Usual hours of work per week of men and women 235
1989 and 1993/4
Table A7.5 Definition and means of variables in wage or earning 236
models
List of Figures
Figure 3.1 Education of the workforce in different branches. 69
Number with higher, secondary specialist or PTU
education per 1,000 employed
Figure 3.2 Percentage who consider a given factor absolutely 74
necessary for a job to be suitable
Figure 4.1 The proportion of women to men in the sample and 85
according to census data for Taganrog and the RSFSR
urban population
Figure 4.2 The education of employed men and women in the 89
USSR, 1989
Figure 4.3 Job types of male and female respondents 100
Figure 6.1 Relative wages in Taganrog, 1968 89 163
Figure 7.1 Chart of labour market positions 210
Figure 7.2 Numbers of men and women employed in 1989 and 212
change in economically active population, 1989 98
Figure 7.3 Male and female participation rates, Russia, 1989 98 213
Figure A7.1 Employment rates for men and women, 1989. RSFSR 232
census and Taganrog sample
Figure A7.2 Labour force participation rates for men and women, 232
in the Russian Federation, 1993, and Taganrog
sample, 1993/4
xiv !
|
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:55:15Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0333734149 |
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| spelling | Katz, Katarina 1953- Verfasser (DE-588)138270910 aut Gender, work and wages in the Soviet Union a legacy of discrimination Katarina Katz 1. publ. Basingstoke [u.a.] Palgrave 2001 XVII, 288 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Arbeitslohn fes Diskriminierung fes Frau fes Frauenarbeit fes Frauenarbeitslosigkeit fes Lohngleichheit fes Einkommen (DE-588)4013887-2 gnd rswk-swf Geschlechterrolle (DE-588)4071776-8 gnd rswk-swf Arbeitsmarktpolitik (DE-588)4002737-5 gnd rswk-swf Russland fes Sowjetunion fes Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Arbeitsmarktpolitik (DE-588)4002737-5 s Einkommen (DE-588)4013887-2 s Geschlechterrolle (DE-588)4071776-8 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009558726&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Katz, Katarina 1953- Gender, work and wages in the Soviet Union a legacy of discrimination Arbeitslohn fes Diskriminierung fes Frau fes Frauenarbeit fes Frauenarbeitslosigkeit fes Lohngleichheit fes Einkommen (DE-588)4013887-2 gnd Geschlechterrolle (DE-588)4071776-8 gnd Arbeitsmarktpolitik (DE-588)4002737-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4013887-2 (DE-588)4071776-8 (DE-588)4002737-5 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | Gender, work and wages in the Soviet Union a legacy of discrimination |
| title_auth | Gender, work and wages in the Soviet Union a legacy of discrimination |
| title_exact_search | Gender, work and wages in the Soviet Union a legacy of discrimination |
| title_full | Gender, work and wages in the Soviet Union a legacy of discrimination Katarina Katz |
| title_fullStr | Gender, work and wages in the Soviet Union a legacy of discrimination Katarina Katz |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gender, work and wages in the Soviet Union a legacy of discrimination Katarina Katz |
| title_short | Gender, work and wages in the Soviet Union |
| title_sort | gender work and wages in the soviet union a legacy of discrimination |
| title_sub | a legacy of discrimination |
| topic | Arbeitslohn fes Diskriminierung fes Frau fes Frauenarbeit fes Frauenarbeitslosigkeit fes Lohngleichheit fes Einkommen (DE-588)4013887-2 gnd Geschlechterrolle (DE-588)4071776-8 gnd Arbeitsmarktpolitik (DE-588)4002737-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Arbeitslohn Diskriminierung Frau Frauenarbeit Frauenarbeitslosigkeit Lohngleichheit Einkommen Geschlechterrolle Arbeitsmarktpolitik Russland Sowjetunion |
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