Manual of applied field hydrogeology:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York [u.a.]
McGraw-Hill
2001
|
| Schriftenreihe: | McGraw-Hill professional engineering
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 2. Aufl. u.d.T.: Weight, Willis D.: Hydrogeology field manual |
| Beschreibung: | XVII, 608 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 007069639X |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Weight, Willis D. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Manual of applied field hydrogeology |c Willis D. Weight ; John L. Sonderegger |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York [u.a.] |b McGraw-Hill |c 2001 | |
| 300 | |a XVII, 608 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a McGraw-Hill professional engineering | |
| 500 | |a 2. Aufl. u.d.T.: Weight, Willis D.: Hydrogeology field manual | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Angewandte Hydrogeologie - Hydrogeochemie - Feldgeologie - Lehrbuch | |
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| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009556514 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804128813179731968 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Manual of applied field hydrogeology
Autor: Weight, Willis D
Jahr: 2001
Contents
Preface...............................xv
Acknowledgments........................xvii
1 Field Hydrogeology......................1
1.1 Hydrologic Cycle.........................2
1.2 Water-Budget Analysis.....................4
1.3 Sources of Information on Hydrogeology...........10
1.4 Site Location for Hydrogeologic Investigations.........12
1.5 Taking Field Notes.......................14
Daily Information........................15
Lithologic Logs.........................16
Well Drilling...........................19
Well Completion........................20
Pumping Tests.........................21
Water-Quality Measurements.................23
1.6 Groundwater Use........................25
1.7 Groundwater Planning.....................26
Source-Water Protection Studies................27
1.8 Summary............................30
References..............................32
2 The Geology of Hydrogeology................35
2.1 Geologic Properties of Igneous Rocks.............36
Extrusive Rocks........................36
Andesite............................40
Basalt..............................42
Intrusive Rocks.........................44
2.2 Geologic Properties of Metamorphic Rocks..........51
Plate Tectonic Settings of Metamorphic Rocks.........52
2.4 Geologic Properties of Sedimentary Rocks..........55
Weathering...........................56
Transport of Sediment and Depositional Environments .... 59
Stratigraphy..........................61
2.5 Structural Geology.......................64
Strike and Dip.........................65
Fold Geometry.........................69
Faulting.............................70
Other Observations in Structures...............73
vlil
Contents
75
77
78
79
79
83
84
87
87
90
90
98
2.6 Karst Effects.............
Karst Aquifer .... -........
........................
Paleokarst..............
Fieldwork in Karst Areas.......
2.7 Using Geologic Information
References.................
3 Aquifer Properties..........
3.1 From the Surface to the Water Table.
3.2 Porosity and Aquifer Storage.....
Porosity................
Storativity...............
3.3 Movement of Fluids through Earth Materials _
Transmissivity. .
3.4 Aquifer Concepts
Unconfined Aquifers..........................• 109
Confined and Artesian Aquifer......... ... 109
Confining Layers.............. • m
Hydrostratigraphy .
3.5 Boundary Concepts
Homogeneity and Isotropy........... ... 116
3.6 Springs.................. .....117
3.7 Summary........................119
References........................................... 119
4 Basic Geophysics of the Shallow Subsurface......121
4.1 Common Targets for Shallow Geophysical
Investigation..........................122
4.2 Approaches to Shallow Subsurface
Investigations.........................122
4.3 Overview of Geophysical Techniques.............123
Methods............................123
Limitations...........................124
4.4 Matching Geophysical Methods to Applications.......125
4.5 Geophysical Survey Planning.................125
4.6 Seismics............................................127
Basic Principles..............................................127
Refraction Surveying........................................137
Reflection Surveying................................13g
4.7 Electrical......................^44
107
108
112
114
Basic Principles and Units.............. 144
Resistivity..........................145
Induced Polarization (IP)...................153
Contents ix
Spontaneous Potential (SP).................156
Telluric and Magnetotelluric Methods.............157
Electromagnetic (EM) Techniques..............158
References..............................161
5 Groundwater Flow......................165
5.1 Groundwater Movement...................165
Darcy s Law..........................165
Hydraulic Head........................167
Hydraulic Head and Darcy s Law...............169
5.2 Flow Nets...........................174
Vertical Groundwater Flow..................175
Gaining and Losing Systems.................177
Refraction of Groundwater Flow...............179
5.3 Level Measurements in Groundwater
Monitoring Wells.............................180
Defining Level Measurements................180
Access to Wells........................182
Measuring Points.......................185
Water-Level Devices.....................185
Practical Design of Level-Measurement Devices.......194
Other Practical Applications..................198
Summary of Level-Measurement Methods..........202
5.4 Misinterpretation of Water-Level Data............205
Shallow and Deep Wells...................205
Short Versus Long Screen Lengths..............207
Combining Different Aquifers.................209
References..............................210
6 Groundwater/Surface-Water Interaction..........213
6.1 Fluvial Plain..........................214
Channel Orientation and Groundwater/Surface-Water
Exchange...........................217
6.2 Hyporheic Zone........................218
Channel Geomorphology and Stream Connectivity......219
6.3 Stream Health.........................223
6.4 Field Methods to Determine Groundwater/Surface-Water
Exchange...........................224
Stream Gauging........................224
Parshall Flumes........................231
Crest-Stage Gauge......................232
Minipiezometers........................234
Seepage Meters.......................238
Tracer Studies.........................242
Contents
246
Chemical Mass Balance........ • ¦ .....
. . • • 249
6.5 Summary................
~ , .... 249
References...................
7 Water Chemistry Sampling and Results..........255
7.1 How Can Groundwater Chemistry Be Used?. • ..255
Helpful Theory..............................256
Minerals Forming/Dissolving, Predictions, and Flow Paths. . 264
Predictions about Direction of Processes {Groundwater
Evolution).....................................268
History of Flow Path, Can It Be Deduced from the Chemistry? 270
7.2 Collecting Samples............ ......271
Inorganic Constituents................ 275
Organic Constituents............. .....277
7.3 Evaluating Laboratory Results..............278
Comparison with Field Parameters . . . .... 278
Ionic Balances......................279
Spikes and Spike Recovery.......... . . . . 282
Blind Controls...................... 283
7.4 Tips and Tricks...................................284
Why Are You Sampling?.................284
Ways to Stretch the Budget..................284
Statistical Analysis of Data...............286
7.5 Field Equipment Use Guidelines...............287
PH..............................287
Specific Conductance Meters.................289
Alkalinity............................................290
Eh............................290
....................291
Dissolved Oxygen.....................
Batteries...........................^
Test Strips, Capillary Tube, and Colorimetric Determinations. 293
References..............................
Drilling and Well Completion................297
8.1 Getting Along with Drillers..................297
8.2 Rig Safety...........................300
Summary of Safety Points..................305
Other Considerations.....................305
8.3 Drilling Methods........................307
Cable-Tool Method......................307
Forward (Direct) Rotary Method...............310
Reverse Circulation Drilling..................317
Casing Advancement Drilling Methods............319
Auger Drilling.........................321
Contents
xi
Direct-Push Methods.....................323
Horizontal Drilling.......................325
8.4 How to Log a Drill Hole....................325
Describing the Cuttings....................330
Lag Time...........................331
How Much Water Is Being Made and Where It Came From . 331
8.5 Monitoring-Well Construction.................332
Objectives of a Groundwater Monitoring Program......333
Installing a Groundwater Monitoring Well...........333
Well Completion Materials..................340
Well Development.......................341
8.6 Production-Well Completion.................343
Sieve Analysis........................344
Well Screen Criteria......................348
Screen Entrance Velocity...................351
Well Completion and Development..............355
8.7 Water Witching........................357
8.8 Summary...........................360
References..............................360
9 Pumping Tests........................363
9.1 Why Pumping Tests?.....................364
9.2 Pumping-Test Design.....................364
Geologic Conditions......................365
Distance-Depth Requirements of Observation Wells.....368
9.3 Step-Drawdown Tests.....................371
9.4 Setting Up and Running a Pumping Test...........378
Power Supply and Pumps..................379
Data Loggers and Transducers................386
E-tapes............................390
Discharge System.......................391
Duct Tape...........................393
Setup Procedure.......................394
Frequency of Manual Readings................396
Safety Issues.........................397
9.5 Things That Affect Pumping Test Results...........398
Weather and Barometric Changes..............398
Other Apparent Sources and Sinks..............399
9.6 Summary...........................401
References..............................401
10 Aquifer Hydraulics.....................403
10.1 Wells.............................404
Cone of Depression......................405
xii
Contents
Comparison of Confined and Unconfined Aquifers......407
10.2 Traditional Pumping-Test Analytical Methods.........^
Cooper-Jacob Straight-Line Plot...............
Leaky-Confined and Semiconfined Aquifers.........
Distance-Drawdown Relationships..............
Predictions of Distance-Drawdown from Time-Drawdown . . 427
Recovery Plots........................
10.3 Specific Capacity.......................
10.4 Well Interference and Boundary Conditions.........432
Aquifer Boundary Conditions.................454
Image Well Theory......................4^
10.5 Partial Penetration of Wells and Estimates of Saturated
Thickness...........................4
Estimates of the Saturated Thickness in Unconfined Aquifers 438
10.6 Fracture Flow Analysis....................44^
Pumping Tests in Flowing Wells...............444
10.7 Summary...........................445
References..............................446
11 Slug Testing.........................449
11.1 Field Methodology..................... - 450
How to Make a Slug......................452
Performing a Slug Test....................453
11.2 Analyzing Slug Tests—The Damped Case..........455
Hvorslev Method.......................456
Bouwer and Rice Slug Test..................460
Common Errors Made in Analyzing Slug Test Data......466
How to Analyze Slug Tests for Both Damped Methods from
a Single Plot..........................468
11.3 Analyzing Slug Tests—Underdamped Case.........468
Nature of Underdamped Behavior..............469
Effective Stress and Elastic Behavior.............474
van der Kamp Method.................... 477
Kipp Method..........................................479
Methodology.................
Comparison of Two Methods and Discussion of Storativity. . 487
11.4 Other Observations................4gg
References............. 488
12 VadoseZone...............
12.1 Summary of VadoseZone Terms....................493
The Concept of Potential ........ ........AQR
Infiltration.................................^
12.2 Direct Measurement of Infiltration Rates . . . 500
Contents xiii
12.3 Soil Moisture Measurement and Sampling Tools.......502
Neutron Probes (Indirect Measuring Devices)........503
Resistance Methods (Indirect Measuring Devices)......505
Tensiometers (Direct Measuring Devices)..........506
Psychrometers (Direct Measuring Devices).........509
Lysimeters (Direct Sampling Devices)............509
12.4 Data Collection and Use...................513
Neutron Probe Data......................513
Tensiometer Data—North-Central Montana Example .... 515
Mass Flux Calculations....................518
Lysimeter Water-Quality Samples—Sources of Error.....521
12.5 Concluding Thought......................521
References..............................522
13 Tracer Test..........................525
13.1 Tracer Test Objectives....................526
13.2 Tracer Material........................526
13.3 Design and Completion of Tracer Test............526
Conceptual Design......................531
Selection of the Initial Mass of the Tracer or Its Concentration 532
Point-Source Infrastructure..................537
Observation Wells.......................543
Sampling Schedule......................543
Monitoring...........................546
Equipment...........................547
13.4 Common Errors........................549
References..............................550
Appendix A Unit Conversions Tables.............553
Appendix B Relationship of Water Density and Viscosity to
Temperature...................559
Appendix C Chemistry Example................561
Appendix D Values of W(u) and u for the Theis
Nonequilibrium Equation............573
Appendix E Using the Guelph Permeameter Model 2800 . . 575
Glossary.............................581
Index...............................609
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Weight, Willis D. Sonderegger, John L. |
| author_facet | Weight, Willis D. Sonderegger, John L. |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Weight, Willis D. |
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| isbn | 007069639X |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Weight, Willis D. Verfasser aut Manual of applied field hydrogeology Willis D. Weight ; John L. Sonderegger New York [u.a.] McGraw-Hill 2001 XVII, 608 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier McGraw-Hill professional engineering 2. Aufl. u.d.T.: Weight, Willis D.: Hydrogeology field manual Angewandte Hydrogeologie - Hydrogeochemie - Feldgeologie - Lehrbuch Hydrogeologie - Methode Angewandte Hydrogeologie (DE-588)4142439-6 gnd rswk-swf Angewandte Hydrogeologie (DE-588)4142439-6 s DE-604 Sonderegger, John L. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009556514&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Weight, Willis D. Sonderegger, John L. Manual of applied field hydrogeology Angewandte Hydrogeologie - Hydrogeochemie - Feldgeologie - Lehrbuch Hydrogeologie - Methode Angewandte Hydrogeologie (DE-588)4142439-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4142439-6 |
| title | Manual of applied field hydrogeology |
| title_auth | Manual of applied field hydrogeology |
| title_exact_search | Manual of applied field hydrogeology |
| title_full | Manual of applied field hydrogeology Willis D. Weight ; John L. Sonderegger |
| title_fullStr | Manual of applied field hydrogeology Willis D. Weight ; John L. Sonderegger |
| title_full_unstemmed | Manual of applied field hydrogeology Willis D. Weight ; John L. Sonderegger |
| title_short | Manual of applied field hydrogeology |
| title_sort | manual of applied field hydrogeology |
| topic | Angewandte Hydrogeologie - Hydrogeochemie - Feldgeologie - Lehrbuch Hydrogeologie - Methode Angewandte Hydrogeologie (DE-588)4142439-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Angewandte Hydrogeologie - Hydrogeochemie - Feldgeologie - Lehrbuch Hydrogeologie - Methode Angewandte Hydrogeologie |
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