The physiological ecology of vertebrates: a view from energetics
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Ithaca [u.a.]
Comstock Publishing Associates
2002
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. by Cornell Univ. Press |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXVII, 576 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0801439132 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The physiological ecology of vertebrates |b a view from energetics |c Brian Keith McNab |
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| 300 | |a XXVII, 576 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | The
Physiological
Ecology
of
Vertebrates
A VIEW FROM ENERGETICS
Brian Keith McNab
with a foreword by James H Brown
COMSTOCK PUBLISHING ASSOCIATES
a division of
Cornell University Press
ITHACAANDLONDON
Contents
Foreword by James H Brown
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
PART I Foundations
1 The Limits to Adaptation
1 1 Synopsis 3
1 2 Concerning Adaptations 3
121A partial solution 4
13A Comment on Correlation and Causation 5
1 4 Consequences of Adaptations 6
141 Restrictive adaptations 6
142 Expansive adaptations 7
1 5 Limits to Adaptation 7
151 Functional limits to adaptation 7
152 Ecological limits to adaptation 7
153 Historical (or evolutionary) limits to adaptation
1 6 Chapter Summary 9
2 Patterns of Physical Exchange with the Environment
2 1 Synopsis 10
2 2 Introduction 10
23A Note on Units 10
2 4 Diffusion 11
2 5 Thermal Exchange—Radiation 11
2 6 Thermal Exchange—Conduction 15
2 7 Thermal Exchange—Convection 16
2 8 Thermal Exchange—Evaporation 18
2 9 Net Thermal Exchange with the Environment 19
291 Burton and Scholander-Irving models 20
292 Equivalent temperature 21
293 Standard operative temperature 22
2 10 Osmotic Exchange 23
2 11 Constraints on Gas Exchange 24
2 12 Chapter Summary 28
PART II Thermal Exchange with the Environment
3 The Scaling of Metabolism and Thermal Relations 31
3 1 Synopsis 31
3 2 Introduction 31
3 3 Scaling Rate of Metabolism 32
331 Scaling basal rate in mammals 32
Box 3 1: Total or Mass-Specific Rates of Metabolism? 36
332 Scaling rate of metabolism in other vertebrates 37
3 4 Scaling Thermal Relations 40
3 5 Chapter Summary 43
4 Adaptation to Temperature Variation: Poikilothermy-Ectothermy 44
4 1 Synopsis 44
4 2 An Introduction to Terminology 44
4 3 The Limits of Temperature Tolerance 45
4 4 The Influence of Temperature between Lethal Limits 46
4 5 Thermal Acclimatization and Acclimation 47
451 Limits of thermal tolerance 47
452 Qio 49
453 Rates of reaction 49
454 Mechanisms of thermal acclimatization 52
455 Doubts on thermal acclimatization 54
4 6 The Influence of Ecological Factors on Rate of Metabolism 55
4 7 Life near 0C 56
471 Reduction in the freezing point 57
472 Supercooling 59
473 Tolerance of freezing 59
4 8 Behavioral Temperature Regulation 60
481 Aquatic environments 60
482 Amphibians in terrestrial environments 61
483 Lizards in terrestrial environments 62
484 Other reptiles in terrestrial environments 66
485 Maintenance of a preferred temperature range 68
4 9 Behavioral Control of Heat Exchange 69
491 Time in the sun 69
492 Surface area 70
493 Reflectance 70
4 10 The Cost of Behavioral Temperature Regulation 71
4 11 Behavior as a Complication in Scaling Rate of Metabolism 71
4 12 The Evolution of Behavioral Temperature Regulation 72
4 13 Physiological Control of Heat Exchange 74
Box 4 1: Derivation of the Cooling Curve Constant 75
4 14 Body Size and the Thermoregulation of Living Reptiles 78
4 15 The Thermoregulation of Dinosaurs 79
4 16 The Advantages of Ectothermy 82
4 17 Chapter Summary 83
x Contents
5 Adaptation to Temperature Variation: Homeothermy-Endothermy 85
5 1 Synopsis 85
5 2 Introduction to the Energetics of Endothermy 85
5 3 Implications of the Correlation of Basal Rate with Body Mass 88
531 Turnover time 88
532 Bergmann s rule 88
533 Dehnel s phenomenon 93
534 Heat storage 93
5 4 Resolving Residual Variation in Basal Rate 94
541 Food habits 95
542 Climate 97
543 Body composition 99
544 Taxonomic affiliation 99
Box 5 1: On the Significance of the Correlation of Physiological Characters
with Taxonomic Affiliation 100
5 5 Factors Affecting Thermal Conductance 102
551 Body mass 102
552 Climate 103
553 The control of peripheral temperatures 105
554A consequence of low peripheral temperatures 106
555 The impact of huddling on energy expenditure 107
5 6 Setting the Level of Body Temperature in Endotherms 107
5 7 Mechanisms of Heat Acquisition 110
571 Shivering thermogenesis 110
572 Nonshivering thermogenesis 111
573 Thermogenesis during activity 112
574 Maximal rates of metabolism 112
575 Basking 113
5 8 Development of Endothermy 115
581 Altricial endotherms 116
582 Precocial endotherms 116
583 The energetics of development 117
5 9 Intermediate Forms of Endothermy 118
591 Insects 118
592 Fishes 119
593 Pythons 122
594 Dermochelys 123
5 10 The Evolution of Endothermy 124
5 10 1 What value is derived from endothermy? 124
Box 5 2: Was the Evolution of Endothermy a Means of Attaining Thermal
Stability, of Increasing Aerobic Scope, or Both? 125
5 10 2 What was the mechanism by which endothermy evolved? 125
5 10 3 How did endothermy evolve historically in the class Mammalia? 126
5 10 4 The evolution of endothermy in vertebrates other than mammals 128
5 11 Chapter Summary 129
PART III Material Exchange with the Environment
6 Osmotic Exchange in Aquatic and Transitional Vertebrates 133
6 1 Synopsis 133
6 2 Introduction 134
6 3 The Chemical Composition of Aquatic Environments 134
Contents xi
6 4 Tolerance of External Concentrations 135
6 5 Osmotic Regulation in Aquatic Vertebrates 135
651 Cyclostomes 136
652 Chondrichthyans 139
653 Osteichthyans 142
6 6 Osmotic Exchange in Teleosts 145
661 Osmotic flux 145
662 Drinking flux 146
663 Urinary flux 146
6 7 The Energetics of Osmotic Regulation 147
6 8 Osmotic Regulation and the Origin of Vertebrates 151
Box 6 1: Is the Evolution of Physiological Characters Conservative? 153
6 9 Amphibians as Aquatic Vertebrates 154
691 Osmotic regulation in anurans 155
692 Osmotic regulation in other amphibians 159
693 Salt balance in amphibians 160
694 Marine amphibians 160
6 10 Amphibians as Terrestrial Vertebrates 160
6 10 1 Nitrogenous waste products 160
6 10 2 Tolerance to dessication 161
6 10 3 Rates of water exchange 164
6 10 4 Waterproof frogs 167
6 10 5 Seasonal withdrawal 169
6 11 Aestivating Fishes 171
6 12 Chapter Summary 172
7 Water and Salt Exchange in Terrestrial Vertebrates
7 1 Synopsis 174
7 2 Introduction 174
7 3 Water Flux in Terrestrial Vertebrates 175
7 4 Pathways of Water Income 175
741 Preformed water 176
742 Drinking 176
743 Metabolism 178
7 5 Evaporative Water Loss 178
751 Integumental water loss 178
752 Respiratory water loss 181
7 5 3--Minimizing evaporative water loss 183
7 6 Renal Water Loss and Excretion in Reptiles 184
761 Reptilian kidney structure 184
762 Nitrogenous waste products 184
763 Reptilian kidney function 186
764 Selective abandonment of osmotic regulation 187
7 7 Renal Water Loss and Excretion in Birds 188
771 Kidney structure 188
772 Kidney function 189
7 8 Extrarenal Salt and Nitrogen Excretion in Reptiles and Birds 194
781 Bladder 194
782 Cloaca 195
783 Salt glands 196
7 9 The Return to Aquatic Habits in Reptiles 202
7 10 Renal Water Loss and Salt Excretion in Mammals 203
7 10 1 Kidney structure 203
Contents
7 10 2 Kidney function 205
7 10 3 Ecological correlates of renal function 209
7 11 Chapter Summary 217
8 Adaptation of Gas Exchange
8 1 Synopsis 219
8 2 Introduction 219
8 3 The Regulation of Gas Exchange 220
Box 8 1: The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation 221
8 4 Gas Exchange in Aquatic Environments 223
841 Structure of gills 223
842 Functioning of gills 224
843 Oxygen transport 226
844 Oxygen transport in the presence of carbon dioxide 228
845 Oxygen transport and temperature 229
846 Critical oxygen tension 229
847 The impact of hydrostatic pressure 231
848 Ice-fish: a special problem in gas transport 232
849 Carbon dioxide transport 235
8 5 The Transition from Aquatic to Aerial Gas Exchange in Fishes 235
851 Physiological adjustments to aerial respiration 237
852 The morphology of bimodal gas exchange in fishes 238
853 Comparative importance of structures for exchange 240
854 Bimodal exchange in lungfishes 241
855 The comparative costs of bimodal exchange 242
8 6 Bimodal Gas Exchange in Amphibians 243
861 Bimodal exchange 243
862 Partitioning of gas exchange 244
863 An evolutionary cul-de-sac: lunglessness in salamanders 248
8 7 The Evolution of Aerial Gas Exchange 251
8 8 Gas Exchange in Terrestrial Environments 252
881 Aerial exchange 252
882 Oxygen transport 253
883 Hemoglobin affinity 254
884 Adaptation to burrow atmospheres 256
885 Adaptation to high altitudes 258
886 Adaptation to diving 260
8 9 The Return to Aquatic Exchange 262
8 10 Chapter Summary 264
PART IV Ecological Energetics
9 The Energetics of Locomotion
9 1 Synopsis 269
9 2 Introduction 269
9 3 Swimming in Fishes 270
931 Swimming velocities 271
932 Biochemical energetics 271
9 4 Amphibian Locomotion 273
941 The cost of locomotion 273
942 Biochemical energetics 274
9 5 Locomotion in Reptiles 277
951 Aerobic expenditures 277
952 Energetics of legless locomotion 278
953 Anaerobic expenditures 279
954 Total energetics 279
9 6 Flight 280
961 Theoretical energetics 280
962 Measurement of flight energetics 282
963 The flight of birds 284
964 The morphology of flight muscles in birds 288
965 The flight of bats 291
966 The flight of pterosaurs 291
967 The evolution of flight in vertebrates 293
968A reduced capacity for flight in birds 293
969 The evolution of flightlessness in birds 294
9 7 Terrestrial Locomotion in Birds and Mammals 295
971 Morphology 295
972 Mechanics of locomotion 296
973 Energetics of quadrupedal locomotion 297
974 Bipedal locomotion 299
975 Heat storage as a limit to locomotion 300
976 The cost of burrowing 300
9 8 Aquatic Locomotion in Birds and Mammals 301
9 9 The Comparative Cost of Locomotion 302
9 10 Chapter Summary 304
10 Energy Budgets
10 1 Synopsis 306
10 2 Introduction 306
10 3 Energy Budgets Described 307
10 4 Estimating Energy Budgets 307
10 4 1 Food consumption 307
10 4 2 Fluctuation in body mass 308
10 4 3 Oxygen consumption 308
10 4 4 Doubly labeled water 309
10 4 5 Tritium and 22Na 309
10 4 6 Time budgets 309
10 4 7 Combined methods 311
10 5 Field Energy Expenditures 311
10 5 1—Mammals 312
10 5 2 Birds 314
10 5 3 Ectotherms 316
10 6 Energetics of Reproduction 316
10 6 1 Mammals 316
10 6 2 Birds 319
10 6 3 Ectotherms 325
10 7 Energetics of Growth 327
10 7 1 Mammals 327
10 7 2 Birds 328
10 7 3 Ectotherms 330
10 8 Constraints on Energy Budgets 331
10 9 Home Range Size and Energy Expenditure 335
10 10 Energy Budgets in Restrictive Environments: Islands,
Caves, and Burrows 336
10 10 1 Oceanic Islands 337
Contents
10 10 2 Caves 338
10 10 3 Burrows 338
10 11 Population Energetics 338
10 11 1 Population maintenance 339
10 11 2 Population reproduction and growth 340
10 12 Chapter Summary 342
11 Periodicity in the Environment: Balancing Daily and Annual
Energy Budgets
11 1 Synopsis 343
11 2 Introduction 343
11 3 Periodicity in the Environment 344
11 3 1 Daily cycle 344
11 3 2 Annual cycle 344
11 3 3 Monthly and tidal cycles 344
11 4 Periodicity in Vertebrates 345
11 4 1 Endogenous circadian rhythms 345
11 4 2 Endogenous circannual rhythms 347
11 4 3 Controversies on the existence of endogenous rhythms 349
11 4 4 Significance of endogenous rhythms 349
11 5 Balancing Daily Energy Budgets 349
11 5 1 Food and fat storage 350
11 5 2 Modified activity rhythms and time budgets 350
11 5 3 Daily torpor 351
11 6 Balancing Annual Energy Budgets: Introduction and Tolerance 357
11 6 1 Seasonal tolerance: ectotherms 357
11 6 2 Seasonal tolerance: endotherms 358
11 7 Balancing Annual Energy Budgets: Migration 366
11 7 1 Energy balance and migration 366
11 7 2 Cost of migration 370
11 8 Balancing Annual Energy Budgets: Seasonal Torpor 372
11 8 1 Hibernation in ectotherms 372
11 8 2 Hibernation in endotherms 375
11 8 3 The impact of endothermic hibernation 383
11 8 4 Marginal hibernation 385
11 8 5 Aestivation in ectotherms 386
11 8 6 Aestivation in endotherms 388
11 9 Chapter Summary 388
12 Diet and Nutrition
12 1 Synopsis 390
12 2 Introduction 390
12 3 Diversity in Diet and Nutrition 391
12 3 1 Diversity in diet 391
12 3 2 Varied diets 394
12 3 3 Nutrition 394
12 4 Morphology of the Gut in Relation to Diet 396
12 4 1 Fishes 396
12 4 2 Amphibians and reptiles 396
12 4 3 Birds 397
12 4 4 Mammals 398
12 5 Digestion 401
12 6 Special Problems of Herbivory 403
12 6 1 Processing a herbivorous diet 403
12 6 2 Mixed diets 406
12 7 Foregut and Hindgut Fermentation 407
12 7 1 Scaling fermentation in mammals 408
12 7 2 Other vertebrate fermenters 412
12 7 3 The evolution of foregut and hindgut fermentation 414
12 8 The Distribution of Plant Secondary Compounds 416
12 9 The Response of Vertebrates to Secondary Compounds 418
12 9 1 Behavioral responses 418
12 9 2 Physiological responses 422
12 9 3 Secondary compounds and the population biology of herbivores 424
12 10 Chapter Summary 426
PART V Consequences
13 The Significance of Energetics for the Population Ecology of Vertebrates 431
13 1 Synopsis 431
13 2 Introduction 431
13 3 Energetics, Generation Time, and Fecundity in Eutherian Mammals 432
13 3 1 Gestation period 432
13 3 2 Postnatal growth constant 433
13 3 3 Fecundity 434
13 3 4 Life span 436
13 4 Population Growth in Relation to Energetics in Eutherian Mammals 437
Box 13 1 Doubts on the Significance of Energetics for the Parameters of
Population Ecology 440
13 5 Population Ecology and Energetics in Mammals Other Than Eutherians 441
13 6 Population Ecology and Energetics in Birds 442
13 6 1 Postnatal growth constant 442
13 6 2 Fecundity 444
13 7 Population Reproduction and Energetics in Ectotherms 445
13 8 Chapter Summary 445
14 Physiological Limits to the Geographic Distribution of Vertebrates 447
14 1 Synopsis 447
14 2 Introduction 447
14 3 Thermal Limits to the Distribution of Ectotherms 449
14 3 1 Ice-fish 449
14 3 2 Sea snakes 449
14 3 3 American alligator 451
14 3 4 Terrestrial ectotherms 451
14 4 Thermal Limits to the Distribution of Birds 452
14 4 1 Penguins 452
14 4 2 Giant-petrels and albatrosses 453
14 4 3 Anhinga 453
14 4 4 Hummingbirds 454
14 4 5 Starlings and house sparrows 455
14 4 6 Finches 456
14 4 7 Magpies 457
14 4 8 The northern limits to bird distribution in winter 457
14 5 Thermal Limits to the Distribution of Mammals 458
14 5 1 Marsupials 458
xvi Contents
14 5 2 Armadillos 459
14 5 3 Bats 460
14 5 4 Maximal rates of metabolism and the limits to
distribution in rodents 462
14 5 5 Naked mole-rat 462
14 5 6 Flying-squirrels 463
14 5 7 Raccoon and other procyonids 463
14 5 8 Seals 465
14 5 9 Manatees and dugongs 465
14 6 Osmotic Limits to Distribution 467
14 6 1 Mullet 467
14 6 2 Pinfish 467
14 6 3 Salamanders 468
14 6 4 Crocodiles and alligator 468
14 6 5 Cormorants and anhinga 469
14 6 6 Sandgrouse 469
14 6 7 Armadillos 469
14 6 8 Sewellel 470
14 7 Gas Exchange as a Limit to Distribution 470
14 7 1 Darters 471
14 7 2 Wood-mice 471
14 7 3 Fossorial mammals 472
14 8 Food and the Limits to Distribution 472
14 8 1 The occurrence of diadromy 472
14 8 2 Food availability 473
14 9 Changes in Distribution and Abundance with Changes in the Climate 473
14 9 1 Changes in distribution at the end of the Pleistocene 473
14 9 2 Is climate presently changing? 474
14 9 3 Montane amphibians 474
14 9 4 Populations of foraging seabirds 475
14 9 5 Egg laying in passerines 475
14 9 6 Marine mammals in the Arctic 475
14 10 Chapter Summary 475
References 477
Taxonomic Index 559
Subject Index 567
Contents xvii
|
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:55:04Z |
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| language | English |
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| publisher | Comstock Publishing Associates |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | McNab, Brian Keith Verfasser aut The physiological ecology of vertebrates a view from energetics Brian Keith McNab 1. publ. by Cornell Univ. Press Ithaca [u.a.] Comstock Publishing Associates 2002 XXVII, 576 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Adaptation (Physiology) Animal ecology Bioenergetics Vertebrates Physiology Bioenergetik (DE-588)4112769-9 gnd rswk-swf Autökologie (DE-588)4143684-2 gnd rswk-swf Wirbeltiere (DE-588)4066376-0 gnd rswk-swf Wirbeltiere (DE-588)4066376-0 s Autökologie (DE-588)4143684-2 s Bioenergetik (DE-588)4112769-9 s DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009550989&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | McNab, Brian Keith The physiological ecology of vertebrates a view from energetics Adaptation (Physiology) Animal ecology Bioenergetics Vertebrates Physiology Bioenergetik (DE-588)4112769-9 gnd Autökologie (DE-588)4143684-2 gnd Wirbeltiere (DE-588)4066376-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4112769-9 (DE-588)4143684-2 (DE-588)4066376-0 |
| title | The physiological ecology of vertebrates a view from energetics |
| title_auth | The physiological ecology of vertebrates a view from energetics |
| title_exact_search | The physiological ecology of vertebrates a view from energetics |
| title_full | The physiological ecology of vertebrates a view from energetics Brian Keith McNab |
| title_fullStr | The physiological ecology of vertebrates a view from energetics Brian Keith McNab |
| title_full_unstemmed | The physiological ecology of vertebrates a view from energetics Brian Keith McNab |
| title_short | The physiological ecology of vertebrates |
| title_sort | the physiological ecology of vertebrates a view from energetics |
| title_sub | a view from energetics |
| topic | Adaptation (Physiology) Animal ecology Bioenergetics Vertebrates Physiology Bioenergetik (DE-588)4112769-9 gnd Autökologie (DE-588)4143684-2 gnd Wirbeltiere (DE-588)4066376-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Adaptation (Physiology) Animal ecology Bioenergetics Vertebrates Physiology Bioenergetik Autökologie Wirbeltiere |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009550989&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mcnabbriankeith thephysiologicalecologyofvertebratesaviewfromenergetics |