Theory and practice of infrared technology for nondestructive testing:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York [u.a.]
Wiley
2001
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| Schriftenreihe: | Wiley series in microwave and optical engineering
A Wiley-Interscience publication |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIX, 684 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0471181900 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Theory and practice of infrared technology for nondestructive testing |c Xavier P. V. Maldague |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York [u.a.] |b Wiley |c 2001 | |
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Contents PREFACE 1 xv Getting Started with Thermography for Nondestructive Testing 1 1.1 1.2 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 Passive Thermography Testing Procedure Active Thermography Testing Procedures 1.2.1 Pulsed Thermography 1.2.2 Step Heating (Long Pulse) 1.2.3 Lock-in Thermography 1.2.4 Vibrothermography 1.3 TNDT Limitations and Applications 1.4 Historical Notes PART I 2 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS Introduction to Thermal Emission 15 2.1 2.2 2.3 15 18 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Basic Concepts Blackbody Solid Angle, Coordinate System, Emitted and Incident Radiation, and Units Radiance, Exitance, and Irradiance Planck’s Law Wien Displacement Law Stefan-Boltzmann Law Radiation Emitted in a Spectral Band Reflection, Absorption, and Transmission 2.9.1 Emissivity 2.9.2 Absorption 18 21 24 26 27 28 30 31 34 vii
viii CONTENTS 2.9.3 Reflection 2.9.4 Transmission 2.9.5 Flux Exchanges and Kirchhoff’s Law З 35 36 36 Problems 38 Introduction to Heat Transfer 41 3.1 42 Basic Concepts 3.1.1 First Laws and Definitions 3.1.2 Thermal Conductivity 3.1.3 Conduction Heat Transfer 3.1.4 Radiation Heat Transfer 3.1.5 Convection Heat Transfer 3.1.6 Combined Heat Transfer Mechanisms 3.1.7 Electrical Analogy 3.2 One-Dimensional Heat Transfer 3.2.1 Conduction Heat Transfer in a Semi-infinite Slab with Fixed Conditionsat Borders 3.2.2 Composite Systems 3.2.3 Radial Systems 3.2.4 Critical Radius 3.2.5 Internal Energy Sources 3.2.6 Fins and Biot Number 3.3 Unsteady Heat Transfer 3.3.1 Electrical Analogy 3.4 Multidimensional Conduction HeatTransfer 3.4.1 Analytical Approach 3.4.2 Finite-Difference Modeling Problems Appendix: Solving Differential Equations Using the Laplace Transform 4 Infrared Sensors and Optic Fundamentals 4.1 Detector Definitions and Characteristics 4.1.1 Impedance and Responsivity 4.1.2 Time Constant 4.1.3 Noise Equivalent Power 4.1.4 Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference 4.1.5 Detectivity D and D* 4.1.6 Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference 4.1.7 Line Spread Function and Slit Response Function 4.1.8 Signal Degradation 42 43 45 45 47 50 51 52 54 58 64 67 68 69 72 73 77 77 79 89 96 99 99 99 100 101 101 101 102 102 105
CONTENTS 5 ІХ 4.2 Noise 4.2.1 Shot Noise 4.2.2 Thermal or Johnson Noise 4.2.3 Flicker or 1//Noise 4.3 Thermal Detectors 4.3.1 Bolometers 4.3.2 Thermopiles 4.3.3 Pneumatic Detectors 4.3.4 Pyroelectric Detectors 4.3.5 Liquid Crystals 4.4 Photonic Detectors 4.4.1 Photoemissive Photonic Detectors 4.4.2 Quantum Detectors 4.5 Infrared Imaging Devices 4.5.1 Pyroelectric Detectors 4.5.2 Infrared Focal Plane Arrays 4.5.3 Scanning Radiometers 4.6 Cooling 4.7 Selection of an Atmospheric Band 4.8 Radiometric Measurements 4.8.1 Single-Color Pyrometry: Correctionof the Vignetting Effect 4.8.2 Single-Color Pyrometry: Temperature Calibration 4.8.3 Two-Color Pyrometry: Temperature Calibration 4.9 Infrared Optics 4.9.1 Reflection 4.9.2 Refraction 4.9.3 Properties of Optical Materials 4.9.4 Materials in Infrared Optics 4.10 Optics Fundamentals 4.10.1 Mirrors 4.10.2 Thin Lenses 4.10.3 Aberrations 4.10.4 Filters Problems 133 136 137 141 143 145 146 146 150 150 153 160 161 162 Images 167 5.1 5.2 Basic Concepts Image Formation 5.2.1 Pinhole Camera Model and Perspective Projection 5.2.2 Orthographic and Parallel Projections 105 106 107 107 107 108 109 110 110 111 112 112 113 114 114 117 123 124 127 128 167 175 175 176
x CONTENTS Data Acquisition and Recording 5.3.1 Photographic Film Recording 5.3.2 Videotape Recording 5.3.3 High-Performance Hard Disk Storage 5.3.4 Direct Digital Recording 5.4 Image Degradations 5.4.1 Noise (in Images) 5.4.2 Noise Evaluation 5.3 Image Rectification 5.5.1 Spatial Domain Image Enhancement 5.5.2 Detail Enhancement of Thermograms Using Local Statistics 5.5.3 Frequency-Domain Image Enhancement 5.5.4 Spatial and Temporal Reference Thermogram Enhancement Technique 5.5.5 Alternative Smoothing Routine for Noise Processing 5.6 Thermal Contrast Computations 5.7 Manual Interpretation of Color Scales and Profiles 5.7.1 Color Scales 5.7.2 Profiles Problems 5.5 177 177 178 180 180 181 185 185 186 186 192 193 193 196 198 201 201 202 203 Automated Image Analysis 205 6.1 205 206 206 207 214 214 217 218 224 227 227 228 231 231 233 234 Basic Concepts 6.1.1 Defect Detection Algorithms 6.1.2 Validity of Defect Detection Procedures 6.2 Image Formation 6.3 Automatic Segmentation Algorithm 6.3.1 Part I: Defect Localization 6.3.2 Part II: Defect Edge Estimation 6.3.3 Results and Discussion 6.4 Lateral Scanning Defect Detection Algorithm 6.5 Neural Network Detection 6.5.1 Neural Network Fundamentals 6.5.2 Neural Network Design 6.5.3 Learning 6.5.4 Example of Neural Network Use 6.5.5 Remarks on Neural Networks Problems
CONTENTS 7 ХІ Materials 237 7.1 7.2 7.3 237 238 241 241 243 246 248 250 251 252 253 255 255 New Materials Physical and Mechanical Properties of Materials Industrial Materials 7.3.1 Iron-Based Alloys 7.3.2 Nonferrous Alloys 7.3.3 Plastics 7.3.4 Ceramics 7.3.5 Composite Materials 7.4 Materials Inspected by TNDT 7.4.1 Bonded Assemblies 7.4.2 Graphite-Epoxy Structures 7.4.3 Thin Coatings 7.5 Other NDE Techniques 7.6 Probability of Defect Detection, Reliability, and Inspection Programs Problems 259 262 8 Experimental Concepts Instrumentation for Passive and Active Infrared Thermography 8.1.1 Instrumentation for the Passive Approach 8.1.2 Instrumentation for the Active Approach 8.1.3 Measurement Reproducibility 8.1.4 Analysis for an Experimental Setup Configuration (Active Pulsed TNDT) 8.2 Solutions to Emissivity Problems 8.2.1 Blackpainting 8.2.2 Techniques Applied to Solve the Emissivity Problem 8.2.3 Multiwavelength Pyrometry 8.2.4 Thermal Transfer Imaging 8.3 Atmosphere 8.3.1 Simple Computation of Atmospheric Transmittance 8.4 Remote Sensing 8.4.1 Infrared (Thermal) Remote Sensing 8.4.2 Conditions for Thermal Surveys 8.4.3 Air Surveys Problems 265 8.1 265 266 270 293 294 296 300 301 303 304 312 315 329 331 334 337 338
xii CONTENTS PART II ACTIVE THERMOGRAPHY 9 Active Thermography 9.1 Thermal Wave Theory 9.2 Pulsed Thermography 9.2.1 Pulsed Thermography Concepts 9.2.2 Deployment 10 343 344 34? 347 349 9.3 Stepped Heating (Long Pulse) 9.4 Lock-in Thermography 9.5 Vibrothermography Problems 352 355 362 364 Quantitative Data Analysis in Active Thermography 367 10.1 Pulsed Thermography: Inverse Problem 367 10.1.1 Practical Numerical Approach 10.1.2 Normalized Variables 10.1.3 Characterization of Defect Size 367 374 376 10.2 Pulsed Thermography: Experimental Procedure for Data Analysis 10.2.1 Thermal Contrast 10.2.2 Logarithmic Time Scale 10.2.3 Practical Computation of C(t), Cmax, tr i/^., tc.maxi and íc-maxl/2 10.2.4 Defect ShapeExtraction 10.2.5 Quantitative Characterization Procedure 10.3 Step Heating: Data Analysis 10.4 Pulsed Phase Thermography: Data Analysis 10.4.1 Principles and Features 10.4.2 Particular Features of PPT 10.4.3 Data Inversion 10.4.4 Statistical Method 10.4.5 Neural Network 10.4.6 Wavelets 10.4.7 Calibration for Lock-in Thermography 10.5 Thermal Tomography 10.6 Processing and Experiment for Nonplanar Surface Inspection 10.6.1 Thermal Stimulation Background(Curved Objects) 10.6.2 Point-Source Heating Correction 10.6.3 Video Thermal Stereo Vision 377 377 379 385 389 398 400 406 406 411 415 417 423 424 426 428 430 434 434 437
CONTENTS 10.6.4 10.6.5 Problems Direct Thermogram Correction Shape from Heating xiii 438 439 448 PART III 11 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE THERMOGRAPHY: CASE STUDIES Applications Active Pulsed Thermography with External Thermal Stimulation 11.1.1 Graphite-Epoxy Composites 11.1.2 Aluminum Laminates 11.1.3 Pulsed Thermography of Space Launch Vehicles 11.1.4 Detection of Rolled-in Scale on Steel Sheets 11.2 Active Pulsed Thermography with Internal Thermal Stimulation 11.2.1 Cavitation Damage of Pipes 11.2.2 Inspection of Jet Turbine Blades 11.3 Lock-in Thermography and Pulsed Phase Thermography 11.4 Passive Thermography 11.4.1 Preventive Maintenance for Electrical Utilities 11.4.2 Passive Thermography for the Construction Industry 11.4.3 Temperature Measurement of Hot Steel Strip Mills 11.4.4 Temperature Measurement of Glass (Bottles and Lamps) 11.4.5 Thermal Inspection of High-Temperature Industrial Structures 11.5 Evaluation of Material Thermal Diffusivity 11.5.1 Classical Thermal Diffusivity Measurement Method 11.5.2 Diffusivity Measurement Method Based on the Laplace Transform 11.5.3 Diffusivity Measurement Method Based on Phase Measurement Problems 453 11.1 453 454 459 468 472 478 478 484 495 496 496 508 522 524 525 527 528 529 531 534 References and Bibliography 537 Appendix A—Computer Model 619
xiv CONTENTS Appendix В—Smoothing Routing 623 Appendix C—Parabola Computations 627 Appendix D—Higher-Order Gradient Computations Based on the Roberts Gradient 629 Appendix E—Properties of Metals and Nonmetals 631 Appendix F—Matlab М-Scripts Available 639 INDEX 673 |
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| spelling | Maldague, Xavier P. V. Verfasser aut Theory and practice of infrared technology for nondestructive testing Xavier P. V. Maldague New York [u.a.] Wiley 2001 XIX, 684 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Wiley series in microwave and optical engineering A Wiley-Interscience publication Contrôle non destructif Rayonnement infrarouge - Technique Infrared technology Nondestructive testing Zerstörungsfreie Werkstoffprüfung (DE-588)4067689-4 gnd rswk-swf Infrarotthermographie (DE-588)4242353-3 gnd rswk-swf Zerstörungsfreie Werkstoffprüfung (DE-588)4067689-4 s Infrarotthermographie (DE-588)4242353-3 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009547698&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Maldague, Xavier P. V. Theory and practice of infrared technology for nondestructive testing Contrôle non destructif Rayonnement infrarouge - Technique Infrared technology Nondestructive testing Zerstörungsfreie Werkstoffprüfung (DE-588)4067689-4 gnd Infrarotthermographie (DE-588)4242353-3 gnd |
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| title | Theory and practice of infrared technology for nondestructive testing |
| title_auth | Theory and practice of infrared technology for nondestructive testing |
| title_exact_search | Theory and practice of infrared technology for nondestructive testing |
| title_full | Theory and practice of infrared technology for nondestructive testing Xavier P. V. Maldague |
| title_fullStr | Theory and practice of infrared technology for nondestructive testing Xavier P. V. Maldague |
| title_full_unstemmed | Theory and practice of infrared technology for nondestructive testing Xavier P. V. Maldague |
| title_short | Theory and practice of infrared technology for nondestructive testing |
| title_sort | theory and practice of infrared technology for nondestructive testing |
| topic | Contrôle non destructif Rayonnement infrarouge - Technique Infrared technology Nondestructive testing Zerstörungsfreie Werkstoffprüfung (DE-588)4067689-4 gnd Infrarotthermographie (DE-588)4242353-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Contrôle non destructif Rayonnement infrarouge - Technique Infrared technology Nondestructive testing Zerstörungsfreie Werkstoffprüfung Infrarotthermographie |
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