Environmental life-cycle assessment:
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
New York [u.a.]
McGraw-Hill
1996
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Schriftenreihe: | Environmental engineering books
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Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | Getr. Zählung graph. Darst. |
ISBN: | 007015063X |
Internformat
MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | CONTENTS Contributors xiii
Preface xv
Chapter 1. The History of LCA 1.1
1.1. Overview /./
1.2. The Systemic Nature of Industry 1.2
1.3. Early Applications of LCA 1.3
1.4. The LCA Model 1.3
1.5. Terminology 1.4
1.6. Why Is LCA Important? 1.5
1.7. Pollution Prevention 1.5
1.8. Life-Cycle Assessment as a Tool 1.6
1.9. Streamlining 1.7
1.10. Life-Cycle Design 1.7
1.11. Costing 1.7
1.12. Development of Public Policy /.8
1.13. International Views of LCA Applications 1.8
1.14. The Future of LCA 1.8
References 1.9
Chapter 2. LCA Methodology 2.1
2.1. Overview 2.1
2.2. Goal Definition and Scoping 2.2
2.2.1. Defining the Purpose 2.2
2.2.2. Defining Boundary Conditions 2.4
2.3. Inventory Methodology 2.8
2.3.1. Introduction 2.8
2.3.2. Steps to Perform an LCI 2.9
2.3.3. Variable Practices for Performing LCI Studies 2.19
2.4. Impact Methodology 2.26
2.4.1. Conceptual Framework 2.2S
2.4.2. Classification 2.28
2.4.3. Characterization 2.30
2.4.4. Application Issues 2..J5
2.4.5. Implications for LCI Data Development 2.35
2.4.6. Conclusion 2.36
References 2.37
Chapter 3. Software Systems and Databases 3.1
3.1. User Needs and Requirements for LCA Software 3.2
3.2. Definition of LCA Software Classes 3.3
3.3. General Structure and Function of LCA Software 3.6
v
VI CONTENTS
3.3.1. Inventory Analysis Software 3.6
3.3.2. Impact Assessment Software 3.9
3.3.3. Improvement Assessment Software 3.10
3.4. Evaluating LCA Software 3.11
3.4.1. Overall Structure and System Representation 3.11
3.4.2. Embedded Data and Databases 3.13
3.4.3. Data and Methodology Quality Assessment 3.13
3.4.4. Reports, Results Analysis, and Archiving 3.14
3.4.5. Hardware and Operating System Choices 3.15
3.4.6. Financial Considerations 3.15
3.5. Public Databases 3.15
3.6. Future Developments 3.18
References 3.20
Further Information 3.22
Chapter 4. Streamlining 4.1
4.1. Why Streamline? 4.1
4.2. What Is Streamlining? 4.3
4.3. Approaches to Streamlining LCA Methods 4.3
4.3.1. Limiting or Eliminating Life-Cycle Stages 4.4
4.3.2. Focusing on Specific Environmental Impacts or Issues 4.5
4.3.3. Eliminating Specific Inventory Parameters 4.5
4.3.4. Limiting or Eliminating Impact Assessment 4.6
4.3.5. Using Qualitative as Well as Quantitative Data 4.6
4.3.6. Using Surrogate Data 4.6
4.3.7. Establishing Criteria to Be Used as Show Stoppers or Knockouts 4.7
4.3.8. Limiting the Constituents Studied to Those Meeting a Threshold Quantity 4.7
4.3.9. Combining Streamlining Approaches 4.7
4.4. Selecting an Approach 4.8
4.4.1. How Will the Study Be Used? 4.8
4.4.2. What Alternatives or Actions Will Be Considered as a Result of the
Study? 4.8
4.4.3. What Information Is Needed to Support the Uses of the Study? 4.9
4.4.4. What Level of Specificity Is Required? 4.9
4.4.5. What Data Quality Objectives Must Be Met? 4.9
4.4.6. How Much Is Already Known? 4.9
4.4.7. How Well-Defined and Specific Is the Product or Process under Study? 4.10
4.5. Case Studies 4.10
4.5.1. Qualitative and Quantitative Approach for Studies of Building Materials 4.10
4.5.2. Pollution Prevention Factors Approach 4.12
4.5.3. Matrix Approaches to Abridged Life-Cycle Assessment 4.13
4.5.4. Application of Life-Cycle Concepts to Product Stewardship 4.14
4.5.5. ATHENA—Environmental Assessment Model for the Building and Design
Community 4.15
4.6. The Future of Streamlining Efforts 4.16
References 4.16
Chapter 5. Applications of Life-Cycle Assessment 5.1
5.1. Introduction 5./
5.2. Case Studies of Product Improvement 5.2
5.3. Case Studies of Product Comparisons 5.7
5.4. Case Studies in Strategic Planning 5.11
5.5. Case Studies of Public Sector Uses 5. / /
5.6. Summary 5.17
Bibliography 5.17
CONTENTS vii
Chapter 6. Life-Cycle Design 6.1
6.1. Introduction 6.1
6.2. Terminology 6.2
6.3. Definition of the Product System 6.3
6.3.1. Life-Cycle Stages 6.3
6.3.2. Product System Components 6.4
6.4. Life-Cycle Framework and Goals 6.5
6.4.1. Life-Cycle Design Goals 6.6
6.5. Life-Cycle Management 6.8
6.5.1. Internal Elements 6.9
6.5.2. External Factors 6.9
6.6. Life-Cycle Development Process 6.10
6.7. Needs Analysis and Project Initiation 6.12
6.7.1. Define Project Scope and Purpose 6./2
6.7.2. Set System Boundaries 6.12
6.7.3. Evaluate Baseline and Benchmark Competitors 6.13
6.1 A. Identify Opportunities and Vulnerabilities 6.13
6.8. Product System Requirements 6.14
6.8.1. Design Checklists 6.14
6.8.2. Requirements Matrices 6.14
6.9. Design Strategies and Solution 6.2/
6.9.1. Design Strategies 6.21
6.9.2. Design Solution 6.25
6.10. Design Evaluation 6.26
6.10.1. LCA and Its Application to Design 6.27
6.10.2. Other Design Evaluation Approaches 6.29
6.11. Summary 6.30
6.11.1. Life-Cycle Design Principles 6.30
References 6.32
Chapter 7. Life-Cycle Costing: Concepts and Applications 7.1
7.1. Conceptual Framework 7.1
7.2. Total Cost Assessment 7.4
7.2.1. Comprehensive Cost Inventory 7.4
7.2.2. Appropriate Cost Allocation 7.6
7.2.3. Time Horizon 7.8
7.2.4. Financial Indicators 7.8
7.3. Case Study 7.8
7.3.1. Company Background 7.8
7.3.2. Project Background 7.8
7.3.3. Project Description 7.9
7.3.4. Project Financial Analysis 7.9
7.3.5. Company and TCA Analyses 7.9
7.4. Life-Cycle Costing 7.11
7.4.1. Methods of Developing Monetary Values 7. /2
7.4.2. Example of Life-Cycle Costing 7.14
7.5. Conclusions 7.16
References 7.17
Further Reading 7.17
Chapter 8. Public Policy Applications of Life-Cycle Assessment 8.1
8.1. Introduction 8.1
8.2. Overview of Current Uses and Potential Applications 8.2
8.2.1. Life-Cycle Assessment in Europe and the United States 8.2
8.2.2. Framework for Life-Cycle Assessment Potential 8.3
vjji CONTENTS
8.3. Potential Public Policy Applications of Life-Cycle Concepts 8.3
8.3.1. Legislation 8.3
8.3.2. Regulatory Development: A Case Study 8.4
8.3.3. Executive Order on Federal Acquisition, Recycling, and Waste Prevention:
Another Case Study 8.5
8.3.4. Federal Trend toward Commercialization 8.6
8.4. Issues 8.7
8.4.1. Methodological 8.7
8.4.2. Trade Implications 8.7
8.4.3. Need for International Standards 8.8
8.5. Where Do We Go from Here? 8.8
8.5.1. Life-Cycle Concepts and Environmental Management Systems 8.8
8.5.2. Taking on the Life-Cycle Challenge 8.9
References 8.10
Chapter 9. European Perspective 9.1
9.1. Introduction 9.1
9.2. Use in European Legislation 9.1
9.2.1. Ecolabel Regulation 9.1
9.2.2. Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive 9.3
9.2.3. Other Examples 9.4
9.3. Data 9.5
9.3.1. Openly Accessible Databases 9.5
9.3.2. Subscription Databases 9.7
9.3.3. Centralized Database Systems 9.8
9.4. Impact Assessment 9.9
9.4.1. Nonvaluative Approaches 9.10
9.4.2. Valuative Approaches 9.11
References 9.13
Chapter 10. Materials in LCA 10.1
Overview 10.1
10.1. Materials in LCA 10.1
10.1.1. Materials Are Fundamental to LCA 10.1
10.1.2. LCA s Importance to Materials Producers 10.2
10.2. Methodological Considerations 10.2
10.2.1. Dimensions of LCA 10.2
10.2.2. Methodological Issues 10.3
10.3. Materials Information for LCA 10.5
10.3.1. Multimaterial Projects 10.6
10.3.2. Steel 10.7
10.3.3. Aluminum 10.7
10.3.4. Other Metals 10.7
10.3.5. Plastics 10.7
10.3.6. Pulp and Paper 10.8
10.4. Discussion 10.8
10.4.1. LCA as Environmental Mapping 10.8
10.4.2. Life-Cycle Design 10.10
10.4.3. Future Needs 10.11
10.5. Conclusions 10.12
References 10.12
Chapter 11. Application of Life-Cycle Assessment to Business
Performance 11.1
11.1. Introduction //./
11.2. Definition of Life-Cycle Assessment 11.2
CONTENTS JX
11.3. SETAC s Role in LCA Development 11.3
11.3.1. Technical Framework for LCA 11.3
11.3.2. Impact Assessment 11.3
11.4. ISO TC-207 LCA Standards 11.5
11.4.1. Summary of Standards 11.6
11.4.2. Status of Activities 11.6
11.5. Design for Environment—A Path Forward 11.6
11.6. Examples of Application of Life-Cycle Principles to Product
Evaluation 11.7
11.7. Applications of LCA //.//
References 11.12
Chapter 12. Life-Cycle Assessment: A System Analysis 12.1
12.1. Introduction 12.1
12.2. LCA s Application in Product Design: A Case Study 12.2
12.2.1. Background 12.3
12.2.2. Description of Project 12.3
12.2.3. Results and Conclusions 12.6
12.3. Process Design: The Example of Waste Management I2.H
12.3.1. Private Company Case Study: IBM 12.9
12.3.2. Policy-Making Case Study: The European Directive on Packaging and Packaging
Waste 12.15
12.3.3. Conclusions 12.18
12.4. Enhancing Life-Cycle Assessment 12.19
12.4.1. Addressing and Exploiting Variability and Uncertainty in
LCA 12.19
12.4.2. From Analyzing a System to Assessing Its Impact on the
Environment 12.21
12.4.3. Streamlining the LCA Resource Requirements 12.23
12.5. Conclusions 12.28
References 12.28
Chapter 13. Valuation as a Step in Impact Assessment: Methods and
Case Study 13.1
13.1. Valuation as Part of Life-Cycle Assessment 13.1
13.2. Valuation Methods 13.4
13.2.1. Ecoscarcity Methodology 13.4
13.2.2. Environmental Theme Methodology 13.5
13.2.3. Method of Environmental Priority Strategies 13.5
13.2.4. Conclusions Based on Existing Methods 13.5
13.3. Elements of Valuation 13.6
13.3.1. Element 1: Results of Inventory Analysis. Classification, and
Characterization 13.7
13.3.2. Element 2: Specific Contribution to the Impact Category 13.7
13.3.3. Element 3: Ecological Significance of the Impact Category 13.7
13.3.4. Integrating the Elements 13.7
13.4. Valuation Approach of the German Federal Environmental Agency 13.8
13.4.1. Impact Assessment Results 13.8
13.4.2. Weighting of the Results 13.9
13.4.3. Weighting by Specific Contribution 13.9
13.4.4. Weighting by Ecological Importance 13.9
13.4.5. Verbal-Argumentative Overall Evaluation 13.10
13.4.6. Summary of Ecological Importance of Impact
Categories 13.11
13.5. Case Study on Beverage Containers 13.11
Bibliography 13.14
X CONTENTS
Chapter 14. Integrating Life-Cycle Assessments in Product
Development and Management 14.1
14.1. Introduction 14.1
14.2. An Integrated Approach to Sustainable Product Development 14.3
14.2.1. The Main Concept 14.3
14.2.2. Customer Requirements and Quality Function Deployment 14.5
14.2.3. Life-Cycle Economy and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis 14.5
14.2.4. Environmental Performance and Life-Cycle Assessment 14.6
14.2.5. Main Project Activities in Sustainable Product Development 14.7
14.3. Experiences from Case Projects 14.9
14.3.1. Development of New Light Fittings 14.9
14.3.2. Development of New Lining Paste for Ferroalloy Plants 14.13
14.3.3. Development of New Electric Cable Systems 14.20
14.4. Experiences with the LCA Method Applied in Product Development 14.27
14.4.1 Goal and Scoping 74.27
14.4.2 Inventory 14.31
14.4.3 Impact Assessments 14.35
4A.4. Improvement Assessment 14.38
14.5. General Experiences from the Project 14.40
14.5.1. Concluding Remarks 14.42
Bibliography 14.42
Chapter 15. Application of Life-Cycle Assessment to Solid Waste
Management Practices 15.1
15.1. Introduction 15.1
15.2. Overview of Life-Cycle Assessment 15.2
15.2.1. Inventory Analysis 15.3
15.2.2. Impact Assessment 15.6
15.2.3. Improvement Assessment 15.8
15.3. Presentation of Results 15.8
15.4. Applications of LCA 15.8
15.5. Interpretation of the Results 15.9
15.6. Applying LCA to Waste Management Scenarios and Using the Results to Set Policy
Options 15.9
15.6.1. Software Tools and Databases 15.9
15.6.2. Formulating an Environmental Policy Based on Results of LCA Studies 15.10
15.7. Conclusions 15.12
Appendix A: Checklist to Determine the Usefulness of LCI and LCA Reports 15.12
Appendix B: Checklist of Points for Consideration in Conduct of LCI or LCA Study 15.13
Chapter 16. Integrating Life-Cycle Assessment within an Overall
Framework for Environmental Management 16.1
16.1. Introduction 16.1
16.2. Using LCA for Environmental Decision Making 16.2
16.2.1. LCA—What Does It Stand For? 16.2
16.2.2. Using the Life-Cycle Inventory 16.3
16.2.3. Interpreting Life-Cycle Inventory Results 16.5
16.3. An Overall Environmental Management Framework 16.7
16.3.1. Human and Environmental Safety 16.7
16.3.2. Regulatory Compliance 16.10
16.3.3. Efficient Resource Use and Waste Management 16.10
CONTENTS Xi
16.3.4. Addressing Societal Concerns 16.11
16.3.5. The Decision-Making Process 16.12
16.4. Conclusions 16.14
References 16.14
Chapter 17. Beginning LCA: A Dutch Guide to Environmental
Life-Cycle Assessment 17.1
17.1. Introduction 17.2
17.2. Possible Approaches to Environmental Questions 17.3
17.3. Goal Definition 17.5
17.4. Inventory Part 1: Process Flowchart 17.8
17.5. Inventory Part 2: Collection of Data 17.11
17.6. Inventory Part 3: System Boundaries 17.17
1.1. Inventory Part 4: Processing Data 17.20
17.8. Impact Assessment Part 1: Classification and Characterization 17.25
17.9. Impact Assessment Part 2: Valuation 1734
17.10. How to Complete an LCA Study 17.37
Bibliography 17.40
Chapter 18. Future Perspective 18.1
18.1. Overview 18.1
18.2. Drivers 18.1
18.3. Regulations 18.2
18.3.1. Executive Orders 18.3
18.3.2. Congressional Action 18.4
18.3.3. Tools 18.5
18.4. Software Tools and Future Enhancements 18.6
18.4.1. Data and Databases 18.8
18.5. Environmental Risk Assessment and Analysis 18.10
18.6. Organizational and TQM Changes 18.12
18.6.1. Possible Scenarios 18.12
18.6.2. Business as Usual 18.13
18.6.3. Lead Organization 18.14
18.6.4. Multipartnership Venture 18.15
References 18.15
Appendix. Life-Cycle Assessment Case Studies and Related Studies
Table A.1
Index 1.1
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Curran, Mary Ann 1959- |
author_GND | (DE-588)137930755 |
author_facet | Curran, Mary Ann 1959- |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Curran, Mary Ann 1959- |
author_variant | m a c ma mac |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV013946421 |
callnumber-first | G - Geography, Anthropology, Recreation |
callnumber-label | GE145 |
callnumber-raw | GE145 |
callnumber-search | GE145 |
callnumber-sort | GE 3145 |
callnumber-subject | GE - Environmental Sciences |
classification_rvk | QP 240 QT 200 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)34409617 (DE-599)BVBBV013946421 |
dewey-full | 363.7/05 |
dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
dewey-ones | 363 - Other social problems and services |
dewey-raw | 363.7/05 |
dewey-search | 363.7/05 |
dewey-sort | 3363.7 15 |
dewey-tens | 360 - Social problems and services; associations |
discipline | Soziologie Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
format | Book |
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id | DE-604.BV013946421 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:54:52Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 007015063X |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009543111 |
oclc_num | 34409617 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-703 DE-83 DE-20 |
owner_facet | DE-703 DE-83 DE-20 |
physical | Getr. Zählung graph. Darst. |
publishDate | 1996 |
publishDateSearch | 1996 |
publishDateSort | 1996 |
publisher | McGraw-Hill |
record_format | marc |
series2 | Environmental engineering books |
spelling | Curran, Mary Ann 1959- Verfasser (DE-588)137930755 aut Environmental life-cycle assessment Mary Ann Curran New York [u.a.] McGraw-Hill 1996 Getr. Zählung graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Environmental engineering books Ecologia aplicada larpcal Environnement - Évaluation du risque ram Gestion du risque ram Environmental engineering Environmental risk assessment Umweltbezogenes Management (DE-588)4201709-9 gnd rswk-swf Produktlinienanalyse (DE-588)4336075-0 gnd rswk-swf Lebenszyklus Wirtschaft (DE-588)4215791-2 gnd rswk-swf Lebenszyklus Wirtschaft (DE-588)4215791-2 s Umweltbezogenes Management (DE-588)4201709-9 s DE-604 Produktlinienanalyse (DE-588)4336075-0 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009543111&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Curran, Mary Ann 1959- Environmental life-cycle assessment Ecologia aplicada larpcal Environnement - Évaluation du risque ram Gestion du risque ram Environmental engineering Environmental risk assessment Umweltbezogenes Management (DE-588)4201709-9 gnd Produktlinienanalyse (DE-588)4336075-0 gnd Lebenszyklus Wirtschaft (DE-588)4215791-2 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4201709-9 (DE-588)4336075-0 (DE-588)4215791-2 |
title | Environmental life-cycle assessment |
title_auth | Environmental life-cycle assessment |
title_exact_search | Environmental life-cycle assessment |
title_full | Environmental life-cycle assessment Mary Ann Curran |
title_fullStr | Environmental life-cycle assessment Mary Ann Curran |
title_full_unstemmed | Environmental life-cycle assessment Mary Ann Curran |
title_short | Environmental life-cycle assessment |
title_sort | environmental life cycle assessment |
topic | Ecologia aplicada larpcal Environnement - Évaluation du risque ram Gestion du risque ram Environmental engineering Environmental risk assessment Umweltbezogenes Management (DE-588)4201709-9 gnd Produktlinienanalyse (DE-588)4336075-0 gnd Lebenszyklus Wirtschaft (DE-588)4215791-2 gnd |
topic_facet | Ecologia aplicada Environnement - Évaluation du risque Gestion du risque Environmental engineering Environmental risk assessment Umweltbezogenes Management Produktlinienanalyse Lebenszyklus Wirtschaft |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009543111&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT curranmaryann environmentallifecycleassessment |