Environmental costs and liberalization in European air transport: a welfare economic analysis
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cheltenham [u.a.]
Elgar
2001
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| Schriftenreihe: | Transport economics, management and policy
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIII, 198 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 1840646055 |
Internformat
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Titel: Environmental costs and liberalization in European air transport
Autor: Schipper, Youdi
Jahr: 2001
Contents
List of figures x
List of tables xi
Preface xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Aim and approach 4
1.3 Outline of the book 5
2 Regulation and reform in aviation 10
2.1 Introduction 10
2.2 Airline regulation 10
2.2.1 International aviation 10
2.2.2 Domestic aviation 12
2.3 Economic motivation for regulation 13
2.4 Regulatory reform in aviation 18
2.4.1 European reform 19
2.5 Conclusion 23
Part I Environmental Costs in Air Transport Markets
3 Evaluating environmental externalities 27
3.1 Introduction 27
3.2 Externalities 27
3.3 External effects of air transport 31
3.3.1 Physical impact: some evidence 33
3.4 Evaluating external effects 36
3.5 Conclusion 42
4 Noise 45
4.1 Introduction 45
4.1.1 Aircraft noise valuation 46
4.2 Survey methods 47
4.3 Hedonic pricing 49
4.3.1 Meta-analysis and transfer of valuation results 51
4.4 Conclusion 57
5 Emissions 60
5.1 Introduction 60
5.2 Global damage: the greenhouse effect 62
5.3 Local air pollution 66
5.3.1 Valuation: mortality 66
5.3.2 Valuation: morbidity 69
5.3.3 Exposure-response relations and cost estimates 70
vii
viii Environmental Costs and Liberalization in European Air Transport
5.4 Conclusion 72
6 Environmental costs in European aviation 73
6.1 Introduction 73
6.2 Noise exposure 73
6.3 Exposure to local air pollution 77
6.4 Accident risk 78
6.5 Environmental cost estimates 79
6.5.1 Aircraft-specific environmental costs 79
6.5.2 Environmental costs in European airline markets 83
6.6 Conclusion 87
Part II Economic Analysis of Air Transport Liberalization
7 Frequency choice in air transport markets 93
7.1 Introduction 93
7.2 A model of airline competition 94
7.2.1 The demand model 94
7.2.2 Cost and profit 96
7.3 Monopoly 97
7.4 Single-departure competition 98
7.5 Symmetric multi-departure competition 100
7.5.1 Simultaneous frequency-price competition 103
7.5.2 Dynamic frequency-price competition 104
7.5.3 Comparative statics analysis 105
7.6 Welfare analysis 106
7.6.1 Evaluation 107
7.6.2 Optimal versus market solutions 110
7.7 Conclusion 111
8 Frequency choice and liberalization: simulation modeling 113
8.1 Introduction 113
8.2 Symmetric solutions 113
8.2.1 Results: inelastic demand 114
8.2.2 Results: elastic demand 117
8.3 Asymmetric frequency competition 121
8.3.1 Configurations 121
8.3.2 Price equilibrium 124
8.3.3 Frequency equilibrium 125
8.3.4 Simulation results 128
8.4 Conclusion 131
9 Airline liberalization in networks 133
9.1 Introduction 133
9.2 The model 134
9.2.1 Demand 134
9.2.2 Cost and profit 135
Contents ix
9.2.3 Calibration 135
9.3 A one-hub network 137
9.3.1 Monopoly 137
9.3.2 Leg competition 140
9.4 A two-hub network 141
9.4.1 Monopoly 142
9.4.2 Hub competition 143
9.5 Conclusion 145
10 Welfare effects of European airline liberalization 146
10.1 Introduction 146
10.2 A theoretical model 147
10.3 The econometric model 150
10.4 Estimation and results 153
10.4.1 Sample 153
10.4.2 Estimation results 154
10.5 Evaluation 159
10.5.1 The impact on consumer welfare 159
10.5.2 The impact on environmental costs 162
10.6 Conclusion 164
11 Conclusion 166
11.1 Summary 166
11.2 Looking ahead: implications for policy and research 170
Appendix A Proof of the positive frequency effect 175
Appendix B Data and calibration 176
Appendix C Sign of the frequency-price derivatives 179
Appendix D Sign of airline 2's profit derivative 180
Bibliography 181
Index 194
List of figures
1.1 Two market imperfections 3
1.2 Analytical framework 4
3.1 The externality problem 29
3.2 Transport noise exposure 34
3.3 Pathway of transport externalities 37
3.4 Damages and abatement 40
3.5 The environmental cost function 43
4.1 NDI estimates 51
6.1 Aircraft noise categories 80
6.2 Average environmental cost vs MTOW 85
6.3 Environmental costs per passenger-kilometer 86
7.1 Interlaced vs non-interlaced departure configurations 102
8.1 Symmetric vs asymmetric departure configurations 123
8.2 Pay-off matrix 127
9.1 A one-hub network 138
9.2 Monopoly solutions 139
9.3 A two-hub network 142
List of tables
1.1 Outline 6
2.1 Bilateral reform 21
3.1 Typology of externalities 31
3.2 Global emission contributions per source 33
3.3 Energy use shares by mode in OECD countries 35
3.4 Projected emission shares 36
3.5 Valuation methods 39
4.1 CVM noise cost estimates 48
4.2 Summary of HP aircraft noise study results 50
4.3 Publication bias test results 53
4.4 Meta-analysis: regression results 56
4.5 Absolute noise costs 59
5.1 Environmental impact of transport emissions 61
5.2 Global warming damage estimates (% GNP) 63
5.3 Global warming damage estimates (1995 ECU/tonne) 66
5.4 Summary of VOSL estimates 67
5.5 Mortality costs 69
5.6 Health effects of air pollution 70
5.7 Air pollution health cost estimates 71
6.1 Noise annoyance: OLS regression results 75
6.2 Noise costs per aircraft movement 76
6.3 Marginal air pollution damages 78
6.4 Noise cost per take-off 81
6.5 Emission costs for LTO 82
6.6 Environmental costs in EU airline markets (1990) 84
6.7 Environmental costs and liberalization status 87
7.1 Welfare components 108
7.2 Frequency results 108
8.1 Airline liberalization in EU markets: simulation results:
inelastic demand, symmetric equilibria, LR 115
8.2 Airline liberalization in EU markets: welfare results: inelastic
demand, symmetric equilibria, LR 117
8.3 Airline liberalization in EU markets: simulation results: elastic
demand, symmetric equilibria, LR 119
8.4 Airline liberalization in EU markets: welfare results: elastic
demand, symmetric equilibria, LR 120
8.5 Airline liberalization in EU duopoly markets: simulation
results: elastic demand, asymmetric equilibria 129
8.6 Airline liberalization in EU duopoly markets: welfare results:
elastic demand, asymmetric equilibria 130
9.1 Base simulation coefficients 137
xii Environmental Costs and Liberalization in European Air Transport
9.2 Market equilibria: a one-hub network 141
9.3 Market equilibria: a two-hub network 143
9.4 Welfare results: a two-hub model 144
10.1 Bilateral liberalization 154
10.2 Demand equation: TSLS results 155
10.3 Fare equation: TSLS results 157
10.4 Frequency equation: TSLS results 158
10.5 Consumer welfare effects of airline liberalization 161
10.6 Environmental cost effects of airline liberalization 164
A. 1 Sample of EU interstate routes (1990) 177 |
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| indexdate | 2025-01-02T09:19:53Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1840646055 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XIII, 198 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2001 |
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| publisher | Elgar |
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| series2 | Transport economics, management and policy |
| spelling | Schipper, Youdi Verfasser aut Environmental costs and liberalization in European air transport a welfare economic analysis Youdi Schipper Cheltenham [u.a.] Elgar 2001 XIII, 198 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Transport economics, management and policy Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Deregulierung (DE-588)4201191-7 gnd rswk-swf Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd rswk-swf Luftverkehr (DE-588)4036597-9 gnd rswk-swf Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Luftverkehr (DE-588)4036597-9 s Deregulierung (DE-588)4201191-7 s DE-604 Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009542746&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Schipper, Youdi Environmental costs and liberalization in European air transport a welfare economic analysis Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Deregulierung (DE-588)4201191-7 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd Luftverkehr (DE-588)4036597-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4201191-7 (DE-588)4061644-7 (DE-588)4036597-9 |
| title | Environmental costs and liberalization in European air transport a welfare economic analysis |
| title_auth | Environmental costs and liberalization in European air transport a welfare economic analysis |
| title_exact_search | Environmental costs and liberalization in European air transport a welfare economic analysis |
| title_full | Environmental costs and liberalization in European air transport a welfare economic analysis Youdi Schipper |
| title_fullStr | Environmental costs and liberalization in European air transport a welfare economic analysis Youdi Schipper |
| title_full_unstemmed | Environmental costs and liberalization in European air transport a welfare economic analysis Youdi Schipper |
| title_short | Environmental costs and liberalization in European air transport |
| title_sort | environmental costs and liberalization in european air transport a welfare economic analysis |
| title_sub | a welfare economic analysis |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Deregulierung (DE-588)4201191-7 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd Luftverkehr (DE-588)4036597-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Deregulierung Umweltschutz Luftverkehr |
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