State responsibility for transboundary air pollution in international law:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2000
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Oxford monographs in international law
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Teilw. zugl.: Oxford, Univ., Diss. |
| Beschreibung: | XXXI, 285 S. |
| ISBN: | 9780198260974 0198260970 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Okowa, Phoebe N. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a State responsibility for transboundary air pollution in international law |c Phoebe N. Okowa |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford [u.a.] |b Oxford Univ. Press |c 2000 | |
| 300 | |a XXXI, 285 S. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 490 | 0 | |a Oxford monographs in international law | |
| 500 | |a Teilw. zugl.: Oxford, Univ., Diss. | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Air - Pollution - Law and legislation | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Internationaal milieurecht |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Luchtverontreiniging |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pollution transfrontière - Droit | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Responsabilité pour dommages dus à la pollution de l'air | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Staatsaansprakelijkheid |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Recht | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Liability for air pollution damages | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Transboundary pollution |x Law and legislation | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804128702627315712 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Detailed
Contents
IX
Table of Cases
XV
Table of Treaties, Conventions, Protocols,
and Agreements
xvii
Table of Statutes
xxv
Abbreviations
xxix
Introduction
1
1
Nature and Sources of Pollutants
6
2
Treaty Regimes Regulating Transboun
darv Air Pollution
24
3
General International Law and Transboundary Air Pollution:
Norms, Concepts, and Principles
60
4
Norms of General International Law Applicable to Radioactive
Contamination
98
5
Procedural Obligations of States
131
6
Determination of Responsibility
171
7
Judicial Remedies for Transboundary Air Pollution
203
8
Non-Judicial Methods of Supervision and Enforcement
230
9
Conclusions
257
Bibliography
269
Index
279
Detailed Contents
Table of Cases
xv
Table of Treaties, Conventions, Protocols, and Agreements
xvii
Table of Statutes
xxv
Abbreviations
xxix
Introduction
1
1.
Nature and Sources of Pollutants
6
1.1.
Some Preliminary Considerations
6
1.2.
The Different Forms of Transboundary Air Pollution
9
(i)
Transfrontier
Pollution
9
(ii) Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
10
(iii)
Sources of Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
12
(iv)
Characteristics of Pollutants
12
1.3.
The Effects of Transboundary Air Pollutants
15
(i) Acidification of Lakes and Streams
15
(ii) Effects of Acidification on Forests
16
1.4.
Radioactive Contamination
17
(i) Contamination from Atmospheric Nuclear Tests
17
(ii) Civil Uses of Nuclear Energy and Radioactive
Pollution
18
(iii)
Accidental Radioactive Contamination as the Focus
of Regulation
19
1.5.
Effects of Radiation
21
2.
Treaty Regimes Regulating Transboundary Air Pollution
24
2.1.
Introduction
24
2.2. 1979
ЕСЕ
Convention
24
(i) Substantive Provisions
26
(ii) The Principle of Effectiveness
31
(iii)
State Practice under the Convention
33
2.3.
Sulphur Protocol
36
2.4.
The
1994
Sulphur Protocol
38
2.5.
The NOX Protocol
40
2.6.
Protocol on Volatile Organic Compounds
42
χ
Detailed Contents
2.7.
The Convention and its Protocols: An Evaluation
44
2.8.
Treaty Arrangements Specific to North America
44
(i) An Overview
44
(ii)
1991
Air Quality Agreement
45
(iii)
Mexico-United States Border Agreements
47
2.9.
The Nordic Convention on the Protection of the Environment
49
2.10.
EC and Transboundary Air Pollution
50
(i) The Relevance of Community Law to International
Regulation
50
2.11.
Air Pollution Directives
51
(i) The
1984
Directive on Industrial Plants
51
(ii) Large Combustion Plants
52
(iii)
Emissions from Mobile Sources
53
(iv)
Air Quality Standards
54
2.12.
Treaties Relating to Radioactive Contamination
55
(i) Conventions on Notification and Assistance and
Nuclear Safety
56
(ii) The
1994
Nuclear Safety Convention
57
3.
General International Law and Transboundary Air Pollution:
Norms, Concepts, and Principles
60
3.1.
Introduction
60
(i) The Problem of Sources
62
3.2.
The Basic Principles Reconsidered
65
(i) The Concept of Territorial Sovereignty
65
(ii) Jurisprudence
66
(iii)
State Practice
69
(iv)
The Position Taken in Internationa] Instruments
75
(v) Some Conclusions
76
3.3.
Standard of Performance
77
(i) Introduction
77
(ii) Due Diligence
79
3.4.
Compliance With Due Diligence: What Measures?
81
(i) Due Diligence and the Emerging Principles in the Field
of Environmental Protection
83
(ii) Some Conclusions
87
(iii)
Thresholds of Tolerance
88
Detailed Contents
xi
3.5.
Norms
De Lege Ferenda:
A Progressive Regime
90
(i) The Precautionary Principle
92
(ii) The Right to a Healthy and Ecologically Balanced
Environment
93
(iii) Intergenerational
Equities
96
(iv)
The Principle of Non-Discrimination
96
(v) Procedural Obligations
97
4.
Norms of General International Law Applicable to Radioactive
Contamination
98
4.1.
Introduction
98
4.2.
Atmospheric Nuclear Tests: The Argument for Illegality
Per
Se
99
(і)
The
1963
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and Other Treaty
Regimes
99
(ii) Customary Law and the Conduct of Atmospheric
Nuclear Tests
101
(iii)
American and British Tests in the South Pacific
101
(iv)
General Assembly Resolutions
104
4.3.
State Practice Under the
1963
Treaty
106
(i) Australia and New Zealand Arguments in the
Nuclear Tests Cases
108
(ii) Conclusions
110
4.4.
State Responsibility and Atmospheric Nuclear Tests
110
(i) Compensations and the Hydrogen Bomb Tests
111
(ii) Nuclear Tests Cases and Responsibility for
Radioactive Damage
111
(iii)
The Canadian Claim for Damage Caused by the
Soviet Cosmos
954 113
4.5.
Civil Uses of Nuclear Energy
114
(i) Control as the Basis of Responsibility
114
(ii) The Duty to Regulate Sources of Harm
115
4.6.
The Nature of the Duty
116
(i) Standard of Care in the Practice of States: British
and American Hydrogen Bomb Tests
117
(ii) National Legislation as Evidence as the Applicable
Standard of Care
119
(iii)
Standard of Care in Treaty Regimes on Nuclear
Liability
120
xii
Detailed Contents
4.7.
The Accident at the Chernobyl
N
uclear Plant
121
(i) Legal Significance of the Absence of Protest
123
(ii) Response of Governments Affected by Chernobyl
124
(iii)
The Soviet Response: An Evaluation
128
(iv)
Some Conclusions
130
5.
Procedural Obligations of States
131
5.1.
Introduction
131
5.2.
Environmental Impact Assessments
132
5.3.
Notification
136
(i) Notification in Nuclear Treaties
138
(ii) Notification and Unavoidable Harm: The Case for
Prohibition
141
(Hi) Does a Failure to Respond to Notification Attract
any Legal Consequences?
143
(iv)
Notification in Emergency Situations
145
(v) Conclusions on Notification
146
5.4.
Duties Pertaining to the Exchange of Information
147
5.5.
The Duty to Enter into Consultations
149
(i) The Nature of the Duty
149
(ii) Consultation and Air Pollution Treaties
151
(iii)
Consultation and Nuclear Treaties
153
5.6.
Procedural Duties Under Customary International Law
154
(i) Treaty Practice as Evidence of Customary Norms
155
(ii) The International Law Commission
157
(iii)
The Watercourses Regime
158
(iv)
The International Law Commission and Liability for
Injurious Consequences of Acts not Prohibited by
International Law
159
(v) The Resolutions of the Institute of International Law
and the International Law Association
160
(vi)
State Practice in the Context of Particular Disputes
162
(vii)
The Case for a Customary Law Duty to Warn in
Emergency Situations
167
5.7.
Some Conclusions on Customary Law
169
6.
Determination of Responsibility
171
6.1.
Introduction
171
Detailed Contents
xiii
6.2.
The Nature and Forms of Breach
173
(i) Instantaneous and Continuing Breaches
173
(ii) Damage to Persons or Property
175
(iii)
Detrimental Alteration of Environment Quality
176
6.3.
The Causal Element in Claims for Loss or Damage
179
(i) The Proximate Causality Test
179
(ii) Proof of Causation in the Trail Smelter Case
182
(iii)
Possible Difficulties in the Application of
Traditional Concepts: Some General Observations
184
(iv)
Causation and Long-Range Transboundary Air
Pollution
185
(v) Material Contribution to Risk
188
6.4.
Heads of Damage of Specific Relevance to Air Pollution
190
(i) Probable and Future Damage
190
(ii) Precautionary Measures and Clean-up Costs
191
6.5.
Responsibility and Multiple State Actors
195
(i) Municipal Practice
198
(ii) International Jurisprudence
199
(iii)
Relative Causal Contribution
201
7.
Judicial Remedies for Transboundary Air Pollution
203
7.1.
Introduction
203
7.2.
International Judicial Remedies
204
(i) Declaratory Judgments
204
(ii) Interim Measures of Protection
207
(iii)
Damages
208
7.3.
Locus
Stanai
and Air Pollution Disputes
209
(i) Multilateral Treaties
210
(ii) Obligation
Erga Omnes
and Air Pollution
212
7.4.
Exhaustion of Local Remedies
217
(i) The Rule and its Rationale
217
(ii) Conclusions
220
7.5.
Extinctive Prescription
221
7.6.
Municipal Remedies
223
(i) Equal Access to Municipal Remedies
223
(ii) Nuclear Civil Liability Conventions
226
(iii)
Conclusions
229
xiv
Detailed Contents
8.
Non-Judicial Methods of Supervision and Enforcement
230
8.1.
Introduction
230
8.2.
The System of Periodic Reporting
231
(i) The
1979
ЕСЕ
Convention
231
(ii) Reporting Duties Under the Protocols
233
(iii)
The
1991
Air Quality Agreement
237
(iv)
Reporting Systems and Radioactive Contamination
239
8.3.
Complaints Procedures
240
8.4.
On-Site
Inspection
242
8.5.
Fact-Finding or Inquiry
245
8.6.
Some Conclusions
247
8.7.
Non-forcible Countermeasures
248
(i) Countermeasures and the Problem of Indivisible
or Integral Obligations
249
(ii) Countermeasures and
Erga
Omnes Obligations
251
(iii)
Restrictions on Trade as a Sanction for
Non-Compliance
252
8.8.
Self-Help
254
9.
Conclusions
257
9.1.
Scope and Future Development
261
Bibliography
269
Index
279
|
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| spelling | Okowa, Phoebe N. Verfasser aut State responsibility for transboundary air pollution in international law Phoebe N. Okowa 1. publ. Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2000 XXXI, 285 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Oxford monographs in international law Teilw. zugl.: Oxford, Univ., Diss. Air - Pollution - Law and legislation Internationaal milieurecht gtt Luchtverontreiniging gtt Pollution transfrontière - Droit Responsabilité pour dommages dus à la pollution de l'air Staatsaansprakelijkheid gtt Recht Liability for air pollution damages Transboundary pollution Law and legislation Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 gnd rswk-swf Grenzüberschreitende Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4134979-9 gnd rswk-swf Luftverschmutzung (DE-588)4074381-0 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Grenzüberschreitende Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4134979-9 s Luftverschmutzung (DE-588)4074381-0 s Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Passau application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009485522&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Okowa, Phoebe N. State responsibility for transboundary air pollution in international law Air - Pollution - Law and legislation Internationaal milieurecht gtt Luchtverontreiniging gtt Pollution transfrontière - Droit Responsabilité pour dommages dus à la pollution de l'air Staatsaansprakelijkheid gtt Recht Liability for air pollution damages Transboundary pollution Law and legislation Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 gnd Grenzüberschreitende Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4134979-9 gnd Luftverschmutzung (DE-588)4074381-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4027453-6 (DE-588)4134979-9 (DE-588)4074381-0 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | State responsibility for transboundary air pollution in international law |
| title_auth | State responsibility for transboundary air pollution in international law |
| title_exact_search | State responsibility for transboundary air pollution in international law |
| title_full | State responsibility for transboundary air pollution in international law Phoebe N. Okowa |
| title_fullStr | State responsibility for transboundary air pollution in international law Phoebe N. Okowa |
| title_full_unstemmed | State responsibility for transboundary air pollution in international law Phoebe N. Okowa |
| title_short | State responsibility for transboundary air pollution in international law |
| title_sort | state responsibility for transboundary air pollution in international law |
| topic | Air - Pollution - Law and legislation Internationaal milieurecht gtt Luchtverontreiniging gtt Pollution transfrontière - Droit Responsabilité pour dommages dus à la pollution de l'air Staatsaansprakelijkheid gtt Recht Liability for air pollution damages Transboundary pollution Law and legislation Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 gnd Grenzüberschreitende Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4134979-9 gnd Luftverschmutzung (DE-588)4074381-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Air - Pollution - Law and legislation Internationaal milieurecht Luchtverontreiniging Pollution transfrontière - Droit Responsabilité pour dommages dus à la pollution de l'air Staatsaansprakelijkheid Recht Liability for air pollution damages Transboundary pollution Law and legislation Internationales Umweltrecht Grenzüberschreitende Umweltbelastung Luftverschmutzung Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009485522&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT okowaphoeben stateresponsibilityfortransboundaryairpollutionininternationallaw |