Ergonomics: how to design for ease and efficiency
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Upper Saddle River, NJ
Prentice Hall
2001
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Prentice Hall international series in industrial and systems engineering
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 695 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0137524781 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Ergonomics |b how to design for ease and efficiency |c K. H. E. Kroemer ; H. B. Kroemer ; K. E. Kroemer-Elbert |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Upper Saddle River, NJ |b Prentice Hall |c 2001 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 695 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804128690317033472 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Introduction 7
What Ergonomics Is 1
What Ergonomics Does 1
Goals of This Book 2
How This Book Is Organized 3
How to Use the Book 3
The Development of Ergonomics 3
Evolution of Disciplines 4
Directions in Europe 5
Directions in North America 5
Names for the Discipline: Ergonomics and Human Factors 6
The Ergonomic Knowledge Base 6
Professional Organizations 8
Sources of Ergonomic Information 8
Addresses 8
PART ONE THE ERGONOMIC KNOWLEDGE BASE 11
1 The Anatomical and Mechanical Structure of the Human Body 13
Overview 13
Development of the Human Race 13
Anthropology and Anthropometry 15
Measurement Techniques 16
Available Anthropometric Information 21
Variability 21
Population Samples 25
U.S. Civilians Body Sizes 25
Anthropometric Statistics 26
vii
viii Contents
Box of Samples 33
Dealing with Statistics 39
How to Get Missing Data 42
Design Procedures 49
Human Biomechanics 51
The Skeletal System 52
Bones 52
Connective Tissues 52
Joints 53
Artificial Joints 54
The Spinal Column 59
Muscle 66
Architecture of Muscle 66
Biomechanical Description of the Body 72
Links, Joints, and Masses 73
Body Kinetics 76
Describing Human Motion fKinematics) 77
Human Strength 79
Assessment of Human Body Strength 82
Variables in Experiments 83
Summary 87
Challenges 89
2 How the Body Does Its Work 90
Overview 90
The Respiratory System 90
Respiratory Volumes 92
The Circulatory System 93
Blood 93
Architecture of the Circulatory System 94
Regulation of Circulation 97
The Metabolic System 98
Human Metabolism and Work 99
Energy Transformation in the Human Body 101
Assessment of Energy Expenditures at Work 106
Techniqes of Measuring Oxygen Uptake 110
Subjective Rating of Perceived Effort 110
Energy Requirements at Work 112
Basal Metabolism 112
Resting Metabolism 112
Work Metabolism 112
Fatigue 114
Ramp, Stair or Ladder? 118
Contents ix
Summary 123
Challenges 123
3 How the Mind Works 125
Overview 125
Introduction 125
The Traditional and the Ecological Concepts 126
Organization of the Nervous System 127
Central and Peripheral Nervous System 127
Brain and Spinal Cord 127
The SignalLoop 133
Ergonomic Uses of Nervous Signals 135
Responding to Stimuli 137
Stress on the Individual and Crews 145
Strain Experienced by an Individual 148
Strain Experienced by Confined Groups 151
Enhancing Performance 153
Specific Findings 154
Improving Team Work 156
Detecting Deception 157
Controversy About the Use of Polygraphy for Lie Detection 158
Summary 159
Challenges 160
4 Human Senses 161
Overview 161
Introduction 161
Body Sensors 162
Stimuli 162
Adaptation and Inhibition 162
Sensory Thresholds 163
Seeing—The Vision Sense 164
Architecture of the Eye 164
Mobility of the Eyes 167
Line of Sight 168
The Visual Field 170
Accommodation 171
Convergence 172
Visual Fatigue 172
Visual Problems 173
Vision Stimuli 174
Viewing Conditions 175
x Contents
Adaptation 176
Visual Acuity 179
Contrast 180
Measurement of Light (Photometry) 180
Radiometry 181
Photometry Adapted to the Human Eye 182
Color Perception 183
Other Theories of Color Vision 186
Color Ordering Systems 187
Esthetics and Psychology of Color 187
Hearing—The Auditory Sense 194
Sound 194
Ear Anatomy and Hearing 195
Pathways of Sound 198
Human Responses to Music 198
Physiological Effects of Sound 199
Noise Induced Hearing Loss 201
Pychophysics of Hearing 206
Voice Communications 207
Predicting Speech Intelligibility 207
Smelling—The Olfactory Sense 215
Odor Sensors 215
Odorants 215
Describing Qualities of Odor 216
Effects of Odors 216
Tasting—The Gustation Sense 218
Taste Sensors 218
Taste Stimuli and Qualities 219
Touching—The Cutaneous Senses 220
Sensors and Stimuli 220
Sensing Taction 220
Sensors and Stimuli 220
Architecture of the Taction System 221
Tactile Sensor Stimulation 221
Sensing Temperature 222
Sensing Cutaneous Pain 223
Sensing Electrical Stimulation 224
Balancing the Body—The Vestibular Sense 225
Sensors and Stimuli 225
Engineering Use of Sensory Capabilities 226
Summary 231
Challenges 231
Contents xj
5 How the Body Interacts with the Environment 233
Overview 233
Thermoregulation of the Human Body 233
The Energy Balance 234
Energy Exchanges with the Environment 234
Temperature Regulation and Sensation 236
Achieving Thermal Homeostasis 237
Reactions of the Body to Hot Environments 239
Reactions of the Body to Cold Environments 243
How Cold Does it Feel? 245
Acclimatization 246
Working Strenuously in Heat and Cold 246
Effects of Heat 246
Effects of Cold 248
Designing the Thermal Environment 250
Working in Polluted Air 253
Working Strenuously at High Altitudes 254
The Effects of Vibration on the Human Body 256
Measuring Vibration 257
Effects of Vibration 261
Whole body Vibration 262
Subjective Assessment of Vibration Effects 263
Combined Vibration and Noise 264
Effects of Vibration on Performance 264
Vibrations Causing Injuries and Disorders 265
Effects of Impacts and Sustained Gs 268
Models of the Dynamic Response of the Human Body 269
S ummary of Vibration 273
Astronauts and Weightlessness 273
Radiation 276
Pollution and Contamination 277
Protective Spacesuits 277
Impact with Objects in Space 277
Microgravity 277
Musculoskeletal System 278
Blood and Fluid Distribution 2 78
Nervous Control 279
Training 280
Effects of Microgravity on Performance 280
Artificial Gravity 281
Accelerations in Aerospace 283
Summary of Aerospace Human Engineering 286
Working and Diving Under Water 286
xjj Contents
Sensory Inputs and Perception 286
Effects of Water Pressure 287
Summary 289
Challenges 290
6 Body Rhythms, Work Schedules, and Effects of Alcohol 292
Overview 292
Introduction 292
Female Menstrual Cycle 293
Orcadian Rhythms 293
Individual Differences 296
Daily Performance Rhythms 296
Sleep 297
Sleep Phases 298
Sleep Loss and Tiredness 299
Normal Sleep Requirements 301
Prolonged Hours of Work and Sleep Deprivation 301
Sleep Deprivation and Recovery 303
Shiftwork 303
Shift Systems 304
Compressed Workweek/Extended Workday 306
Flextime 307
Which Shift Systems are Most Suitable? 308
Health and Well Being 309
Performance 310
Social Interaction 311
. . . The Times, They Are A Changin. . . 313
Body Rhythms and Shiftwork: Summary 314
Effects of Alcohol on Performance 315
B lood Alcohol Content 316
Absorption 316
Elimination of Alcohol 317
Effects of Alcohol on the Nervous System 317
Effects of Alcohol on the Senses 317
Effects of Alcohol on Motor Control 318
Effects of Alcohol on Cognition 318
Alcohol Abuse and Dependence 318
Effects of Alcohol on Performance of Industrial Tasks 320
Effects of Alcohol on Automobile Driving 320
Contents xjjj
Effects of Alcohol on Pilots 320
Effects of Alcohol: Summary 321
Chapter Summary 321
Challenges 321
PARTTWO DESIGN APPLICATIONS 323
7 Ergonomic Models, Methods, and Measurements 325
Overview 325
Introduction 325
Models 326
Types of Models 327
Good and Bad Models 328
Ergonomic Models 329
Inadequate Models 329
Misuse of Modeling 330
Methods 332
Turning a Question into a Testable Hypothesis 333
Assessing Performance 333
Measurements 334
Summary 336
Challenges 336
8 Designing to Fit the Moving Body 337
Overview 337
Moving, Not Staying Still 337
Suitable Body Motions and Positions at Work 339
Recording and Evaluating Postures at Work 343
Designing for the Standing Operator 347
Designing for the Sitting Operator 350
How Chairs Became Used in China 352
Designing for Working Positions Other than Sitting or Standing 355
Designing for Foot Operation 360
Rules for Designing Foot Controls 364
Designing for Hand Use 365
xiv Contents
Designing Hand Tools 371
Design Rules for Hand Tools 379
Designing for Human Strength 379
Rules for Designing for Operator Strength 382
Designing for Vision 383
Designing to Avoid Overuse Disorders in the Shop and Office 383
Biomechanical Strains of the Body 387
Body Components at Risk from ODs 388
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 389
Occupational Activities and Related Disorders 391
Stages of Overuse Disorders and Their Treatment 395
NonBiomechanical Factors in ODs 396
Ergonomic Interventions 397
Research Needs 400
Summary 401
Challenges 402
9 The Office (Computer) Workstation 404
Overview 404
Introduction 404
Is There a Normal, Healthy, Ideal Posture? 405
Theories of Healthy Standing 405
Theories of Healthy Sitting 405
Sitting Upright? 405
Maintaining Lumbar Lordosis ? 406
Experimental Studies 408
There is No One, Healthy Posture 411
Free Posturing 412
Asking the User 413
Shape of the Whole Chair 414
Comfort vs. Discomfort 415
Ergonomic Design of the Office Workstation 416
Designing the Visual Interface 418
Document Holder 418
Typewriter 418
Computer 419
Placing the Visual Targets 419
Proper Office Lighting 420
Contents xv
Room Surfaces 421
Avoiding Glare from the Computer Screen 421
Windows 422
Screen Filters and Treatments 424
Design for No Bright Spots 425
Lenses to Correct Vision Defects 425
Designing the Motor Interface 427
Keyboard 427
Other Input Devices 429
Designing the Sit Down Workstation 431
Design Furniture for Change 432
Designing the Stand Up Workstation 435
Data Entry Devices 436
Display 436
Environment 436
Changes through Technical Developments 437
Job Content and Work Organization 437
Summary 440
Challenges 440
10 Selection, Design, and Arrangement of Controls and Displays 441
Overview 441
Introduction 441
Controls 442
Control Selection 442
Compatibility of Control Machine Movement 443
Control Actuation Force or Torque 443
Control Effect Relationships 445
Continuous versus Detent Controls 445
Standard Practices 445
Arrangement and Grouping of Controls 448
Control Design 449
Foot Operated Controls 464
Remote Control Units 465
Preventing Accidental Activation of Controls 472
Computer Input Devices 475
Keys 475
Computer Keyboards 475
Other Input Devices 479
xvi Contents
Displays 481
Selecting the Display 481
Visual Displays 482
Check Displays 482
Emergency Signals 483
Qualitative and Quantitative Displays 481
Electronic Displays 486
Location and Arrangement of Displays 490
Control Display Assignments 490
Control Display Ratio 491
Auditory Displays 494
Labels and Warnings 494
Labels 494
Warnings 495
Reasons to Warn 496
What to Warn About 496
Whom to Warn 496
How to Warn 496
Active Versus Passive Warnings 497
Design of Warnings 497
Summary 498
Challenges 500
11 Handling Loads 501
Overview 501
Introduction: Strains Associated with Handling Loads 501
Assessing Body Capabilities Related to Material Handling 502
Psychophysical Measurements 503
Biomechanical Measurements 503
Back Injury 506
Personnel Training 508
Training in Proper Lifting Techniques 509
Back Schools 510
Fitness and Flexibility Training 512
Training: What and How? 513
Summary of Review of Training 516
Personnel Selection by Physical Testing 519
Limitations in Capability 520
Assessment Methods 520
Techniques using Strength for Screening 521
Pros and Cons of Screening Techniques 522
Contents
XVII
Ergonomic Design for Load Handling 524
Permissible Loads for Handling 539
Use of Lifting Belts 550
Activities Other Than Industrial Lifting, Lowering and Carrying 554
Carrying Techniques 554
Moving Patients 558
Summary 559
Challenges 560
12 Designing for Special Populations ss2
Overview 562
Background 562
Special Designs for Women and Men? 563
Size and Strength 563
Sensory Abilities 563
Motor Skills 564
Coping with Environmental Stress 564
Cyclical Variations 564
Task Performance in General 565
Designing for Pregnant Women 566
Designing for Children 569
Designing for Body Size 571
Designing for Body Mass 571
Designing for Body Strength 574
Designing for the Aging 575
Changes in Anthropometry 575
Changes in Biomechanics 576
Changes in Respiration and Circulation 577
Changes in Nervous Functions 577
Changes in Taste and Smell 580
Changes in Visual Functions 580
Designing for the Aging Vision 581
Changes in Hearing 583
Changes in Somesthetic Sensitivity 584
Changes in Psychometric Performance 584
Research Needs 585
Designing for the Older Worker 586
Designing for the Aging Driver and Passenger 586
Designing the Home for the Aging 588
The Design of Nursing Homes 590
Ergonomic Design for Disabled Persons 592
Disability, Not Handicap 592
Design for One 593
Ergonomic Means to Enable the Disabled 593
xviii Contents
Summary 600
Challenges 601
13 Why and How to Do Ergonomics 602
Introduction: The Evolution of Ergonomics 602
Reasons to Use Ergonomics 602
Micro and Macroergonomics 603
How Do We Do Ergonomics? 603
Dynamics in New Designs 603
Ergonomic Interventions in Existing Designs 605
The Hawthorne Effect 607
Judging the Efficacy of Ergonomic Interventions 607
Optimal versus Good Solutions 608
Measuring the Results of Ergonomics 609
It Is Good and It Feels Good 609
The Almighty Dollar 609
Improving Human and System Performance, Health, Safety, Comfort,
and the Quality of Life 610
PART THREE FURTHER INFORMATION 613
References 615
Glossary of Terms 652
Index 677
|
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| id | DE-604.BV013857582 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:53:15Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0137524781 |
| language | English |
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| series2 | Prentice Hall international series in industrial and systems engineering |
| spelling | Kroemer, Karl H. E. 1933- Verfasser (DE-588)12368126X aut Ergonomics how to design for ease and efficiency K. H. E. Kroemer ; H. B. Kroemer ; K. E. Kroemer-Elbert 2. ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall 2001 XX, 695 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Prentice Hall international series in industrial and systems engineering Ergonomie (DE-588)4015249-2 gnd rswk-swf Ergonomie (DE-588)4015249-2 s DE-604 Kroemer, Henrike B. Verfasser aut Kroemer-Elbert, Katrin E. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009477285&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Kroemer, Karl H. E. 1933- Kroemer, Henrike B. Kroemer-Elbert, Katrin E. Ergonomics how to design for ease and efficiency Ergonomie (DE-588)4015249-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4015249-2 |
| title | Ergonomics how to design for ease and efficiency |
| title_auth | Ergonomics how to design for ease and efficiency |
| title_exact_search | Ergonomics how to design for ease and efficiency |
| title_full | Ergonomics how to design for ease and efficiency K. H. E. Kroemer ; H. B. Kroemer ; K. E. Kroemer-Elbert |
| title_fullStr | Ergonomics how to design for ease and efficiency K. H. E. Kroemer ; H. B. Kroemer ; K. E. Kroemer-Elbert |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ergonomics how to design for ease and efficiency K. H. E. Kroemer ; H. B. Kroemer ; K. E. Kroemer-Elbert |
| title_short | Ergonomics |
| title_sort | ergonomics how to design for ease and efficiency |
| title_sub | how to design for ease and efficiency |
| topic | Ergonomie (DE-588)4015249-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ergonomie |
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