Verfügbarkeit: The new cosmos

The new cosmos: an introduction to astronomy and astrophysics

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Hauptverfasser:	Unsöld, Albrecht 1905-1995 (VerfasserIn), Baschek, Bodo (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English German
Veröffentlicht:	Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2001
Ausgabe:	5. ed.
Schlagworte:	Astrofysica Astronomie Kosmologie Sterrenkunde Astronomy Astrophysik Weltall Lehrbuch
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	Literaturverz. S. 531 - 536. - Dt. Ausg. u.d.T.: Unsöld, Albrecht: Der neue Kosmos
Beschreibung:	XIV, 557 Ill., graph. Darst. : 25 cm
ISBN:	3540678778

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MARC


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245	1	0	\|a The new cosmos \|b an introduction to astronomy and astrophysics \|c Albrecht Unsöld ; Bodo Baschek. Transl. by William D. Brewer
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Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1804128607954534400
adam_text	VII CONTENTS 1 . INTRODU CTION .............................................................................. ..................... 1 I. CLASSICAL ASTRONOMY AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM ................................................. 5 HUMANITY AND THE STARS: OBSERVING AND THINKING HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL ASTRONOMY ........................................................... 6 2. CLASSICAL ASTRONOMY 2.1 SPATIAL COORDINATES AND TIME; THE MOTIONS OF THE SUN, THE EARTH, AND THE MOON .......... 10 2.1.1 THE CELESTIAL SPHERE AND ASTRONOMICAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS ........................ 10 2.1.2 THE MOTIONS OF THE EARTH. SEASONS AND THE ZODIAC ............ 12 2.1.3 TIME: DAYS, YEARS, AND THE CALENDAR .......................... 15 2.1.4 THE MOON ...................................................... 17 2.1.5 ECLIPSES OF THE SUN AND THE MOON ............................. 19 2.2 ORBITAL MOTIONS AND DISTANCES IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM ....... 20 2.2.1 PLANETARY MOTIONS AND ORBITAL ELEMENTS ...................... 20 2.2.2 COMETS AND METEORS . .......................................... 23 2.2.3 DISTANCE DETERMINATION, THE DOPPLER EFFECT AND ABERRATION OF LIGHT . .................. 25 2.3 MECHANICS AND GRAVITATIONAL THEORY ....................... 27 2.3.1 NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION . .................................... 28 2.3.2 THE CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM ....................... 29 2.3.3 CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM: THE AREA THEOREM ..... 29 2.3.4 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY ........................................ 30 2.3.5 THE VIRIAL THEOREM ............................................ 31 2.3.6 THE LAW OF GRAVITATION. GRAVITATIONAL ENERGY ................ 31 2.4 CELESTIAL MECHANICS ........................................... 33 2.4.1 KEPLERS FIRST AND SECOND LAWS: PLANETARY ORBITS ............ 33 2.4.2 KEPLERS THIRD LAW: DETERMINATION OF MASSES ................ 34 2.4.3 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY AND THE ESCAPE VELOCITY . . ............ 35 2.4.4 ROTATION AND THE MOMENT OF INERTIA ........................... 35 2.4.5 PRECESSION ...................................................... 36 2.4.6 THE TIDES . ...................................................... 36 2.4.7 THE PTOLEMAIC AND THE COPERNICAN WORLDVIEWS ............... 37 2.5 SPACE RESEARCH ................................................ 38 2.5.1 THE ORBITS OF ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES AND SPACE VEHICLES ......... 39 2.5.2 ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS FROM SPACE ....................... 40 2.5.3 THE EXPLORATION OF THE MOON .................................. 42 2.5.4 SPACE PROBE MISSIONS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM . . .................. 43 VIII CONTENTS 3. THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF THE OBJECTS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM 3.1 GLOBAL PROPERTIES OF THE PLANETS AND THEIR SATELLITES ...... 46 3.1.1 WAYS OF STUDYING THE PLANETS AND THEIR SATELLITES ............ 46 3.1.2 THE GLOBAL ENERGY BALANCE OF THE PLANETS . ................... 48 3.1.3 INTERIOR STRUCTURE AND STABILITY . . ............................... 48 3.1.4 THE STRUCTURES OF PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES . . ................... 50 3.2 THE EARTH, THE MOON, AND THE EARTHLIKE PLANETS ........... 51 3.2.1 THE INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF THE EARTHLIKE PLANETS . . ............. 52 3.2.2 RADIOACTIVE DATING. THE EARTHS HISTORY ...................... 53 3.2.3 MAGNETIC FIELDS. PLATE TECTONICS ............................... 55 3.2.4 THE LUNAR SURFACE . . ............................................ 57 3.2.5 THE SURFACES OF THE EARTHLIKE PLANETS . ......................... 60 3.2.6 THE ATMOSPHERES OF THE EARTHLIKE PLANETS . . ................... 66 3.3 ASTEROIDS OR SMALL PLANETS (PLANETOIDS) ..................... 69 3.3.1 THE ORBITS OF THE ASTEROIDS .................................... 70 3.3.2 PROPERTIES OF THE ASTEROIDS ..................................... 70 3.4 THE MAJOR PLANETS ............................................ 72 3.4.1 JUPITER . . ........................................................ 72 3.4.2 SATURN ........................................................... 77 3.4.3 URANUS .......................................................... 80 3.4.4 NEPTUNE . ........................................................ 83 3.5 PLUTO AND THE TRANSNEPTUNIAN SMALL PLANETS ............... 84 3.5.1 PLUTO AND CHARON ............................................... 85 3.5.2 THE TRANSNEPTUNIAN SMALL PLANETS ............................. 86 3.6 COMETS ......................................................... 87 3.6.1 STRUCTURE, SPECTRA, AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ................ 87 3.6.2 THE EVOLUTION OF COMETS . ..................................... 89 3.7 METEORS AND METEORITES ...................................... 89 3.7.1 METEORITES AND IMPACT CRATERS ................................. 89 3.7.2 METEORS IN THE EARTHS ATMOSPHERE ............................ 90 3.7.3 PROPERTIES AND ORIGINS OF METEORITES . ......................... 91 3.8 INTERPLANETARY MATTER ........................................ 94 II. RADIATION, INSTRUMENTS, AND OBSERVATIONAL TECHNIQUES ............................. 97 THE DEVELOPMENT OF ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATION METHODS HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OFTHE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM ......................... 98 4. RADIATION AND MATTER 4.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ................................... 101 4.2 THE THEORY OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY ............................ 102 4.2.1 THE LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION. THE DOPPLER EFFECT ............. 103 4.2.2 RELATIVISTIC MECHANICS ......................................... 103 4.3 THE THEORY OF RADIATION ..................................... 104 4.3.1 PHENOMENOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF RADIATION .................. 104 4.3.2 EMISSION AND ABSORPTION. THE RADIATION TRANSPORT EQUATION 107 4.3.3 THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM AND BLACK-BODY RADIATION ..... 109 CONTENTS IX 4.4 MATTER IN THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM .................... 111 4.4.1 BOLTZMANN STATISTICS . . .......................................... 111 4.4.2 THE VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION . . .................................... 112 4.4.3 THERMAL EXCITATION ............................................. 112 4.4.4 THERMAL IONIZATION ............................................. 112 4.4.5 THE LAW OF MASS ACTION ....................................... 113 4.5 THE INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER .................. 114 4.5.1 MEAN FREE PATHS ................................................ 114 4.5.2 INTERACTION CROSS SECTION AND REACTION RATE .................. 114 4.5.3 COLLISION AND RADIATION PROCESSES: KINETIC EQUATIONS . . ...... 115 4.5.4 ELEMENTARY ATOMIC PROCESSES ................................. 116 4.5.5 EXTINCTION AND EMISSION COEFFICIENTS . . ........................ 119 4.5.6 ENERGETIC PHOTONS AND PARTICLES . . .............................. 119 5. ASTRONOMICAL AND ASTROPHYSICAL INSTRUMENTS 5.1 TELESCOPES AND DETECTORS FOR THE OPTICAL AND THE ULTRAVIOLET REGIONS ................. 123 5.1.1 CONVENTIONAL TELESCOPES ....................................... 123 5.1.2 RESOLVING POWER AND LIGHT GATHERING POWER. OPTICAL INTERFEROMETERS ......................................... 128 5.1.3 ADAPTIVE AND ACTIVE OPTICS. LARGE TELESCOPES ................ 131 5.1.4 OPTICAL DETECTORS ............................................... 135 5.1.5 SPECTROGRAPHS .................................................. 138 5.1.6 SPACE TELESCOPES ............................................... 141 5.2 TELESCOPES AND DETECTORS FOR RADIOFREQUENCIES AND THE INFRARED ...................... 143 5.2.1 RADIOTELESCOPES ................................................ 143 5.2.2 RECEIVERS AND SPECTROMETERS FOR THE RADIOFREQUENCY REGION . . .............................. 149 5.2.3 OBSERVATION METHODS IN THE INFRARED . . ........................ 150 5.3 INSTRUMENTS FOR HIGH-ENERGY ASTRONOMY .................. 152 5.3.1 PARTICLE DETECTORS ............................................... 152 5.3.2 TELESCOPES FOR COSMIC RADIATION .............................. 154 5.3.3 GAMMA-RAY TELESCOPES ........................................ 155 5.4 INSTRUMENTS FOR X-RAYS AND THE EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET ...... 157 5.4.1 DETECTORS AND SPECTROMETERS FOR THE X-RAY REGION ............ 158 5.4.2 TELESCOPES AND SATELLITES FOR THE X-RAY REGION ................ 158 5.4.3 TELESCOPES FOR THE EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET ........................ 160 III.THE SUN AND STARS: THE ASTROPHYSICS OF INDIVIDUAL STARS ............................. 161 ASTRONOMY + PHYSICS = ASTROPHYSICS HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. ........ 162 6. THE DISTANCES AND FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF THE STARS 6.1 THE SUN ........................................................ 167 6.1.1 THE SPECTRUM OF THE PHOTOSPHERE. CENTER--LIMB VARIATION . . . 168 6.1.2 THE ENERGY DISTRIBUTION ....................................... 169 6.1.3 LUMINOSITY AND EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE ........................ 169 X CONTENTS 6.2 DISTANCES AND VELOCITIES OF THE STARS ........................ 171 6.2.1 TRIGONOMETRIC PARALLAXES . . ..................................... 171 6.2.2 RADIAL VELOCITIES AND PROPER MOTIONS ......................... 172 6.2.3 STREAM PARALLAXES .............................................. 172 6.2.4 STAR POSITIONS AND CATALOGS .................................... 173 6.3 MAGNITUDES, COLORS AND RADII OF THE STARS ................. 174 6.3.1 APPARENT MAGNITUDES .......................................... 174 6.3.2 COLOR INDEX AND ENERGY DISTRIBUTION . ......................... 175 6.3.3 ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDES ........................................... 178 6.3.4 BOLOMETRIC MAGNITUDES AND LUMINOSITIES . . ................... 178 6.3.5 STELLAR RADII .................................................... 179 6.4 CLASSIFICATION OF THE STELLAR SPECTRA. THE HERTZSPRUNG--RUSSELL DIAGRAM ......................... 180 6.4.1 THE SPECTRAL TYPE .............................................. 180 6.4.2 THE HERTZSPRUNG--RUSSELL DIAGRAM. LUMINOSITY CLASSES ..... 181 6.4.3 THE MK CLASSIFICATION ......................................... 183 6.4.4 TWO-COLOR DIAGRAMS ........................................... 185 6.4.5 ROTATION OF THE STARS ............................................ 185 6.5 BINARY STAR SYSTEMS AND THE MASSES OF STARS .............. 186 6.5.1 VISUAL BINARY STARS . ............................................ 186 6.5.2 SPECTROSCOPIC BINARY STARS AND ECLIPSING VARIABLES .......... 187 6.5.3 PERIODS AND ROTATION IN BINARY SYSTEMS ....................... 188 6.5.4 THE STELLAR MASSES . ............................................ 188 6.5.5 CLOSE BINARY STAR SYSTEMS ..................................... 189 6.5.6 PULSARS IN BINARY STAR SYSTEMS . ............................... 190 6.5.7 COMPANIONS OF SUBSTELLAR MASS: BROWN DWARFS AND EXOPLANETS . . ............................... 192 7. THE SPECTRA AND ATMOSPHERES OF STARS 7.1 SPECTRA AND ATOMS ............................................ 195 7.1.1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY ...................... 195 7.1.2 EXCITATION AND IONIZATION . ..................................... 198 7.1.3 LINE ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS .................................. 201 7.1.4 BROADENING OF SPECTRAL LINES .................................. 202 7.1.5 REMARKS ON MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY . ......................... 204 7.2 THE PHYSICS OF STELLAR ATMOSPHERES ......................... 205 7.2.1 THE STRUCTURE OF STELLAR ATMOSPHERES ......................... 205 7.2.2 ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS IN STELLAR ATMOSPHERES . . ............. 207 7.2.3 MODEL ATMOSPHERES. THE SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION ....... 209 7.2.4 RADIATION TRANSPORT IN THE FRAUNHOFER LINES .................. 211 7.2.5 THE CURVE OF GROWTH ........................................... 213 7.2.6 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF STELLAR SPECTRA ....................... 215 7.2.7 ELEMENT ABUNDANCES IN THE SUN AND IN OTHER STARS ........... 216 7.3 THE SUN: ITS CHROMOSPHERE AND CORONA. FLOW FIELDS, MAGNETIC FIELDS AND ACTIVITY .................. 219 7.3.1 GRANULATION AND CONVECTION ................................... 219 7.3.2 MAGNETIC FIELDS AND MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS ................. 220 CONTENTS XI 7.3.3 SUNSPOTS AND THE ACTIVITY CYCLE. MAGNETIC FLUX TUBES . ...... 222 7.3.4 THE CHROMOSPHERE AND THE CORONA ............................ 225 7.3.5 PROMINENCES .................................................... 231 7.3.6 SOLAR ERUPTIONS OR FLARES ....................................... 233 7.3.7 THE SOLAR WIND ................................................. 236 7.3.8 OSCILLATIONS: HELIOSEISMOLOGY ................................. 240 7.4 VARIABLE STARS. FLOW FIELDS, MAGNETIC FIELDS AND ACTIVITY OF THE STARS .... 243 7.4.1 PULSATING STARS. R CORONAE BOREALIS STARS ..................... 244 7.4.2 MAGNETIC OR SPECTRUM VARIABLES. AP STARS AND METALLIC-LINE STARS .............................. 247 7.4.3 ACTIVITY, CHROMOSPHERES, AND CORONAS OF COOL STARS ......... 248 7.4.4 CORONAS, STELLAR WINDS AND VARIABILITY OF HOT STARS .......... 251 7.4.5 CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES: NOVAE AND DWARF NOVAE . . ............ 253 7.4.6 X-RAY BINARY SYSTEMS: ACCRETION ONTO NEUTRON STARS ......... 255 7.4.7 SUPERNOVAE AND PULSARS ........................................ 259 7.4.8 STELLAR GAMMA-RAY SOURCES .................................... 266 7.4.9 GAMMA BURSTERS ................................................ 267 8. THE STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF STARS 8.1 THE FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS OF STELLAR STRUCTURE .......... 271 8.1.1 HYDROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM AND THE EQUATION OF STATE OF MATTER . 271 8.1.2 TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION AND ENERGY TRANSPORT . . ............ 272 8.1.3 ENERGY PRODUCTION THROUGH NUCLEAR REACTIONS ............... 273 8.1.4 GRAVITATIONAL ENERGY AND THERMAL ENERGY . . .................. 277 8.1.5 STABILITY OF THE STARS . . .......................................... 279 8.1.6 THE SYSTEM OF FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS AND THEIR GENERAL RESULTS . . .................................... 279 8.2 STELLAR EVOLUTION .............................................. 281 8.2.1 MAIN SEQUENCE STARS: CENTRAL HYDROGEN BURNING . ............ 281 8.2.2 THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE SUN. SOLAR NEUTRINOS ............ 282 8.2.3 FROM HYDROGEN TO HELIUM BURNING ........................... 285 8.2.4 LATE PHASES OF STELLAR EVOLUTION . .............................. 287 8.2.5 NUCLEOSYNTHESIS IN STARS ....................................... 291 8.2.6 CLOSE BINARY STAR SYSTEMS . .................................... 294 8.2.7 THE PHYSICS OF ACCRETION DISKS . . .............................. 297 8.3 THE FINAL STAGES OF STELLAR EVOLUTION ....................... 298 8.3.1 BROWN DWARFS .................................................. 299 8.3.2 THE EQUATION OF STATE OF MATTER WITH DEGENERATE ELECTRONS . . 299 8.3.3 THE STRUCTURE OF THE WHITE DWARFS ............................ 301 8.3.4 NEUTRON STARS ................................................... 301 8.4 STRONG GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS .................................. 303 8.4.1 THE THEORY OF GENERAL RELATIVITY .............................. 303 8.4.2 SPHERICALLY SYMMETRIC FIELDS IN VACUUM ..................... 304 8.4.3 LIGHT DEFLECTION AND GRAVITATIONAL LENSES . . .................. 305 8.4.4 BLACK HOLES ..................................................... 308 8.4.5 GRAVITY WAVES . . ................................................ 308 XII CONTENTS IV. STELLAR SYSTEMS. COSMOLOGY AND COSMOGONY ............................................. 311 THE ADVANCE INTO THE UNIVERSE HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION TO THE ASTRONOMY OFTHE 20 TH CENTURY ......................................... 312 9. STAR CLUSTERS 9.1 OPEN STAR CLUSTERS AND STELLAR ASSOCIATIONS ............... 318 9.1.1 OPEN (GALACTIC) STAR CLUSTERS .................................. 318 9.1.2 STELLAR ASSOCIATIONS ............................................ 319 9.1.3 COLORMAGNITUDE DIAGRAMS AND THE AGE OF OPEN CLUSTERS . . . 319 9.2 GLOBULAR CLUSTERS ............................................. 322 9.2.1 GLOBULAR CLUSTERS IN THE MILKY WAY . . ......................... 322 9.2.2 METAL ABUNDANCES AND TWO-COLOR DIAGRAMS ................. 323 9.2.3 COLORMAGNITUDE DIAGRAMS AND THE AGES OF THE GLOBULAR CLUSTERS ......................... 324 9.2.4 GLOBULAR CLUSTERS IN OTHER GALAXIES . . ......................... 326 10. INTERSTELLAR MATTER AND STAR FORMATION 10.1 INTERSTELLAR DUST ............................................... 330 10.1.1 DARK CLOUDS . . .................................................. 330 10.1.2 INTERSTELLAR EXTINCTION AND REDDENING ......................... 330 10.1.3 POLARIZATION OF STARLIGHT BY INTERSTELLAR DUST .................. 332 10.1.4 PROPERTIES OF THE DUST GRAINS .................................. 332 10.1.5 DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR ABSORPTION BANDS ......................... 334 10.2 NEUTRAL INTERSTELLAR GAS ...................................... 335 10.2.1 ATOMIC INTERSTELLAR ABSORPTION LINES . ......................... 335 10.2.2 THE 21 CM LINE OF NEUTRAL HYDROGEN. H I CLOUDS ............ 337 10.2.3 INTERSTELLAR MOLECULAR LINES. MOLECULAR CLOUDS . . ............. 339 10.3 IONIZED GAS: LUMINOUS GASEOUS NEBULAE .................. 341 10.3.1 H II REGIONS . . .................................................. 342 10.3.2 PLANETARY NEBULAE .............................................. 346 10.3.3 SUPERNOVA REMNANTS ........................................... 347 10.3.4 HOT INTERSTELLAR GAS ............................................. 354 10.4 HIGH-ENERGY COMPONENTS .................................... 354 10.4.1 INTERSTELLAR MAGNETIC FIELDS .................................... 355 10.4.2 COSMIC RADIATION . . ............................................ 355 10.4.3 GALACTIC GAMMA RADIATION .................................... 360 10.5 EARLY EVOLUTION AND FORMATION OF THE STARS ................ 363 10.5.1 PRE-MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS ...................................... 364 10.5.2 REGIONS OF STAR FORMATION ..................................... 366 10.5.3 GRAVITATIONAL INSTABILITY AND FRAGMENTATION ................... 368 10.5.4 THE EVOLUTION OF PROTOSTARS .................................... 369 10.5.5 MATTER FLOWS IN THE VICINITY OF PROTOSTARS . . ................... 371 10.5.6 STELLAR STATISTICS AND THE STAR FORMATION RATE ................. 373 11. THE STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF THE MILKY WAY GALAXY 11.1 STARS AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE MILKY WAY .................. 377 11.1.1 GALACTIC COORDINATES ........................................... 377 11.1.2 STAR GAUGING . .................................................. 377 CONTENTS XIII 11.1.3 SPATIAL VELOCITIES OF THE STARS .................................. 378 11.1.4 STAR CLUSTERS: DISTANCE DETERMINATIONS AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE MILKY WAY ............................ 380 11.2 THE DYNAMICS AND DISTRIBUTION OF MATTER .................. 381 11.2.1 THE ROTATION OF THE GALACTIC DISK ............................. 382 11.2.2 THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE INTERSTELLAR MATTER ..................... 383 11.2.3 THE GALACTIC ORBITS OF THE STARS. LOCAL MASS DENSITY ......... 387 11.2.4 THE MASS DISTRIBUTION IN THE MILKY WAY GALAXY . ............ 389 11.2.5 THE DYNAMICS OF THE SPIRAL ARMS ............................. 390 11.2.6 STELLAR POPULATIONS AND ELEMENT ABUNDANCES ................. 392 11.3 THE CENTRAL REGION OF THE MILKY WAY ...................... 395 11.3.1 THE GALACTIC BULGE ( R 3 KPC) . .............................. 395 11.3.2 THE NUCLEAR REGION OF THE GALACTIC BULGE ( R * 300 PC) ..... 396 11.3.3 THE CIRCUMNUCLEAR DISK AND THE MINISPIRAL ( R * 10 PC) ..... 398 11.3.4 THE INNERMOST REGION ( R * 1 PC) AND SGR A * ................. 399 12. GALAXIES AND CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES 12.1 NORMAL GALAXIES .............................................. 402 12.1.1 DISTANCE DETERMINATION ........................................ 402 12.1.2 CLASSIFICATION AND ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDES ....................... 405 12.1.3 THE LUMINOSITY FUNCTION . . .................................... 409 12.1.4 BRIGHTNESS PROFILES AND DIAMETERS ............................. 410 12.1.5 DYNAMICS AND MASSES .......................................... 411 12.1.6 STELLAR POPULATIONS AND ELEMENT ABUNDANCES ................. 415 12.1.7 THE DISTRIBUTION OF GAS AND DUST .............................. 418 12.2 INFRARED AND STARBURST GALAXIES ............................. 422 12.2.1 INFRARED GALAXIES ............................................... 423 12.2.2 STARBURST ACTIVITY ............................................... 424 12.3 RADIO GALAXIES, QUASARS, AND ACTIVITY IN GALACTIC NUCLEI .............................. 425 12.3.1 SYNCHROTRON RADIATION ......................................... 425 12.3.2 THE NON-THERMAL RADIOFREQUENCY EMISSIONS OF NORMAL GALAXIES ............................................. 428 12.3.3 RADIO GALAXIES . ................................................ 429 12.3.4 QUASARS (QUASISTELLAR OBJECTS) ................................. 434 12.3.5 SEYFERT GALAXIES ................................................ 441 12.3.6 ACTIVITY IN GALACTIC NUCLEI . .................................... 443 12.4 CLUSTERS AND SUPERCLUSTERS OF GALAXIES ..................... 446 12.4.1 THE LOCAL GROUP ............................................... 447 12.4.2 THE CLASSIFICATION AND THE MASSES OF THE GALAXY CLUSTERS .... 448 12.4.3 THE GAS IN GALAXY CLUSTERS .................................... 450 12.4.4 INTERACTING GALAXIES. THE EVOLUTION OF GALAXY CLUSTERS ...... 452 12.4.5 SUPERCLUSTERS OF GALAXIES . . .................................... 452 12.5 THE FORMATION AND EVOLUTION OF THE GALAXIES .............. 455 12.5.1 THE FORMATION OF THE GALAXIES AND THE CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES . . 455 12.5.2 THE INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM AND LYMAN * SYSTEMS . ............ 458 XIV CONTENTS 12.5.3 INTERACTING GALAXIES ............................................ 460 12.5.4 EVOLUTION OF THE GALAXIES . ..................................... 461 12.5.5 GALAXIES IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE ................................. 466 13. COSMOLOGY: THE COSMOS AS A WHOLE 13.1 MODELS OF THE UNIVERSE ....................................... 468 13.1.1 THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE . . ..................................... 468 13.1.2 NEWTONIAN COSMOLOGY ......................................... 469 13.1.3 RELATIVISTIC COSMOLOGY ........................................ 471 13.1.4 THE MATTER COSMOS ............................................ 474 13.2 RADIATION AND OBSERVATIONS. ELEMENT SYNTHESIS IN THE UNIVERSE ........................... 475 13.2.1 THE PROPAGATION OF RADIATION .................................. 475 13.2.2 THE MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION ........................ 477 13.2.3 THE RADIATION COSMOS ......................................... 479 13.2.4 ELEMENT SYNTHESIS IN THE UNIVERSE ............................. 481 13.2.5 OBSERVED PARAMETERS OF THE PRESENT-DAY UNIVERSE ............ 482 13.2.6 OLBERS* PARADOX ................................................ 485 13.3 THE EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE ............................... 486 13.3.1 THE PLANCK TIME ............................................... 486 13.3.2 ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS ........... 487 13.3.3 COSMIC EVOLUTION ACCORDING TO THE STANDARD MODEL . . ....... 489 13.3.4 THE INFLATIONARY UNIVERSE . ..................................... 491 13.3.5 OTHER COSMOLOGIES . ............................................ 492 14. THE COSMOGONY OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM 14.1 THE FORMATION OF THE SUN AND OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM ........ 494 14.1.1 A SURVEY OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM .................................. 494 14.1.2 THE PROTOPLANETARY DISK AND THE FORMATION OF THE PLANETS . . . 496 14.1.3 THE ORIGIN OF THE METEORITES ................................... 498 14.1.4 THE FORMATION OF THE EARTH*MOON SYSTEM . ................... 500 14.1.5 PLANETARY SYSTEMS AROUND OTHER STARS ........................ 503 14.2 THE EVOLUTION OF THE EARTH AND OF LIFE ..................... 505 14.2.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND OF THE OCEANS ...... 505 14.2.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY . . ......................... 506 14.2.3 PREBIOTIC MOLECULES ............................................ 509 14.2.4 THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIFEFORMS . ............................... 510 APPENDIX A.1 UNITS: THE INTERNATIONAL AND THE GAUSSIAN UNIT SYSTEMS .............................. 517 A.2 NAMES OF THE CONSTELLATIONS .................................. 521 SELECTED EXERCISES .............................................................................. ................. 523 LITERATURE AND SOURCES OF DATA .............................................................................. ... 531 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................. ............... 537 SUBJECT INDEX .............................................................................. ...................... 543 FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS (INSIDE BACK COVER) ASTRONOMICAL CONSTANTS AND UNITS (INSIDE BACK COVER)
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spelling	Unsöld, Albrecht 1905-1995 Verfasser (DE-588)121082814 aut Der neue Kosmos The new cosmos an introduction to astronomy and astrophysics Albrecht Unsöld ; Bodo Baschek. Transl. by William D. Brewer 5. ed. Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2001 XIV, 557 Ill., graph. Darst. : 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverz. S. 531 - 536. - Dt. Ausg. u.d.T.: Unsöld, Albrecht: Der neue Kosmos Astrofysica gtt Astronomie Kosmologie gtt Sterrenkunde gtt Astronomy Astronomie (DE-588)4003311-9 gnd rswk-swf Kosmologie (DE-588)4114294-9 gnd rswk-swf Astrophysik (DE-588)4003326-0 gnd rswk-swf Weltall (DE-588)4079154-3 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Astronomie (DE-588)4003311-9 s Astrophysik (DE-588)4003326-0 s 1\p DE-604 Kosmologie (DE-588)4114294-9 s 2\p DE-604 Weltall (DE-588)4079154-3 s 3\p DE-604 Baschek, Bodo Verfasser aut SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009424251&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk
spellingShingle	Unsöld, Albrecht 1905-1995 Baschek, Bodo The new cosmos an introduction to astronomy and astrophysics Astrofysica gtt Astronomie Kosmologie gtt Sterrenkunde gtt Astronomy Astronomie (DE-588)4003311-9 gnd Kosmologie (DE-588)4114294-9 gnd Astrophysik (DE-588)4003326-0 gnd Weltall (DE-588)4079154-3 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4003311-9 (DE-588)4114294-9 (DE-588)4003326-0 (DE-588)4079154-3 (DE-588)4123623-3
title	The new cosmos an introduction to astronomy and astrophysics
title_alt	Der neue Kosmos
title_auth	The new cosmos an introduction to astronomy and astrophysics
title_exact_search	The new cosmos an introduction to astronomy and astrophysics
title_full	The new cosmos an introduction to astronomy and astrophysics Albrecht Unsöld ; Bodo Baschek. Transl. by William D. Brewer
title_fullStr	The new cosmos an introduction to astronomy and astrophysics Albrecht Unsöld ; Bodo Baschek. Transl. by William D. Brewer
title_full_unstemmed	The new cosmos an introduction to astronomy and astrophysics Albrecht Unsöld ; Bodo Baschek. Transl. by William D. Brewer
title_short	The new cosmos
title_sort	the new cosmos an introduction to astronomy and astrophysics
title_sub	an introduction to astronomy and astrophysics
topic	Astrofysica gtt Astronomie Kosmologie gtt Sterrenkunde gtt Astronomy Astronomie (DE-588)4003311-9 gnd Kosmologie (DE-588)4114294-9 gnd Astrophysik (DE-588)4003326-0 gnd Weltall (DE-588)4079154-3 gnd
topic_facet	Astrofysica Astronomie Kosmologie Sterrenkunde Astronomy Astrophysik Weltall Lehrbuch
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009424251&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT unsoldalbrecht derneuekosmos AT baschekbodo derneuekosmos AT unsoldalbrecht thenewcosmosanintroductiontoastronomyandastrophysics AT baschekbodo thenewcosmosanintroductiontoastronomyandastrophysics

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