The meteorology and climate of tropical Africa:
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English French |
Veröffentlicht: |
London [u.a.]
Springer [u.a.]
2001
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Schriftenreihe: | Springer Praxis books in environmental sciences
|
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XXXIV, 548 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten 1 CD-ROM (12 cm) |
ISBN: | 1852336439 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text |
Titel: The meteorology and climate of tropical Africa
Autor: Leroux, Marcel
Jahr: 2001
Contents
Preface.xi
List of figures and tables.xv
List of charts.xxiii
List of abbreviations.xxxi
How to use this book.xxxv
1 Introduction: current knowledge and analysis of methods.1
1.1 History of observations and research.1
1.2 Our knowledge of factors and elements of climate.3
1.3 Analysis of meteorological methods.6
1.4 The approach of this book.13
PARTI Chorological factors.21
2 Chorological factors.23
2.1 Sea surface circulation and characteristics.23
2.1.1 The Atlantic Ocean.23
2.1.2 The Indian Ocean.26
2.2 Effect on air temperature and atmospheric moisture.27
2.2.1 Effect on coastal temperature and breezes.27
2.2.2 Effect on coastal moisture.30
2.2.3 Supply of precipitable water potential.31
3 The orographical factor.37
3.1 Main features of the relief of tropical Africa.37
3.1.1 Chart 1: relief of tropical Africa.37
3.1.2 Lowland (western and central) Africa.38
3.1.3 Highland (southern and eastern) Africa.40
3.2 Effect of relief on climatic parameters.42
3.2.1 The effect of relief on temperature.42
3.2.2 The effect of relief on pressure field and circulation. . 45
3.2.3 The effect of relief on rainfall.48
vi Contents
4 Continental hydrology and vegetation.
4.1 Hydrology and its local climatic effect.
4.1.1 Continental hydrology.
4.1.2 The local climatic effect of hydrology
4.2 Vegetation and its local climatic effect.
4.2.1 The vegetation of tropical Africa . . .
4.2.2 The effect of vegetation on climate. .
4.3 The water cycle over tropical Africa.
PART II Aerological factors.71
5 Basic features of the troposphere and of tropical circulation.73
5.1 General circulation and the structure of the tropical troposphere 73
5.1.1 The general circulation of the atmosphere.73
5.1.2 The vertical structure of the tropical troposphere.77
5.2 Tropical circulation: trade and monsoon winds.79
5.2.1 The trade wind and the trades.81
5.2.2 The monsoon and monsoons.83
5.2.3 The stratified structure of the tropical troposphere . 85
5.3 Three-dimensional analysis of wind field: the structural method . 90
5.3.1 Logical continuity in charting the vertical space.92
5.3.2 Analysis of synoptic charts.94
6 Pressure field, circulation and discontinuities over tropical Africa.103
6.1 Pressure field, circulation and discontinuities at surface and lower
levels.106
6.1.1 Mean monthly features (Charts 3-38).107
6.2 Pressure field, circulation and discontinuities in upper levels. . 120
6.2.1 Mean monthly features (Charts 39-98).121
7 Vertical structure of the African tropical troposphere.131
7.1 Mean vertical structure and annual evolution.131
7.1.1 Mean monthly features (Charts 99-122).131
7.1.2 Annual evolution of the vertical structure (Charts 123—
130).135
7.2 Aerological stratification over tropical Africa.136
7.2.1 Air streams.136
7.2.2 Discontinuities.142
PART III Dynamics of circulation: disturbances.155
Rainfall conditions (pluviogenesis).156
8 Moving Polar Highs (MPHs) on African tropical margins.159
8.1 Polar influences: northern Africa.160
8.1.1 Analysis of the situation on 21-23 January 1990.162
8.1.2 Analysis of the situation on 29 and 30 November 1978 . 167
51
51
54
58
58
60
64
Contents vii
8.1.3 Climatic consequences.173
8.2 Polar influences: southern Africa.179
8.2.1 MPHs and the Great Escarpment.180
8.2.2 Bergwinds.182
8.2.3 Climatic outcomes: winter.185
8.2.4 Climatic outcomes: summer.186
9 Pulses in trades and monsoons.193
9.1 Easterly wave or pulse line?.194
9.2 Propagation of lower level pressure waves (pulse lines) in tropical
fluxes.205
9.3 Pulse lines and their climatic consequences.211
9.3.1 The stable maritime trade in western coastal areas . 212
9.3.2 The continental trade (harmattan) of northern Africa. . . 213
9.3.3 The maritime trade and the Atlantic monsoon.217
9.3.4 The southern maritime trade and the Indian monsoon
(kusi).220
9.3.5 The northern maritime trade (kaskasi) and the Mada-
gascar monsoon.226
10 Inclined structures: the Inclined Meteorological Equator (IME) and
Inter-Oceanic Confluence (IOC), and Squall Lines (SLs).229
10.1 The Inclined Meteorological Equator (IME).229
10.1.1 From the Intertopical Front (ITF) to the Inclined
Meteorological Equator (IME).229
10.1.2 The nature of inclined structures: Inclined Meteorological
Equator (IME) and (IOC).232
10.2 Current understanding of the nature of squall lines.234
10.2.1 Review of the literature on squall lines.234
10.2.2 Our current knowledge.237
10.3 Formation and evolution of squall lines.238
10.3.1 Analysis of the situation of 2 and 3 August 1973 over
West Africa.238
10.3.2 Phases in the formation of squall lines.243
10.4 Climatic consequences.257
10.4.1 Weather associated with the passage of a squall line . . . 257
10.4.2 Precipitation associated with squall lines.260
11 The active Meteorological Equator (ME): the active Inclined
Meteorological Equator (IME) and the Vertical Meteorological Equator
(VME).267
11.1 The active Inclined Meteorological Equator (IME).267
viii Contents
11.2 Structure and characteristics of the Vertical Meteorological ^
Equator. ' ' • • • • * * '
11.2.1 Current understanding of the nature of the vertical
structure of the Meteorological Equator.270
11.2.2 The nature of the Vertical Meteorological Equator . 273
11.3 Climatic consequences of the .286
295
12 Tropical cyclones.
12.1 Conditions for cyclogenesis.295
12.2 Cyclogenesis in the south-west Indian Ocean.298
12.3 Cyclones in Africa and their climatic consequences.308
Disturbances in Africa: conclusion.317
PART IV Climates of tropical Africa.319
13 Elements of climate: rainfall.321
13.1 The distribution of rainfall.322
13.1.1 Monthly pluviometric patterns (Charts 131-169) .322
13.1.2 Pluviometric regions of Africa.330
13.2 Pluviometric regimes (Charts 170-175).336
13.2.1 Unimodal pluviometric regimes.337
13.2.2 Bimodal pluviometric regimes.345
13.3 Dynamics of rainfall (Charts 176-187).354
13.3.1 General pluviogenic conditions.355
13.3.2 Monthly pluviogenic conditions and annual dynamics . . 356
13.4 Conclusion on precipitation.360
14 Elements of climate: temperatures.361
14.1 Temperature distribution.362
14.1.1 Monthly thermal patterns (Charts 188-237).362
14.1.2 Thermal regions of Africa.367
14.2 Thermal regimes and the dynamics of temperature.370
14.2.1 Thermal regimes (Charts 238-239).370
14.2.2 The dynamics of temperature (Charts 240-243).380
14.3 Conclusion on temperatures.383
15 Climates of tropical Africa.385
15.1 Aerological criteria and climatic domains (Chart 244).387
15.1.1 Domains of a single climatic tonality.390
15.1.2 Domains of alternating climatic tonalities.391
15.2 Chorological criteria: climatic domains and regions (Chart 245) . 394
15.2.1 The establishment of the climatic picture.394
15.2.2 The climatic domains and regions of tropical Africa . . . 396
15.3 Climatic domains and regions of tropical Africa (Chart 246) . . . 407
Contents ix
PART V Climate change in tropical Africa.411
16 African palaeoenvironments since the Upper Pleistocene.415
16.1 African palaeoenvironments of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM:
18-15 kyr BP).416
16.2 African palaeoenvironments of the Holocene Climatic Optimum
(HCO: 9-6 kyr BP).422
16.3 Variations in insolation and palaeocirculations in Africa.426
16.3.1 Some questions and explanations.426
16.3.2 Variations in insolation in high latitudes and modes of . 429
circulation
16.3.3 The influence of ice surfaces in the northern hemisphere 435
16.3.4 Palaeocirculations over Africa during the LGM and the
HCO.438
16.4 Conclusion.442
17 Recent climate change in tropical Africa.445
17.1 The great Sahel drought.445
17.1.1 A diagnosis too long in coming.446
17.1.2 The supposed causes of the great drought.450
17.2 Dynamics of climate change in tropical Africa.457
17.2.1 The southward shift of pluviogenic structures.458
17.2.2 The North Atlantic/European/Mediterranean/North
African aerological space.463
18 General conclusion.479
Appendix 1 Atlas: The aerological factors.485
Appendix 2 Atlas: The elements of climates.491
Appendix 3 Data of the Atlas.CD
References and bibliography.495 |
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spelling | Leroux, Marcel 1938-2008 Verfasser (DE-588)1247148874 aut Le climat de l'Afrique tropicale The meteorology and climate of tropical Africa Marcel Leroux London [u.a.] Springer [u.a.] 2001 XXXIV, 548 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten 1 CD-ROM (12 cm) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Springer Praxis books in environmental sciences Tropenklima (DE-588)4186302-1 gnd rswk-swf Meteorologie (DE-588)4038953-4 gnd rswk-swf Afrika Africa Climate Africa Climate Charts, diagrams, etc Tropics Climate Tropics Climate Charts, diagrams, etc Subsaharisches Afrika (DE-588)4053770-5 gnd rswk-swf Afrika (DE-588)4000695-5 gnd rswk-swf Afrika (DE-588)4000695-5 g Tropenklima (DE-588)4186302-1 s Meteorologie (DE-588)4038953-4 s DE-604 Subsaharisches Afrika (DE-588)4053770-5 g HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009419705&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Leroux, Marcel 1938-2008 The meteorology and climate of tropical Africa Tropenklima (DE-588)4186302-1 gnd Meteorologie (DE-588)4038953-4 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4186302-1 (DE-588)4038953-4 (DE-588)4053770-5 (DE-588)4000695-5 |
title | The meteorology and climate of tropical Africa |
title_alt | Le climat de l'Afrique tropicale |
title_auth | The meteorology and climate of tropical Africa |
title_exact_search | The meteorology and climate of tropical Africa |
title_full | The meteorology and climate of tropical Africa Marcel Leroux |
title_fullStr | The meteorology and climate of tropical Africa Marcel Leroux |
title_full_unstemmed | The meteorology and climate of tropical Africa Marcel Leroux |
title_short | The meteorology and climate of tropical Africa |
title_sort | the meteorology and climate of tropical africa |
topic | Tropenklima (DE-588)4186302-1 gnd Meteorologie (DE-588)4038953-4 gnd |
topic_facet | Tropenklima Meteorologie Afrika Africa Climate Africa Climate Charts, diagrams, etc Tropics Climate Tropics Climate Charts, diagrams, etc Subsaharisches Afrika |
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