Environmental analytical chemistry:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Blackwell Science
2000
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 490 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0632053836 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Environmental analytical chemistry |c ed. by F. W. Fifield ... |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford [u.a.] |b Blackwell Science |c 2000 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 490 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Chimie analytique | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Chimie analytique |2 rasuqam | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Chimie de l'environnement | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Chimie de l'environnement |2 rasuqam | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environnement - Surveillance | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Milieuchemie |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Surveillance environnementale |2 rasuqam | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Chemistry, Analytic | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental chemistry | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental monitoring | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Ökologische Chemie |0 (DE-588)4135167-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Analytische Chemie |0 (DE-588)4129906-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Analytische Chemie |0 (DE-588)4129906-1 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Fifield, Frederick William |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009401842&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804128573673439232 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Environmental analytical chemistry
Autor: Fifield, Frederick W
Jahr: 2000
Contents
Contributors v
Preface to First Edition xvii
Preface to Second Edition xix
Part I General principles and techniques 1
1 Introduction 3
F.W. FIFIELD and P.J. HAINES
1.1 Environmental science and analytical chemistry 3
1.2 Analytical chemistry 4
1.3 Overall analytical processes 6
1.3.1 Defining the aims of an analytical programme 7
1.3.2 Selection of an analytical method 7
1.3.3 Sampling, sample handling and pretreatment 7
1.3.4 Analytical measurements 10
1.3.5 Method validation and quality assurance 10
1.3.6 Data assessment and interpretation 11
1.3.7 Safety 11
2 Analytical environmental data: assessment and interpretation 13
F.W. FIFIELD
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Basic concepts and definitions 13
2.2.1 True result 13
2.2.2 Population 14
2.2.3 Statistical sample 14
2.2.4 Error 14
2.2.5 Accuracy 14
2.2.6 Precision 15
2.2.7 The range, or spread of data 15
2.2.8 Distribution curves 16
2.2.9 The mean 16
2.2.10 The mode 16
2.2.11 The median 16
2.2.12 Degrees of freedom 17
2.2.13 Standard deviation 17
2.2.14 The variance 18
2.2.15 Confidence levels and confidence limits 18
2.3 The nature and origin of errors 18
2.3.1 Types of errors 19
2.4 Frequency distributions 21
2.4.1 Normal and Student t distributions 22
2.4.2 Other distributions 23
2.5 Assessment and interpretation of analytical results 23
2.5.1 Introduction 23
2.5.2 Data reliability 23
viii CONTENTS
2.5.3 Precision comparisons
2.5.4 The assessment and comparison of means
2.5.5 Graphical methods
2.5.6 Detection limits
Further reading
Self-study exercises
Answers
3 Chemical principles
P.J. HAINES
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Periodicity
3.1.2 Atomic spectra
3.1.3 Nature of the electron
3.1.4 Population of energy levels
3.2 Atomic orbitais and chemical bonds
3.2.1 Ionic bonds
3.2.2 Covalent molecules
3.2.3 Polyatomic molecules
3.2.4 Metal compounds and complexes
3.2.5 Chains, rings and networks
3.3 Molecular energy levels
3.3.1 Energy of assemblies of molecules
3.4 Enthalpies of formation and reaction
3.5 Entropy and free energy
3.6 Free energy and equilibrium
3.7 The effects of temperature
3.8 Application to equilibria
3.8.1 Phase equilibria
3.8.2 Ions in solution
3.8.3 Solubility
3.8.4 Acid-base equilibria
3.8.5 Oxidation-reduction equilibria
3.8.6 Electrochemical reactions
3.8.7 Complexation
3.9 Reaction kinetics
3.10 Examples of reaction kinetics
3.10.1 Radioactive reactions
3.10.2 Ionic reactions
3.10.3 Solid-state reactions
3.10.4 Photochemical reactions
3.11 Summary
Further reading
Self-study exercises
Answers
4 Titrimetry and gravimetry
F.W. FIFIELD
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Titrimetry
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Acid-base titrations
4.2.3 Complexometric titrations
4.2.4 Redox titrations
4.3 Gravimetry
4.3.1 Principles
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CONTENTS ix
4.3.2 Gravimetric procedures
Further reading
5 Separation techniques
F.W. FIFIELD
5.1
5.2
5.3
Introduction
Solvent extraction
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Solvent extraction of analytes from environmental samples
5.2.3 Separation of mixtures by solvent extraction
Chromatography
5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.2 Characteristics of chromatograms
5.3.3 High-performance liquid chromatography
5.3.4 Ion-exchange chromatography
5.3.5 Thin-layer and paper chromatography
5.3.6 Gas chromatography
5.4 Electrophoresis
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Capillary electrophoresis (CE)
5.5 Other separation techniques
5.5.1 Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC)
5.5.2 Gel permeation chromatography (GPC)
5.5.3 Distillation and volatilisation
5.5.4 Precipitation
Further reading
Self-study exercises
Answers
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6 General principles of spectrometry
P.J. HAINES
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Energy levels
6.3 Types of transition
6.3.1 Lasers
6.4 Molecular dissociation
6.5 Electromagnetic radiation
6.6 The electromagnetic spectrum
6.7 Interaction of species with electromagnetic radiation
6.8 Absorption laws
6.9 Spectrometric instrumentation
6.9.1 Single-beam spectrometer
6.9.2 Double-beam spectrometer
6.9.3 Fourier-transform instruments
Further reading
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7 Atomic spectrometry
F.W. FIFIELD
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Flame emission spectrometry
7.2.1 The chemical flame
7.3 Plasma emission spectrometry
7.3.1 Introduction
7.3.2 Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES)
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X CONTENTS
7.4 Inorganic mass spectrometry
7.4.1 Introduction
7.4.2 Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
7.5 X-ray emission techniques
7.5.1 Introduction
7.5.2 Electron probe microanalysis
7.5.3 X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
7.6 Atomic absorption spectrometry
7.6.1 Introduction
7.6.2 Sharp-line radiation
7.6.3 AAS measurements
7.6.4 Flame AAS
7.6.5 Electrothermal AAS
7.7 Atomic fluorescence spectrometry
7.8 Use of atomic spectrometry
Further reading
Self-study exercises
Answers
8 Molecular spectrometry
P.J. HAINES
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry
8.2.1 Instrumentation
8.2.2 Band spectra
8.2.3 Polyatomic organic molecules
8.2.4 Solvent effects
8.2.5 Metal complexes
8.2.6 Applications
8.2.7 UV fluorescence methods
8.2.8 Combined separation and UV techniques
8.3 Infrared spectrometry
8.3.1 Sampling
8.3.2 Infrared absorption
8.3.3 Polyatomic molecules
8.3.4 Combinations of infrared and separation techniques
8.3.5 Applications of infrared spectrometry in environmental analysis
8.4 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR)
8.4.1 Instrumentation
8.4.2 Solvents for NMR work
8.4.3 The chemical shift
8.4.4 The peak area
8.4.5 Spin-spin coupling
8.4.6 Applications of NMR
8.5 Mass spectrometry (MS)
8.5.1 Instrumentation
8.5.2 Isotopie composition and accurate masses
8.5.3 Nitrogen rule
8.5.4 Fragmentation
8.5.5 Applications of mass spectrometry
8.6 Structure elucidation
Further reading
Self-study exercises
Answers
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CONTENTS xi
9 Measurement of ionising radiations and radionuclides
F.W. FIFIELD
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Ionising radiations and radioactivity
9.2.1 Alpha radiation (a)
9.2.2 Beta radiation (/? or ß+)
9.2.3 Gamma radiation (7)
9.2.4 Internal conversion (ic)
9.2.5 Radioactive decay
9.2.6 Units of radioactivity and radiation measurement
9.3 The detection and measurement of radiation
9.3.1 Gas ionisation detectors
9.3.2 Semiconductor detectors
9.3.3 Sodium iodide detectors
9.3.4 Organic scintillators
9.3.5 Liquid scintillation counting
9.3.6 Detection by films
9.3.7 The importance of autoradiographic techniques in environmental
analysis 219
9.3.8 Concentration and separation of radionuclides 219
Further reading 219
10 Electroanalytical techniques 220
E. BUCKLEY-DHOOT
10.1 Introduction 220
10.2 Electrochemical principles 220
10.3 Potentiometrie techniques 222
10.3.1 Introduction and theory 222
10.3.2 Practical considerations and applications 224
10.3.3 Potentiometrie titrations 233
10.3.4 Current developments 234
10.4 Voltammetric and controlled potential techniques 234
10.4.1 Introduction 234
10.4.2 Theory 235
10.4.3 Practical considerations and applications 236
10.4.4 Techniques 240
10.5 Electrochemical detection in flowing streams 246
10.5.1 Introduction 246
10.5.2 Potentiometrie measurements in flowing streams 247
10.5.3 Voltammetric measurement in flowing streams 247
10.6 Other electroanalytical techniques 249
10.6.1 Introduction 249
10.6.2 Conductometry 249
10.6.3 Coulometry 250
10.6.4 Electrogravimetry 250
Further reading 251
Self-study exercises 251
Answers 252
U Thermal methods of analysis 253
P.J. HAINES
11.1 Introduction 253
11.2 Definitions 253
11.3 General apparatus 254
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x¡¡ CONTENTS
11.4 Factors affecting thermal analysis results 255
11.4.1 The sample 256
11.4.2 The crucible 256
11.4.3 The rate of heating (d77di) 256
11.4.4 The atmosphere 256
11.4.5 The mass of the sample 257
11.5 Thermogravimetry 257
11.5.1 Apparatus 257
11.5.2 Applications of thermogravimetry 259
11.6 Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry
(DSC) 262
11.6.1 Differential thermal analysis (DTA) 262
11.6.2 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 262
11.6.3 Apparatus 263
11.6.4 Applications 264
11.7 Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) 268
11.7.1 Apparatus 268
11.7.2 Applications 269
11.8 Simultaneous techniques and product analysis 271
11.8.1 Apparatus 271
11.8.2 Evolved gas analysis (EGA) 272
11.8.3 Analysis of products and reactions 273
11.8.4 Recent advances in thermal analysis techniques 274
11.9 Environmental applications of thermal methods 275
11.9.1 Geological materials 275
11.9.2 Recycling 276
11.9.3 Residues 277
11.9.4 Vaporisation studies 277
11.9.5 Flue gas treatment 277
11.9.6 Purity 278
11.10 Summary 278
Further reading 278
Self-study exercises 278
Answers 279
12 Biological indicators 280
R. MANLY
12.1 Introduction 280
12.2 Monitoring community structure 283
12.2.1 Diversity indices 283
12.2.2 Similarity indices 284
12.2.3 Species abundance patterns 284
12.2.4 Multivariate analyses 285
12.3 Bioindicator methods 286
12.3.1 Biotic indices 287
12.3.2 Pollutant mapping 290
12.3.3 Biochemical indicators 292
12.3.4 Morphological and histological indicators 296
12.3.5 Detector and sentinel organisms 298
12.3.6 Comparative methods 298
12.4 Microbiological monitoring 299
12.4.1 Intrusive microorganisms and faecal contamination 299
12.5 Bioaccumulators 301
12.6 Bioassays 306
Further reading 306
Part II Specific applications
13 Speciation
G.L. CHRISTIE
13.1 The importance of speciation
13.2 Definition of speciation
13.3 The determination of trace metal speciation
13.3.1 Computer modelling
13.3.2 Experimental determination of speciation
13.4 Concluding remarks
Further reading
14 The analysis of atmospheric samples
C.K. LAIRD
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Atmospheric analyses
14.2.1 Measurements of atmospheric composition
14.2.2 Emission measurements
14.2.3 Indoor and workplace atmospheres
14.3 Techniques for gas analysis
14.3.1 Gas chromatography
14.3.2 Spectrometric methods
14.3.3 Electrochemical sensors
14.3.4 Chemical methods and detector tubes
14.3.5 Diffusion tubes and diffusion denuder tubes
14.4 Sampling
14.4.1 Ambient air
14.4.2 Emissions
14.5 Calibration of gas analysers
14.6 Determination of the main air pollutants and oxygen
14.6.1 Carbon monoxide
14.6.2 Nitrogen oxides
14.6.3 Ozone
14.6.4 Sulphur dioxide
14.6.5 Volatile organic compounds
14.6.6 Oxygen
14.7 Determination of some other air pollutants
14.7.1 Methane
14.7.2 Chlorofluorocarbons
14.7.3 Organic nitrates
14.7.4 Nitrous oxide
14.7.5 Toxic organic micropollutants
14.7.6 Hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radical
14.7.7 Combustible gases
14.8 Sampling and analysis of particles and aerosols
14.8.1 Sampling particles and aerosols
14.8.2 Particle and aerosol composition
Further reading
References
15 Trace elements
N.I. WARD
CONTENTS x¡¡¡
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15.1 Trace elements in the environment
15.2 Natural levels and chemical forms
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xiv CONTENTS
15.3 Trace element contamination and pol
15.3.1 Air particulates
15.3.2 Natural waters
15.3.3 Soils and sediments
15.3.4 Plants
15.3.5 Animals and humans
15.4 Sampling and sample preparation
15.4.1 Atmospheric samples
15.4.2 Water samples
15.4.3 Soils and sediments
15.4.4 Plants
15.4.5 Biological tissues and fluids
15.4.6 Sample digestion methods
15.5 Methods of analysis
15.6 Selected important examples
15.6.1 Lead
15.6.2 Aluminium
Further reading
16 Environmental radiation and radioactivity 393
F.W. FIFIELD
16.1 Introduction
16.2 The hazards of ionising radiations and their assessment
16.3 Natural sources of radiation
16.3.1 Radionuclides of geological origin
16.3.2 Radionuclides resulting from cosmic rays
16.4 Artificial sources of radiation
16.4.1 Radiation and radioactivity in research and medicine
16.4.2 Nuclear power
16.5 Radiogenic dating
16.5.1 Geological dating
16.5.2 Carbon dating
16.5.3 Tritium dating
16.5.4 Lead-210 dating
16.5.5 Thermoluminescence and electron spin resonance dating
Further reading
17 Contaminated landsites 411
F.W. FIFIELD
17.1 Introduction 411
17.2 The nature of contaminated sites 412
17.2.1 Origins of contamination 412
17.2.2 Physical characteristics of landsites 412
17.3 Assessments 414
17.3.1 Investigational plan 415
Further reading 418
18 The analysis of water 419
F.W. FIFIELD
18.1 Introduction 419
18.2 pH, acidity and alkalinity 421
18.3 Dissolved oxygen and oxygen demand 422
18.4 Total organic carbon 424
18.5 Metals 424
llution 368
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CONTENTS
18.6 Dissolved salts
18.7 Trace organics
18.8 Radioactivity and radionuclides in water
18.9 Water surveys and sampling
Further reading
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19 The determination of trace amounts of organic compounds 429
C.J. WELCH
19.1 Introduction 429
19.2 Sample preparation 431
19.2.1 Maceration, dissolution and extraction 432
19.2.2 Partition 433
19.2.3 Concentration of the analyte 436
19.3 Chromatography 437
19.3.1 Gas chromatography 438
19.3.2 High-performance liquid chromatography 439
19.3.3 Capillary (zone) electrophoresis 439
19.3.4 Quantitation 439
19.4 Screening analysis 440
19.5 GC applications: pesticide analysis 441
19.6 HPLC: trace analysis 443
19.7 HPLC applications 445
19.7.1 Aromatic hydrocarbons 445
19.8 GC/HPLC applications 446
19.8.1 Trace organic analysis in water 446
19.8.2 Analysis of organic materials in soil and sediments 449
19.8.3 Analysis of amines 449
Further reading 450
20 Ecotoxicology 452
R. MANLEY
20.1 Introduction 452
20.2 Toxicant behaviour in living organisms 452
20.3 Dose-response relationships of toxicants 454
20.4 Toxicants and the environment 460
20.5 Toxicity testing 461
20.5.1 Bioassays 463
20.6 Ecological risk assessment 468
Further reading 470
Glossary 471
Index
480
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| id | DE-604.BV013753214 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:51:24Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0632053836 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009401842 |
| oclc_num | 41932605 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-634 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-634 |
| physical | XVIII, 490 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2000 |
| publishDateSearch | 2000 |
| publishDateSort | 2000 |
| publisher | Blackwell Science |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Environmental analytical chemistry ed. by F. W. Fifield ... 2. ed. Oxford [u.a.] Blackwell Science 2000 XVIII, 490 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Chimie analytique Chimie analytique rasuqam Chimie de l'environnement Chimie de l'environnement rasuqam Environnement - Surveillance Milieuchemie gtt Surveillance environnementale rasuqam Chemistry, Analytic Environmental chemistry Environmental monitoring Ökologische Chemie (DE-588)4135167-8 gnd rswk-swf Analytische Chemie (DE-588)4129906-1 gnd rswk-swf Ökologische Chemie (DE-588)4135167-8 s Analytische Chemie (DE-588)4129906-1 s DE-604 Fifield, Frederick William Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009401842&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Environmental analytical chemistry Chimie analytique Chimie analytique rasuqam Chimie de l'environnement Chimie de l'environnement rasuqam Environnement - Surveillance Milieuchemie gtt Surveillance environnementale rasuqam Chemistry, Analytic Environmental chemistry Environmental monitoring Ökologische Chemie (DE-588)4135167-8 gnd Analytische Chemie (DE-588)4129906-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4135167-8 (DE-588)4129906-1 |
| title | Environmental analytical chemistry |
| title_auth | Environmental analytical chemistry |
| title_exact_search | Environmental analytical chemistry |
| title_full | Environmental analytical chemistry ed. by F. W. Fifield ... |
| title_fullStr | Environmental analytical chemistry ed. by F. W. Fifield ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Environmental analytical chemistry ed. by F. W. Fifield ... |
| title_short | Environmental analytical chemistry |
| title_sort | environmental analytical chemistry |
| topic | Chimie analytique Chimie analytique rasuqam Chimie de l'environnement Chimie de l'environnement rasuqam Environnement - Surveillance Milieuchemie gtt Surveillance environnementale rasuqam Chemistry, Analytic Environmental chemistry Environmental monitoring Ökologische Chemie (DE-588)4135167-8 gnd Analytische Chemie (DE-588)4129906-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Chimie analytique Chimie de l'environnement Environnement - Surveillance Milieuchemie Surveillance environnementale Chemistry, Analytic Environmental chemistry Environmental monitoring Ökologische Chemie Analytische Chemie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009401842&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT fifieldfrederickwilliam environmentalanalyticalchemistry |