Essential reproduction:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Blackwell Science
2000
|
| Ausgabe: | 5. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVI, 285 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0632042877 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Johnson, Martin H. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Essential reproduction |c Martin H. Johnson ; Barry J. Everitt |
| 250 | |a 5. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford [u.a.] |b Blackwell Science |c 2000 | |
| 300 | |a XVI, 285 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Mammifères - Reproduction - Manuels d'enseignement supérieur |2 ram | |
| 650 | 2 | |a Reproduction - physiologie | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Reproduction humaine - Manuels d'enseignement supérieur |2 ram | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mammals |x Reproduction | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mammals |x physiology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Reproduction | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804128518441795584 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION xii
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK xiii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xiv
FIGURE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xv
1 • Sex, 1
THE GENESIS OF TWO SEXES DEPENDS ON
GENETIC DIFFERENCES 3
The genetic determinant of sex is on the Y chromosome .... 3
The two gonads develop from a bipotential precursor
through the differential action of SRY in males 5
Primary hermaphrodites have both ovarian and testicular
tissues 7
THE DIFFERENTIATION OF TWO SEXES
DEPENDS ON THE ENDOCRINE ACTIVITY
OF THE FETAL TESTIS 8
The male and female internal genitalia develop from
different unipotential precursors through the actions of
androgens and MIS 8
The male and female external genitalia develop from a
single bipotential precursor through the actions of
androgens 8
Secondary hermaphrodites have genitalia that are not of
the sex expected from their gonads 8
PRE AND POSTNATAL GROWTH OF THE
GONADS IS SLOW UNTIL PUBERTY 11
The testes migrate to a scrotal position 11
Testicular growth and activity are important for male
development 14
Most ovarian germ cells die before puberty and all of them
enter meiosis 14
The ovary is not essential for prepubertal development . ... 15
SUMMARY 15
KEY LEARNING POINTS 16
FURTHER READING 16
2 • Gender and Sexuality, 17
GENDER IS A SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
BASED ON SEX 17
GENDER STEREOTYPES AND GENDER
IDENTITIES 18
A gender stereotype is the set of beliefs about what it means
to be a man and woman in a particular society 19
Gender stereotyping provides a social shorthand for
classifying people by sex 19
Gender identity describes the personal concept of me as a
man or a woman 19
Gender differences may not be as great as they first appear
to be 20
THE ORIGINS OF GENDER 20
HORMONES, THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOURAL
DIMORPHISM 20
In animals hormones condition sex differences in behaviour
and brain structure 20
Nonhuman primates show sex differences in behaviour
which appear to be influenced by hormonal exposure
early in life 21
In humans there may be both sex and gender differences
in brain structure but it is difficult to be sure whether there
are any direct effects of hormones on the developing brain
or on the expression of gender attributes 22
GENDER DEVELOPMENT MAY FORM PART OF
SOCIAL LEARNING IN HUMANS 24
Patterns of interaction between babies and those around
them emphasize gender differences 24
Gendered behaviour by babies may affect the way that
they are treated 25
Summary 26
GENDER AND REPRODUCTION 26
SEXUALITY INVOLVES THE EROTIC 27
Sexuality can be classified by the stimulus of erotic
arousal 27
Genetics, brain anatomy, androgens and social learning
have all been implicated in the formation of sexualities .... 28
The relationship between sexuality and gender 29
Summary 30
KEY LEARNING POINTS 31
FURTHER READING 31
3 • Reproductive Messengers, 33
HORMONES CAN ACT AT VARIABLE
DISTANCES FROM THE CELLS THAT
PRODUCE THEM 33
THERE ARE THREE MAIN CLASSES OF
HORMONE 34
Lipids 34
Steroids 34
Eicosanoids 37
Proteins 37
Gonadotrophic glycoproteins 37
Somatomammotrophicpolypeptides 39
Cytokines 39
Small peptides 39
Monoamines 42
HORMONAL ACTIONS INVOLVE
RECEPTORS 45
Hormone activity can be regulated by controlling receptor
expression 46
Receptor stimulation activates target cell transducer
systems 48
THE LEVELS OF A HORMONE IN ITS TARGET
TISSUES DEPEND ON ITS TURNOVER 48
Blood levels of hormones may fluctuate because their
secretion may fluctuate 48
Hormones can be metabolized as they pass round the
body 50
Levels of hormones can be affected by the presence of
binding proteins 50
Hormones may be metabolized in their target tissues 51
SUMMARY 51
KEY LEARNING POINTS 52
FURTHER READING 52
4 • Testicular Function in the Adult, 53
THE TESTIS IS DIVIDED INTO
COMPARTMENTS 53
SPERMATOGENESIS HAS THREE MAIN |
PHASES 55 ;
Mitotic proliferation increases cell number 55
Meiosis halves the chromosome number and generates
genetic diversity 55
Cytodifferentiation packages the chromosomes for
delivery 56 ¦
Genetic activity ceases as spermatogenesis progresses .... 56 j
SPERMATOGENESIS IS HIGHLY ORGANIZED j
BOTH TEMPORALLY AND SPATIALLY 60 !
Spermatogenesis proceeds at a constant and characteristic j
rate for each species 60 j
Rounds of spermatogenesis are initiated at time intervals [
that are constant and characteristic for each species 60 j
The seminiferous epithelium cycles 62
Spermatogenesis in adjacent regions of a seminiferous
tubule appears to be phase advanced or retarded 63 :
The Sertoli cell may control the temporal and spatial
organization of spermatogenesis 64
Summary 64
TESTICULAR ENDOCRINE ACTIVITY AND THE
CONTROL OF SPERMATOGENESIS 64
The testis produces hormones 64
Steroids of the testis 65
Cytokines and peptides of the testis 66
Spermatogenesis is dependent upon endocrine
support 66
SUMMARY 67
KEY LEARNING POINTS 67
FURTHER READING 68
5 • Adult Ovarian Function, 69
FERTILITY IN THE ADULT FEMALE IS
EPISODIC 69
THE ADULT OVARY CONSISTS OF FOLLICLES
AND INTERSTITIAL TISSUE 70
THE FOLLICLE IS THE FUNDAMENTAL
REPRODUCTIVE ELEMENT OF THE OVARY .... 70
Follicles grow and mature
Primordial to preantral transition *
Preantral to antral transition 73
The growth of the follicle is regulated by gonadotrophins
in its later stages only
Ovulation
Preovulatory growth is rapid and depends on LH 7
Preovulatory growth is associated with a transient rise in
oestrogens and a sustained rise in progestagens 78
The process of ovulation involves protease activity 78
The corpus luteum is the postovulatory follicle 78
The corpus luteum produces progestagens
Endocrine support of the corpus luteum varies for
different species 79
Luteolysis: death of the corpus luteum may be active or
passive depending on the species 79
THE NUMBER OF FOLLICLES OVULATING
DEPENDS ON THE BALANCE BETWEEN
GONADOTROPHIN LEVELS AND THEIR
FOLLICULAR RECEPTORS 80
FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT AND THE
OVARIAN CYCLE 81
The ovarian cycle is the interval between successive
ovulations and comprises follicular and luteal phases 81
The ovarian cycle of the human 82
The ovarian cycles of the cow, pig, sheep and horse have a
shorter follicular phase 83
The ovarian cycles of the rat and mouse can have
abbreviated follicular and luteal phases 83
The ovarian cycle of the rabbit is reduced to an extended
follicular phase 83
INTERSTITIAL GLANDS 84
SUMMARY: THE OESTROUS AND
MENSTRUAL CYCLES 84
KEY LEARNING POINTS 86
FURTHER READING 87
6 • The Regulation of Gonadal Function, 88
THE HYPOTHALAMIC PITUITARY AXIS
CONTROLS GONADAL FUNCTION 89
The pituitary secretes gonadotrophins, prolactin
andoxytocin 89
The hypothalamus contains groups of neurons with
specific functions 89
The hypothalamus and pituitary have both neural and
vascular connections 90
The hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system
secretes oxytocin from the posterior pituitary 90
The hypothalamic parvocellular neurosecretory system
controls anterior pituitary hormone secretion 91
Hypothalamic releasing hormones control gonadotrophin
secretion 91
Summary 94
OVARIAN HORMONES REGULATE GONADO¬
TROPHIN SECRETION IN FEMALES 94
Oestradiol regulates FSH and LH secretion 95
Progesterone also regulates FSH and LH secretion 95
Inhibin also regulates FSH secretion 96
Steroid hormone and inhibin feedback regulate the
menstrual cycle 97
The follicular phase of the cycle 97
The luteal phase of the cycle 98
Positive and negative feedback are mediated by the
hypothalamus and pituitary 98
The anterior pituitary mediates feedback effects of
oestradiol and inhibin 98
The hypothalamus mediates steroid hormone
feedback 99
Specific hypothalamic sites mediate steroid feedback
effects 100
Steroid hormones achieve their feedback effects via
specific cellular mechanisms in the hypothalamus and
pituitary 101
TESTICULAR HORMONES REGULATE
GONADOTROPHIN SECRETION IN MALES .... 103
Testosterone regulates the pituitary Leydig cell axis 103
Inhibin regulates the pituitary seminiferous tubule axis. . . 103
THE HYPOTHALAMIC PITUITARY GONADAL
AXIS MAY BE SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC 104
PROLACTIN HAS REPRODUCTIVE
FUNCTIONS 105
The hypothalamus controls prolactin secretion 105
Dopamine is a major prolactin inhibitory factor 105
Several hypothalamic peptides have prolactin releasing
properties 105
Feedback mechanisms can regulate prolactin
secretion 106
Prolactin has diverse functions 107
Hyperprolactinaemia suppresses fertility 108
THE ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCES
REPRODUCTION 108
Daylight affects fertility 109
Circadian rhythms control reproductive function in
some species 109
Circannual rhythms control reproductive function in
seasonal breeders 110
Coitus affects fertility in some species Ill
Social interactions and stress can affect fertility Ill
SUMMARY 113
KEY LEARNING POINTS 115
FURTHER READING 118
7 • Puberty and the Maturation of the
Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis, 119
PUBERTY 119
Growth hormone and sex steroids underlie the physical
changes during puberty 120
Gonadal activation underlies the development of secondary
sexual characteristics 120
Similar pubertal changes occur in other mammals 121
THERE IS A DISTINCTIVE PATTERN OF
HORMONAL CHANGES AT PUBERTY 121
ACTIVATION OF PULSATILE HYPOTHALAMIC
GnRH SECRETION IS A KEY EVENT IN THE
ONSET OF PUBERTY 124
The gonadostat hypothesis emphasizes maturational
changes in steroid feedback mechanisms 125
Activation of hypothalamic GnRH secretion is the driving
force behind pubertal development 126
THE TIMING OF PUBERTY IS LINKED TO
THE ATTAINMENT OF A CRITICAL BODY
WEIGHT 128
There is a secular trend towards earlier puberty that may
reflect the influence of environmental factors 128
Photoperiod influences reproductive activation in some
mammals—but not in humans 128
Nutritional factors influence sexual maturation 129
Body weight appears to be a critical determinant of
pubertal activation 129
The fat derived hormone, leptin, may be the body s
messenger of hypothalamic GnRH activation at
puberty 130
CNS PATHOLOGY MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH
ADVANCED OR DELAYED PUBERTY 130
KEY LEARNING POINTS 131
FURTHER READING 132
8 • Actions of Steroid Hormones in the
Adult, 133
ANDROGENS REGULATE THE FUNCTIONAL
ACTIVITY OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM 134
OESTROGENS AND PROGESTAGENS
CYCLICALLY REGULATE THE FUNCTIONAL
ACTIVITY OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM 134
Oestrogen and progesterone affect gamete transport by
actions on the oviduct (Fallopian tube) 135
Oestrogen and progesterone cause cyclic changes in the
uterus to support gamete transport and implantation .... 136
The properties of the cervix show steroid dependent changes
during the cycle that affect gamete transport 138
Oestrogen and progesterone cause cyclic structural changes
in the vagina 139
Other tissues 139
HORMONES REGULATE SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR
IN MANY SPECIES 140
Masculine sexual behaviour 141
Testosterone controls the expression of sexual behaviour
in male nonprimates 141
Testosterone affects the sexual behaviour of male primates,
including men 142
Feminine sexual behaviour 143
Oestrogen and progesterone are critical for oestrous
behaviour in female nonprimates 143
Oestradiol and progesterone in female nonhuman
primates do affect sexual behaviour, but in males 143
Oestradiol and progesterone in women may affect sexual
behaviour in men 144
Androgenic steroids affect sexual activity in female
nonhuman primates and women 146
Summary 147
SEX STEROIDS ACT IN THE BRAIN TO
CONTROL SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR 148
Testosterone or its metabolites act primarily within the
medial preoptic area to control masculine sexual
behaviour 148
Oestradiol and progesterone act primarily within the
ventromedial hypothalamus to control sexual behaviour
in female nonprimates 150
How do hormones affect behaviour? 150
Summary 151
KEY LEARNING POINTS 151
FURTHER READING 152
9 • Coitus and Fertilization, 153
THE TRANSPORT OF SPERMATOZOA TO
THE OOCYTE IS HAZARDOUS AND MOST DO
NOT ARRIVE 153
Spermatozoa require a period of epididymal maturation . . 154
Semen is made up of spermatozoa and seminal plasma ... 155
Coition involves genital reflexes and sexual responses . ... 156
The male 157
Thefemale 159
Semen is deposited in the vagina, cervix or uterus
depending on the species 160
GAMETES ARE TRANSPORTED THROUGH
THE FEMALE GENITAL TRACT 160
Spermatozoa are transported largely by their own
activity 160
Oocy te transport depends on the activity of
the oviduct 161
FERTILIZATION IS A PROTRACTED
PROCESS TAKING MANY HOURS FOR
COMPLETION 161
Spermatozoa gain their full fertilizing capacity in the female
tract: capacitation 161
The acrosome reaction is essential if spermatozoa are to bind
to and penetrate the zona pellucida 162
Gamete fusion may involve integrins and stimulates Ca2+
release in the oocyte 165
The establishment of diploidy requires a single
fertilizing spermatozoon and the expulsion of the
second polar body 16
The gametes provide more than just their haploid sets
of chromosomes 168
Gamete fusion initiates a developmental programme . . . 168
Oocytes can be activated in the absence of a spermatozoon
(parthenogenesis) but cannot develop to term 168
Reproductive cloning 169
SUMMARY 170
KEY LEARNING POINTS 170
FURTHER READING 171
10 • Implantation and the Establishment of the
Placenta, 173
THE CONCEPTUS MUST CONVERT THE
MATERNAL REPRODUCTIVE PATTERN FROM
CYCLIC TO PREGNANT 173
THE PREIMPLANTATION CONCEPTUS 174
The control of development switches from mother to
conceptus soon after fertilization 174
Early differentiative events are mostly concerned with
establishing extra embryonic supporting tissues for the
future embryo and fetus 175
THE TIMING AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION
OF THE IMPLANTATION EVENTS AFFECT
THE FORM THAT THE PLACENTA WILL
ULTIMATELY TAKE 177
Invasive implantation occurs in the human, all primates
except lemurs and lorises, the dog, cat, mouse and
rabbit 179
The attachment phase 179
The invasive phase 179
Noninvasive implantation occurs in the pig, sheep, cow and
horse 180
THE OVARY, UTERUS AND CONCEPTUS
ENGAGE IN COMPLEX CONVERSATIONS
TO CONTROL THE PROCESS OF
IMPLANTATION 181
Implantation depends on ovarian steroid support 181
The molecular language used by the communicating
endometrium and conceptus at attachment and
implantation is being decoded 183
The language of attachment 183
The language of invasion 184
Summary 184
THE CHANGE FROM HISTIOTROPHIC TO
HAEMOTROPHIC SUPPORT 185
The extra embryonic membranes give rise to the fetal
membranes 185
The placental interface is organized to facilitate exchange
between maternal and fetal circulations 185
The human placenta 185
The ovine placenta 189
Blood flow in the placenta 189
SUMMARY 191
KEY LEARNING POINTS 192
FURTHER READING 192
11 • Maternal Recognition and Support of
Pregnancy, 194
MATERNAL RECOGNITION OF PREGNANCY
REQUIRES THAT LUTEAL LIFE BE
PROLONGED 194
Chorionic gonadotrophin prolongs luteal life in
primates 194
Suppression of luteolytic activity prolongs luteal life in
large domestic animals 195
PREGNANCY HORMONES ARE REQUIRED
FOR THE SUPPORT OF PREGNANCY 196
The human conceptus synthesizes steroid hormones .... 197
Progesterone is secreted by the placental trophoblast ... 198
The human fetus and placenta co operate to produce
oestrogens 199
Corticosteroids rise during pregnancy under the influence
of oestrogens 200
Chorionic gonadotrophin is not required once placental
steroid synthesis is established 200
The somatomammotrophins are synthesized by the
placenta from the end of the first trimester 200
Different strategies achieve the endocrine support of
pregnancy in other species 200
Dependence of steroid synthesis on the pituitary ovarian
axis varies among species 200
Protein hormones are actively synthesized by the placenta
in many species 200
SUMMARY 201
KEY LEARNING POINTS 201
FURTHER READING 202
12 • The Fetus and its Preparations for Birth, 203
BOTH FETAL AND MATERNAL FACTORS
DETERMINE FETAL GROWTH AND WELL
BEING DURING PREGNANCY 203
FETAL METABOLISM DEPENDS CRITICALLY
UPON PLACENTAL TRANSPORT OF ESSENTIAL
NUTRIENTS 205
Oxygen and carbon dioxide 205
Glucose and carbohydrate 207
Amino acids and urea 208
Fatty acids 208
Water and electrolytes 209
Iron 209
Calcium 209
Vitamins 209
Bilirubin 210
AMNIOTIC FLUID IS DERIVED FROM
MATERNAL AND FETAL FLUIDS 211
FETAL SYSTEMS DEVELOP AND MATURE IN
PREPARATION FOR POSTNATAL LIFE 212
The cardiovascular system 212
The respiratory system 213
The gastrointestinal system 215
The renal system 215
The nervous system 215
Summary 216
FETAL AND NEONATAL NEUROENDOCRINE
SYSTEMS CO ORDINATE MANY ASPECTS OF
FETAL DEVELOPMENT AND PREPARATIONS
FOR BIRTH 216
The anterior pituitary 216
The thyroid gland 217
The parathyroid glands and calcium regulating
hormones 217
Glucagon and insulin 217
The adrenal gland 217
THE FETUS SURVIVES MATERNAL IMMUNE
REJECTION THROUGH SEVERAL
MECHANISMS 218
Antigenicity of the conceptus 218
Protective immunological barrier 218
Maternal immune responsiveness 219
Summary 220
SUMMARY 220
KEY LEARNING POINTS 220
FURTHER READING 222
13 Parturition, 223
THE MYOMETRIUM AND CERVIX ARE
TISSUES CRITICALLY INVOLVED AT
PARTURITION 223
Contractility of the myometrium depends upon changes
in intracellular calcium regulated by prostaglandins
and oxytocin 224
Prostaglandins can induce softening of the uterine cervix
but nitric oxide may also be involved physiologically .... 225
PROSTAGLANDIN, OXYTOCIN AND NITRIC
OXIDE ACTIONS AT PARTURITION ARE
REGULATED BY STEROIDS 225
Prostaglandin and nitric oxide activities are regulated by
changing oestradiol/progesterone ratios 225
Oxytocin is released from the posterior pituitary by
stimulation of the uterine cervix and by myometrial
contractions at parturition 226
Summary 227
ADRENAL GLUCOCORTICOIDS EXERT MAJOR
CONTROLS ON THE TIMING OF ONSET OF
PARTURITION 227
Parturition in goats follows luteal regression induced by
fetal glucocorticoid induced increases in PGF2(1 227
Fetal glucocorticoids alter placental steroid and PGF2a
secretion to induce parturition in sheep 227
The endocrine mechanisms causing parturition in women
are poorly understood 228
Summary 229
RELAXIN IS A PREGNANCY HORMONE THAT
MAY INFLUENCE PARTURITION 229
The corpus luteum is a major source of relaxin 229
Relaxin influences cervical softening and mammary
development in nonprimate species 229
LABOUR HAS THREE STAGES 230
FETAL MONITORING CAN REVEAL FETAL
DISTRESS DURING LABOUR AND INDICATE
THE NEED FOR CAESARIAN SECTION 231
HIV CAN BE TRANSMITTED DURING
PREGNANCY, AT PARTURITION AND IN
BREAST MILK 231
SUMMARY 232
KEY LEARNING POINTS 232
FURTHER READING 232
14 • Lactation and Maternal Behaviour, 234
LACTATION PROVIDES A PRIMARY SOURCE
OF NUTRITION FOR THE NEW BORN 234
The breast develops during pregnancy under the influence
of several hormones 235
Breast milk is a rich source of nutrients and energy 237
A changing oestrogen/progesterone ratio and prolactin
initiate and maintain milk secretion 238
Summary 238
THE MILK EJECTION REFLEX ENABLES
A SUCKLING INFANT TO REMOVE MILK FROM
THE BREAST 239
The MER is a neurosecretory mechanism engaged
by suckling 239
Babies express milk from the nipple or teat during
suckling 240
Summary 241
FERTILITY IS REDUCED DURING
LACTATION 242
CESSATION OF LACTATION MAY BE ACHIEVED
PHARMACOLOGICALLY OR NATURALLY 242
Lactation can be suppressed by dopamine
receptor agonists 242
The breast involutes when lactation ceases 242
MATERNAL BEHAVIOUR APPEARS PROMPTLY
AROUND PARTURITION AND IS CRITICAL
FOR SURVIVAL OF THE NEW BORN 242
Patterns of maternal behaviour change with time and vary
with the state of maturity of the new born 243
Gestational behaviour 243
Postparturient behaviour 243
Weaning behaviour 243
In nonprimates both exposure to young and sex hormones
influence maternal behaviour 243
Hormones facilitate but are not essential for the initiation
and maintenance of maternal behaviour 244
Parturition itself influences the onset of maternal
behaviour 244
Specific neural mechanisms underlie maternal
behaviour 245
Summary 245
In primates, mother infant interaction changes
dynamically 246
In humans, attachment behaviour secures a bond between
mother and infant 248
Summary 248
KEY LEARNING POINTS 24V
FURTHER READING 249
15 Fertility, 251
FERTILITY, FECUNDIBIL1TY AND
FECUNDITY 252
AGE, SENESCENCE AND REPRODUCTIVE
CAPACITY 252
Women 253
Men 254
SOCIAL CONSTRAINTS ON FERTILITY 255
ARTIFICIAL CONTROL OF FERTILITY 255
Sterilization 256
Vasectomy 256
Tubal ligation 256
Contraception 256
Natural methods 257
Caps, diaphragms and spermicidal foams, jellies,
creams and sponges 258
Condoms 258
Steroidal contraceptives for women 259
Postcoital contraception 262
Steroidal contraceptives for men 262
Intrauterine contraceptive devices 263
The future 263
Abortion 264
Risks versus effectiveness 264
INFERTILITY AND SUBFERTILITY 265
Disorders of the female tract 265
Disorders of ovulation 266
Hyperprolactinaemia 267
Hypothalamic pituitary insufficiency 267
Idiopathicanovulation 267
Polycystic ovarian syndrome 268
Anovulatory cycles that are endocrinologiolly
normal 268
Abbreviated luteal phase 268
Oligospermia 268
Spontaneous pregnancy loss 26V
The scale of the losses 26V
Abnormal conce ptuses 270
Maternal problems 271
Summary 271
REPRODUCTION, SEXUALITY, ETHICS AND
THE LAW 271
CONCLUSION 272
KEY LEARNING POINTS 273
FURTHER READING 273
INDEX 275
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Johnson, Martin H. Everitt, Barry J. |
| author_facet | Johnson, Martin H. Everitt, Barry J. |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Johnson, Martin H. |
| author_variant | m h j mh mhj b j e bj bje |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV013701968 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QL739 |
| callnumber-raw | QL739.23 |
| callnumber-search | QL739.23 |
| callnumber-sort | QL 3739.23 |
| callnumber-subject | QL - Zoology |
| classification_rvk | WX 5000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)492469055 (DE-599)BVBBV013701968 |
| dewey-full | 573.6/19 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 573 - Specific physiological systems in animals |
| dewey-raw | 573.6/19 |
| dewey-search | 573.6/19 |
| dewey-sort | 3573.6 219 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie |
| edition | 5. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV013701968 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:50:31Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0632042877 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009364577 |
| oclc_num | 492469055 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-20 |
| owner_facet | DE-20 |
| physical | XVI, 285 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2000 |
| publishDateSearch | 2000 |
| publishDateSort | 2000 |
| publisher | Blackwell Science |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Johnson, Martin H. Verfasser aut Essential reproduction Martin H. Johnson ; Barry J. Everitt 5. ed. Oxford [u.a.] Blackwell Science 2000 XVI, 285 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Mammifères - Reproduction - Manuels d'enseignement supérieur ram Reproduction - physiologie Reproduction humaine - Manuels d'enseignement supérieur ram Mammals Reproduction Mammals physiology Reproduction Säugetiere (DE-588)4051253-8 gnd rswk-swf Fortpflanzung (DE-588)4017982-5 gnd rswk-swf Säugetiere (DE-588)4051253-8 s Fortpflanzung (DE-588)4017982-5 s 1\p DE-604 Everitt, Barry J. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009364577&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Johnson, Martin H. Everitt, Barry J. Essential reproduction Mammifères - Reproduction - Manuels d'enseignement supérieur ram Reproduction - physiologie Reproduction humaine - Manuels d'enseignement supérieur ram Mammals Reproduction Mammals physiology Reproduction Säugetiere (DE-588)4051253-8 gnd Fortpflanzung (DE-588)4017982-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4051253-8 (DE-588)4017982-5 |
| title | Essential reproduction |
| title_auth | Essential reproduction |
| title_exact_search | Essential reproduction |
| title_full | Essential reproduction Martin H. Johnson ; Barry J. Everitt |
| title_fullStr | Essential reproduction Martin H. Johnson ; Barry J. Everitt |
| title_full_unstemmed | Essential reproduction Martin H. Johnson ; Barry J. Everitt |
| title_short | Essential reproduction |
| title_sort | essential reproduction |
| topic | Mammifères - Reproduction - Manuels d'enseignement supérieur ram Reproduction - physiologie Reproduction humaine - Manuels d'enseignement supérieur ram Mammals Reproduction Mammals physiology Reproduction Säugetiere (DE-588)4051253-8 gnd Fortpflanzung (DE-588)4017982-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Mammifères - Reproduction - Manuels d'enseignement supérieur Reproduction - physiologie Reproduction humaine - Manuels d'enseignement supérieur Mammals Reproduction Mammals physiology Reproduction Säugetiere Fortpflanzung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009364577&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT johnsonmartinh essentialreproduction AT everittbarryj essentialreproduction |