The universe in gamma rays:
Gespeichert in:
Format: | Buch |
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Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2001
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Schriftenreihe: | Astronomy and astrophysics library
Physics and astronomy online library |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XIV, 407 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
ISBN: | 3540678743 |
Internformat
MARC
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084 | |a PHY 923f |2 stub | ||
245 | 1 | 0 | |a The universe in gamma rays |c Volker Schönfelder (ed.) |
264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2001 | |
300 | |a XIV, 407 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
490 | 0 | |a Astronomy and astrophysics library | |
490 | 0 | |a Physics and astronomy online library | |
650 | 4 | |a Astronomie gamma | |
650 | 7 | |a Astronomie gamma |2 ram | |
650 | 4 | |a Gamma ray astronomy | |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Gammaastronomie |0 (DE-588)4019200-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
689 | 0 | 0 | |a Gammaastronomie |0 (DE-588)4019200-3 |D s |
689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
700 | 1 | |a Schönfelder, Volker |d 1939-2024 |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)106864335 |4 oth | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1820173263761833984 |
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CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION VOLKER SCH¨ ONFELDER
. 1 REFERENCES . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 GAMMA-RAY PRODUCTION AND ABSORPTION PROCESSES
ROLAND DIEHL . 9 2.1
INTRODUCTION TO ASTRONOMY WITH GAMMA- RAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 9 2.2 PRODUCTION PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2.1 CHARGED PARTICLES IN STRONG
ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC FIELDS . . . . 13 2.2.2 INVERSE COMPTON SCATTERING
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2.3 NUCLEAR
TRANSITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 17 2.2.4 DECAYS AND ANNIHILATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2.5 CHARGED PARTICLES BOUND IN
STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3 GAMMA- RAY INTERACTIONS,
ABSORPTION PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.4 COSMIC
GAMMA- RAY SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 21 2.5 THE FATE OF GAMMA- RAYS BETWEEN SOURCE AND DETECTOR .
. . . . . . . . 23 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3
INSTRUMENTS GISELHER LICHTI AND ROBERT GEORGII
. 27 3.1 DETECTION OF GAMMA- RAYS FROM
SPACE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.1.1 THE
OPAQUENESS OF THE ATMOSPHERE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27 3.1.2 THE LOW COSMIC GAMMA- RAY FLUXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 27 3.1.3 THE BACKGROUND OF GAMMA- RAY TELESCOPES . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 28 3.2 GAMMA- RAY DETECTION TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.2.1 SCINTILLATION TECHNIQUES .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.2.2
SOLID- STATE DETECTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 35 3.2.3 SPARK CHAMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.2.4 CHERENKOV
DETECTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 38 3.2.5 DRIFT CHAMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.3 GAMMA- RAY TELESCOPES . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.3.1 THE CHOPPER TECHNIQUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 41 3.3.2 THE ON/OFF TECHNIQUE . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.3.3 COMPTON TELESCOPES . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
VIII CONTENTS 3.3.4 PAIR- TRACKING TELESCOPES . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.3.5 AIR- SHOWER DETECTION
TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 3.3.6 GAMMA-
RAY BURST INSTRUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 3.4 SPECIFIC CALIBRATION AND DATA- ANALYSIS PROBLEMS . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 66 3.5 CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS AND FUTURE INSTRUMENTATION . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 68 3.5.1 ADVANCED COMPTON TELESCOPES . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 3.5.2 ADVANCED PAIR- PRODUCTION
TELESCOPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 3.5.3 THE GAMMA- RAY
LENS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 4 SUMMARY OF THE
GAMMA-RAY SKY VOLKER SCH¨ ONFELDER
. 77 4.1 INTRODUCTION . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 77 4.2 ALL- SKY MAPS IN THE MEV*GEV REGION . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 4.3 THE SUB-MEV DOMAIN . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 4.4
THE TEV GAMMA- RAY SKY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 86 4.5 GAMMA- RAY BURSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 REFERENCES . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5 THE SUN AS A GAMMA-RAY SOURCE ERICH
RIEGER AND GERHARD RANK . 91 5.1
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 5.2 PRODUCTION OF GAMMA- RAYS AND
NEUTRONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 5.2.1 FLARE
SCENARIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 94 5.2.2 CONDITIONS FOR GAMMA-RAY PRODUCTION IN THE
SOLAR FLARE ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 95 5.3 THE SOLAR FLARE GAMMA- RAY SPECTRUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 100 5.3.1 THE OBSERVED GAMMA- RAY SPECTRUM . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 5.3.2 SPECTRAL ANALYSIS . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 5.4
TEMPORAL HISTORY OF GAMMA- RAY EMISSION DURING FLARES . . . . . . . 111
5.4.1 EVOLUTION OF FLARES: IMPULSIVE AND GRADUAL EMISSION . . . . . .
111 5.4.2 TIMING OF ELECTRON AND ION INTERACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 113 5.4.3 EXTENDED GAMMA- RAY EMISSION . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 114 5.5 ACCELERATION MECHANISMS . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 5.5.1
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF PARTICLE ACCELERATION . . . . . . . . 116
5.5.2 ACCELERATION MODELS FOR SOLAR FLARES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 119 5.6 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 5.6.1 OUR
CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE FLARE PHENOMENON . . . . . 121 5.6.2
EXPECTATIONS FOR THE FUTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 122 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 CONTENTS
IX 6GAMMA-RAY PULSARS GOTTFRIED KANBACH
. 127 6.1 INTRODUCTION . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 127 6.1.1 RADIO PULSARS: DISCOVERY OF ROTATING NEUTRON
STARS . . . . . . . 127 6.1.2 THE FORMATION OF NEUTRON STARS AND THEIR
BASIC PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 128 6.1.3 EXPECTATION OF HIGH-ENERGY PHENOMENA AROUND YOUNG PULSARS .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
6.1.4 EARLY HISTORY OF THE OBSERVATION OF GAMMA-RAY PULSARS . . . 134
6.2 CURRENT OBSERVATIONAL RESULTS OF HIGH-ENERGY EMISSION FROM PULSARS .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 135 6.2.1 DETECTIONS OF HIGH- ENERGY PULSARS . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 6.2.2 GAMMA-RAY SEARCHES AND
LIMITS FOR OTHER RADIO PULSARS. . 138 6.2.3 LIGHT CURVES OF GAMMA- RAY
PULSARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 6.2.4 MULTI-
WAVELENGTH LIGHT CURVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 141 6.2.5 SPECTRA OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION FROM PULSARS . . . . .
. . . 143 6.2.6 PHASE- DEPENDENT GAMMA- RAY SPECTRA OF PULSARS . . . . .
. . . . 147 6.2.7 PULSAR LUMINOSITIES AND GAMMA- RAY EFFICIENCIES . . .
. . . . . . 147 6.2.8 SEARCH FOR IDENTIFICATION OF OTHER GAMMA- RAY
SOURCES . . . . 149 6.3 THEORY OF PULSAR HIGH- ENERGY EMISSIONS . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 6.3.1 ACCELERATION ZONES AND
PRODUCTION OF RELATIVISTIC PARTICLES . 150 6.3.2 RADIATION AND
PROPAGATION PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 6.3.3
FIELD LINE GEOMETRIES, BEAMING AND LIGHT CURVES . . . . . . . . 153
6.3.4 SPECTRA, LUMINOSITIES AND EFFICIENCIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 154 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 7 X-RAY
BINARIES AS GAMMA-RAY SOURCES WERNER COLLMAR
. 159 7.1 THE NATURE OF
X- RAY BINARIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 159 7.2 HIGH- ENERGY EMISSION FROM BLACK- HOLE SYSTEMS . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 161 7.2.1 TIME VARIABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 7.2.2 ENERGY
SPECTRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 168 7.2.3 INTERPRETATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 7.3 HIGH-ENERGY
EMISSION FROM NEUTRON-STAR BINARIES AND CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 7.4
PECULIAR CASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 7.4.1 CYGNUS X- 3 . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.4.2 CENTAURUS X- 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 7.5 TEV OBSERVATIONS OF X- RAY BINARIES
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 7.6 SUMMARY AND
CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 181 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 X CONTENTS
8 CONTINUUM GAMMA RAY EMISSION FROM SUPERNOVA REMNANTS ANATOLI IYUDIN
AND GOTTFRIED KANBACH . 185 8.1 INTRODUCTION
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 185 8.1.1 SHELL- TYPE SNRS . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 8.1.2 CRAB- LIKE
SNRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 188 8.1.3 COMPOSITE SNRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 8.2 CONTINUUM GAMMA RAYS FROM
SNR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 8.3 SNRS AND
PARTICLE ACCELERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 197 8.4 DISCUSSION AND OUTLOOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 8.5 CONCLUSIONS . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 204 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 9
DIFFUSE GALACTIC CONTINUUM GAMMA-RAYS ANDREW W. STRONG AND IGOR V.
MOSKALENKO . 207 9.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 207 9.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 9.2.1 BASIC PROCESSES OF
GAMMA- RAY PRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 9.2.2 COSMIC-
RAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 210 9.2.3 GALACTIC STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 9.3 GAMMA- RAY
OBSERVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 215 9.4 INTERPRETATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 9.4.1 LONGITUDE
AND LATITUDE DISTRIBUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
9.4.2 SPECTRA OF THE INNER GALAXY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 219 9.4.3 IMPLICATIONS FOR COSMIC RAYS . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 9.4.4 MULTI- COMPONENT FITTING
APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 9.4.5
IMPLICATIONS FOR ISM: H 2 /CO CALIBRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 225 9.4.6 LOCAL CLOUDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 9.4.7 CONTRIBUTION OF UNRESOLVED
SOURCES TO *DIFFUSE* EMISSION . . . 227 9.4.8 HIGH LATITUDES . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
9.5 GLOBAL GAMMA- RAY PROPERTIES OF OUR GALAXY . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 228 9.6 EXTRAGALACTIC OBJECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 9.6.1 THE LARGE AND
SMALL MAGELLANIC CLOUDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 9.6.2
OTHER GALAXIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 230 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
10 NUCLEOSYNTHESIS ROLAND DIEHL
. 233 10.1
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 10.2 NUCLEOSYNTHESIS PROCESSES . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
10.3 SITES OF NUCLEOSYNTHESIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 10.3.1 HYDROSTATIC NUCLEAR BURNING .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 10.3.2 EXPLOSIVE
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 244 10.3.3 OTHER NUCLEOSYNTHESIS SITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 CONTENTS XI 10.4 GAMMA- RAY LESSONS ON
SUPERNOVAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
10.4.1 INDIVIDUAL NUCLEOSYNTHESIS SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 254 10.4.2 INTEGRATED NUCLEOSYNTHESIS . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 10.5 SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVE .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 11 NUCLEAR INTERACTION
GAMMA-RAY LINES VOLKER SCH¨ ONFELDER AND ANDREW W. STRONG
. 275 11.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
275 11.2 NUCLEAR INTERACTION LINES FROM THE INNER GALAXY. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 278 11.3 NUCLEAR INTERACTION LINES FROM ACCRETION
PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 11.4 THE OBSERVATIONS OF THE
ORION COMPLEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 12 GAMMA-RAY EMISSION OF
ACTIVE GALAXIES WERNER COLLMAR
. 285 12.1 THE NATURE OF
ACTIVE GALAXIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 285 12.1.1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NORMAL AND ACTIVE GALAXIES . . . .
. . . . . . 285 12.1.2 THE SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR ACTIVE GALAXIES . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 286 12.1.3 UNIFICATION SCHEMES FOR ACTIVE
GALAXIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 12.2 GAMMA- RAY BLAZARS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 291 12.2.1 OBSERVATIONAL STATUS ON AGN BEFORE CGRO . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 291 12.2.2 CGRO SOURCE DETECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 12.2.3 OBSERVATIONAL PROPERTIES
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 12.2.4
BROADBAND EMISSION OF CGRO- DETECTED BLAZARS . . . . . . . . . . 296
12.2.5 TEV EMISSION FROM BLAZARS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 298 12.2.6 INTERPRETATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 12.2.7 SUMMARY
AND OPEN QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
306 12.3 SEYFERT AND RADIO GALAXIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 12.3.1 SEYFERT GALAXIES . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
12.3.2 CENTAURUS A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 12.3.3 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 12.4
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 314 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
316 13 UNIDENTIFIED GAMMA-RAY SOURCES OLAF REIMER
. 319 13.1 OBJECTIVE
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 13.1.1 GAMMA- RAY SOURCE DETECTION
HISTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 13.1.2 COMPTON GAMMA-
RAY OBSERVATORY ERA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 13.2 THE
OBSERVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 13.3 CORRELATION STUDIES . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
13.3.1 CORRELATIONS WITH SOURCE POPULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 328 13.3.2 PROMINENT INDIVIDUAL UNIDENTIFIED SOURCES . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 332 XII CONTENTS 13.4 CONCLUSION. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 336 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 14 THE
EXTRAGALACTIC GAMMA-RAY BACKGROUND GEORG WEIDENSPOINTNER AND MARTIN
VARENDORFF . 339 14.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 339 14.2 HISTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 14.3 CURRENT
RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 346 14.4 POSSIBLE ORIGINS . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
14.4.1 UNRESOLVED POINT SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 351 14.4.2 TRULY DIFFUSE SOURCES . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 14.5 CONCLUSIONS AND
PROSPECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 360 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 15 GAMMA-RAY
BURSTS MARTIN VARENDORFF .
367 15.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 15.1.1 THE HISTORY OF
GAMMA- RAY BURST MEASUREMENTS . . . . . . . . . 367 15.1.2 SOFT GAMMA-
RAY REPEATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
371 15.1.3 BURSTS FROM EARTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 15.2 PROPERTIES OF GAMMA- RAY BURSTS . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 15.2.1 TIME
CHARACTERISTICS OF GAMMA- RAY BURSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
15.2.2 SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GAMMA- RAY BURSTS . . . . . . . . . .
. 376 15.2.3 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF GAMMA- RAY BURSTS . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 379 15.3 COUNTERPARTS OF GAMMA- RAY BURSTS . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 15.3.1 SEARCH FOR COUNTERPARTS IN
OTHER WAVELENGTHS . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 15.3.2 A NEW APPROACH WITH
THE BEPPO-SAX SATELLITE AND FIRST SUCCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 15.4 MODELS FOR GAMMA-
RAY BURSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
385 15.4.1 THE DISTANCE TO THE GAMMA- RAY BURST SOURCES . . . . . . . .
. . 385 15.4.2 COSMIC FIREBALL: THE EVOLUTION OF THE BLAST WAVE . . . .
. . . . . 387 15.4.3 THE CENTRAL ENGINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 15.5 PROSPECTS . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 393 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 INDEX
. 397 |
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id | DE-604.BV013677320 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2025-01-02T21:14:52Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 3540678743 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009345544 |
oclc_num | 46456272 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-20 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-11 DE-B1550 |
owner_facet | DE-20 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-11 DE-B1550 |
physical | XIV, 407 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
publishDate | 2001 |
publishDateSearch | 2001 |
publishDateSort | 2001 |
publisher | Springer |
record_format | marc |
series2 | Astronomy and astrophysics library Physics and astronomy online library |
spelling | The universe in gamma rays Volker Schönfelder (ed.) Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2001 XIV, 407 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Astronomy and astrophysics library Physics and astronomy online library Astronomie gamma Astronomie gamma ram Gamma ray astronomy Gammaastronomie (DE-588)4019200-3 gnd rswk-swf Gammaastronomie (DE-588)4019200-3 s DE-604 Schönfelder, Volker 1939-2024 Sonstige (DE-588)106864335 oth SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009345544&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | The universe in gamma rays Astronomie gamma Astronomie gamma ram Gamma ray astronomy Gammaastronomie (DE-588)4019200-3 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4019200-3 |
title | The universe in gamma rays |
title_auth | The universe in gamma rays |
title_exact_search | The universe in gamma rays |
title_full | The universe in gamma rays Volker Schönfelder (ed.) |
title_fullStr | The universe in gamma rays Volker Schönfelder (ed.) |
title_full_unstemmed | The universe in gamma rays Volker Schönfelder (ed.) |
title_short | The universe in gamma rays |
title_sort | the universe in gamma rays |
topic | Astronomie gamma Astronomie gamma ram Gamma ray astronomy Gammaastronomie (DE-588)4019200-3 gnd |
topic_facet | Astronomie gamma Gamma ray astronomy Gammaastronomie |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009345544&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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