Cost effectiveness analysis: methods and applications
"Why should applied researchers be concerned with cost-effectiveness analysis? Answer: Because it will enable them to discover if a particular program or policy has attained maximum effectiveness for a given budget. Designed so that an individual can utilize this book as part of an informal cou...
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Thousand Oaks [u.a.]
Sage Publ.
2001
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | "Why should applied researchers be concerned with cost-effectiveness analysis? Answer: Because it will enable them to discover if a particular program or policy has attained maximum effectiveness for a given budget. Designed so that an individual can utilize this book as part of an informal course of self-study or in a formal course on the subject, Levin and McEwan provide readers with the step-by-step methods to plan and implement a cost-analysis study. Through the use of numerous examples drawn from the applied literature, the authors explain, demonstrate and illustrate the four major techniques of cost analysis: cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit, cost-utility, and cost-feasibility. They examine issues that are pertinent to the choice of analysis and its implementation; the nature of costs, including how to identify, measure, and distribute costs; measuring effectiveness, utility, and benefits; and, lastly the challenges to incorporating cost evaluations in the decision making process. In-depth exercises are included at the end of each chapter to enable readers to sharpen their ability to evaluate policy options and program effectiveness. The authors also provide readers with recommended readings at the end of chapters and a comprehensive bibliography of methodological sources on cost analysis and educational cost studies at the end of the book. This book will enable readers to reduce the costs of reaching particular objectives, and expand what can be accomplished for any particular budget or resource constraint."--Publisher's description. |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 307 S. |
| ISBN: | 0761919333 0761919341 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Cost effectiveness analysis |b methods and applications |c Henry M. Levin ; Patrick J. McEwan |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Cost-effectiveness analysis |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Thousand Oaks [u.a.] |b Sage Publ. |c 2001 | |
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| 520 | 3 | |a "Why should applied researchers be concerned with cost-effectiveness analysis? Answer: Because it will enable them to discover if a particular program or policy has attained maximum effectiveness for a given budget. Designed so that an individual can utilize this book as part of an informal course of self-study or in a formal course on the subject, Levin and McEwan provide readers with the step-by-step methods to plan and implement a cost-analysis study. Through the use of numerous examples drawn from the applied literature, the authors explain, demonstrate and illustrate the four major techniques of cost analysis: cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit, cost-utility, and cost-feasibility. They examine issues that are pertinent to the choice of analysis and its implementation; the nature of costs, including how to identify, measure, and distribute costs; measuring effectiveness, utility, and benefits; and, lastly the challenges to incorporating cost evaluations in the decision making process. In-depth exercises are included at the end of each chapter to enable readers to sharpen their ability to evaluate policy options and program effectiveness. The authors also provide readers with recommended readings at the end of chapters and a comprehensive bibliography of methodological sources on cost analysis and educational cost studies at the end of the book. This book will enable readers to reduce the costs of reaching particular objectives, and expand what can be accomplished for any particular budget or resource constraint."--Publisher's description. | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804128466987122688 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of Examples xi
List of Tables xiii
List of Figures xv
Acknowledgments to the Second Edition xvi
Preface to the Second Edition xviii
1. Introduction to Cost Analysis 1
Purpose 3
Goals 4
Importance of Cost Effectiveness Analysis 6
Cost Analysis Approaches in Evaluation and Decision Making 10
Cost Effectiveness Analysis 10
Cost Benefit Analysis 11
Cost Utility A nalysis 19
Cost Feasibility Analysis 22
Summary of Cost Analysis Approaches 26
Outline of Volume 26
Exercises 29
Notes 30
2. Establishing an Analytic Framework 31
Identification of the Problem 31
What Are the Alternatives? 33
i
Who Is the Audience? 35
What Type of Analysis to Use? 36
Nature of the Analytic Task 37
Receptivity of the Audience 38
Time Constraints 39
Available Expertise 40
Is a Cost Analysis Needed? 41
Exercises 42
3. The Concept and Measurement of Costs 43
The Concept of Costs 43
Inadequacy of Budgets for Cost Analysis 45
The Ingredients Method 46
Identifying Ingredients 47
Familiarity With the Interventions 48
Specification of Ingredients 49
Personnel 49
Facilities 49
Equipment and Materials 50
Other Inputs 52
Required Client Inputs 52
General Considerations in Listing Ingredients 52
Sources of Ingredients Information 53
Exercises 57
Notes 58
4. Placing Values on Ingredients 59
Purpose and Principles of Cost Valuation 59
Market Prices 60
Shadow Prices 60
Methods for Valuing Ingredients 61
Personnel 62
Facilities 64
Equipment 70
Supplies 71
Required Client Inputs 71
Summary of Cost Valuation of Ingredients 73
Exercises 75
Notes 76
5. Analyzing Costs 77
Using a Cost Worksheet 77
Allocating Costs Among Constituencies 80
Distributing Ingredients Costs 81
Distributing Cash Subsidies 82
Calculating Net Costs to Each Constituency 83
Costs Over Multiple Years 88
Adjusting Costs for Inflation 88
Discounting Costs 90
Cost Distribution Over Multiple Years 94
Accounting for Uncertainty 95
When No Cost Information Is Readily Available 95
When There Are Different Cost Estimates 96
Costs and Decisions 98
Summary 103
Recommendations for Further Reading 103
Exercises 104
Note 106
6. Cost Effectiveness Analysis 107
Defining Measures of Effectiveness 108
Linking Objectives and Effectiveness 108
Intermediate Versus Final Outcomes 111
Dealing With Multiple Outcomes 113
Methods of Establishing Effectiveness 115
Impediments to Establishing Causality 115
Experiments, Quasi Experiments, and
Correlational Evaluations 118
How Useful Is Meta Analysis? 125
Discounting Effects 129
Analyzing the Distribution of Effects 132
Combining Costs and Effectiveness 133
Cost Effectiveness Ratios 133
Effectiveness Cost Ratios 137
Accounting for Uncertainty 137
Sensitivity Analysis 141
Decision Trees and Expected Value Analysis 144
Other Methods 149
Summary 151
Recommendations for Further Reading 151
Exercises 152
Notes 153
7. Cost Benefit Analysis 155
The Concept of Benefits 156
Methods of Valuing Benefits 159
Experiments, Quasi Expetintents, and
Correlational Evaluations 160
Contingent Valuation 167
Observed Behavior 170
Discounting Benefits 174
Analyzing the Distribution of Benefits 174
Combining Costs and Benefits 175
Benefit Cost Ratio 177
Net Benefits 178
Internal Rate of Return 178
Which Measure Is Preferable? 179
Accounting for Uncertainty 181
Summary 181
Recommendations for Further Reading 182
Exercises 184
Notes 186
8. Cost Utility Analysis 189
Multiattribute Utility Theory 190
The Multiattribute Utility Function 191
Further Steps in the Analysis 192
Methods of Assessing Single Attribute Utility Functions 194
Proportional Scoring 195
The Direct Method 197
The Variable Probability Method 198
A Brief Caveat 200
Methods of Assessing Importance Weights 201
The Direct Method 201
The Variable Probability Method 202
Which Method to Use? 206
Utility to Whom? 206
Discounting Utility 212
Combining Costs and Utility 212
Accounting for Uncertainty 212
Summary 214
Recommendations for Further Reading 214
Exercises 215
Notes 216
9. Hie Use of Cost Evaluations 217
Diverse Applications of Cost Analysis 218
Guidelines for Using Cost Analyses 220
Quality of Analyses 220
Generalizability of Analyses 222
Incorporating Outside Information 224
A Checklist for Evaluating Cost Studies 225
Applying the Checklist 230
The Use of League Tables 239
Design and Implementation of Studies—Next Steps 245
What Expertise Is Needed? 245
Working With the Expert 246
Incorporating Cost Analysis Into Evaluation Designs 247
A Final Word 247
Exercises 248
Notes 248
Appendix A 249
Appendix B 265
References 285
Index 299
About the Authors 308
List of Examples
Example 1.1. The Perils of Ignoring Costs 7
Example 1.2. The Perils of Ignoring Effectiveness 8
Example 1.3. A Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Primary School
Investments in Northeast Brazil 12
Example 1.4. A Cost Benefit Analysis of Drop Out Prevention in
California 16
Example 1.5. A Cost Utility Analysis of Alternative Reading Programs 20
Example 1.6. A Cost Feasibility Analysis of National
Class Size Reduction 24
Example 2.1. Assessing Primary and Secondary Audiences 38
Example 3.1. Why Should Volunteers Be Considered a
Cost Ingredient? 50
Example 3.2. A Cost Analysis of the Perry Preschool Program (Part 1) 54
Example 4.1. The Perils of Using Shortcuts Instead of
the Ingredients Method 64
Example 4.2. A Cost Analysis of the Perry Preschool Program (Part 2) 72
Example 5.1. Determining Who Pays the Costs 84
Example 5.2. Estimating Program Costs When a Program
Does Not Exist 96
xi
xii A COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS
Example 6.1. Evaluation Designs for Estimating the
Effects of Class Size Reduction 126
Example 6.2. A Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Two Math Curricula 134
Example 6.3. A Cost Effectiveness Analysis of
Four Educational Interventions 138
Example 6.4. An Application of Multiway Sensitivity Analysis 144
Example 6.5. Using Decision Trees in Cost Effectiveness Analysis 148
Example 7.1. A Cost Benefit Analysis of the
Perry Preschool Program 164
Example 7.2. Using Contingent Valuation to Measure the
Benefits of Preschool for Disabled Children 168
Example 7.3. How Much Is It Worth to Attend a
Good Public School? 173
Example 7.4. The Rate of Return to Additional Years of Schooling 182
Example 8.1. A Simple Multiattribute Utility Function 193
Example 8.2. Quality Adjusted Life Years in Health Research 204
Example 8.3. A Cost Utility Analysis of Special Education
Alternatives (Part 1) 208
Example 8.4. A Cost Utility Analysis of Special Education
Alternatives (Part 2) 213
Example 9.1. Making Decisions With Cost Effectiveness Findings 226
Example 9.2. A Checklist for Evaluating Cost Studies 228
Example 9.3. A Cost Effectiveness League Table
for Developing Countries 242
List of Tables
Table 1.1. Costs, Effects, and Cost Effectiveness Ratios for Primary
School Investments 14
Table 1.2. Costs, Benefits, and Cost Benefit Ratios of a Drop Out
Prevention Strategy 18
Table 1.3. Costs, Utilities, and Cost Utility Ratios of Strategies for
Improving Reading 23
Table 1.4. Costs of National Class Size Reduction 26
Table 1.5. A Summary of Four Approaches to Cost Analysis 27
Table 4.1. Annualization Factors for Determining Annual Cost of
Facilities and Equipment for Different Periods of Depreciation
and Interest Rates 68
Table 4.2. Ingredient Costs of the Perry Preschool Program 75
Table 5.1. Worksheet for Estimating Costs 78
Table 5.2. Annualized Costs for a Hypothetical Program 86
Table 5.3. Using a Hypothetical Consumer Price Index (CPI)
to Adjust Costs 89
Table 5.4. Three Alternative Expenditure Patterns 91
Table 6.1. Measures of Effectiveness Used in
Selected Cost Effectiveness Studies 110
Table 6.2. A Randomized, Controlled, Pretest/Posttest Experiment 121
xlii
x!v COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS
Table 6.3. Dropouts Prevented by Three Hypothetical Programs 131
Table 6.4. Cost Effectiveness Ratios Among SES Groups 135
Table 6.5. Costs, Effects, and Cost Effectiveness Ratios
of Four Interventions 140
Table 6.6. Alternative Effectiveness Cost Ratios of
School Based Drug Prevention Programs 146
Table 6.7. Effectiveness Cost Ratios of Four Alternatives for
Reducing Drug Consumption 146
Table 7.1. Conceptual Framework for Cost Benefit Analysis
of Employment and Training Programs 162
Table 7.2. Costs, Benefits, and Net Benefits of the
Perry Preschool Program 166
Table 7.3. Willingness to Pay for Preschool Services 169
Table 7.4. Undiscounted Benefits and Costs
From a Hypothetical Project 177
Table 8.1. The Utility of Strategies to Improve Typing Ability 194
Table 8.2. Hypothetical Data From an Evaluation of Four
Programs for Computer Assisted Mathematics Instruction 195
Table 8.3. Further Data From an Evaluation of Four Programs
for Computer Assisted Mathematics Instruction 201
Table 8.4. Estimating the Utility of Special Education Alternatives 210
Table 8.5. Costs, Utility, and Cost Utility Ratios of Special
Education Alternatives 214
Table 9.1. Costs, Effects, and Cost Effectiveness of Drop Out
Prevention Programs 227
Table 9.2. Costs, Effects, and Cost Effectiveness Ratios of
Educational Interventions in Developing Countries 244
List of Figures
w
Figure 5.1. An Application of Sensitivity Analysis 99
Figure 6.1. Another Application of Sensitivity Analysis 143
Figure 6.2. A Simple Decision Tree 147
Figure 6.3. A Hypothetical Decision Tree for Drop Out Prevention
Programs 150
Figure 7.1. An Individual s Willingness to Pay for Literacy 158
Figure 7.2. Net Benefits as a Function of the Discount Rate 180
Figure 7.3. A Schematic for Calculating Rates of Return 184
Figure 8.1. Assessing Utility Functions With Proportional Scoring 196
Figure 8.2. Assessing Utility Functions With the Direct Method 198
Figure 8.3. Assessing Utility Functions With the Variable
Probability Method 199
Figure 8.4. Assessing Importance Weights Using the Variable
Probability Method 203
Figure 8.5. An Illustration of Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) 205
Figure 8.6. Applying the Variable Probability Method to Health 205
xv
|
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| id | DE-604.BV013656037 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:49:42Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0761919333 0761919341 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Levin, Henry M. 1938- Verfasser (DE-588)128764074 aut Cost effectiveness analysis methods and applications Henry M. Levin ; Patrick J. McEwan Cost-effectiveness analysis 2. ed. Thousand Oaks [u.a.] Sage Publ. 2001 XX, 307 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "Why should applied researchers be concerned with cost-effectiveness analysis? Answer: Because it will enable them to discover if a particular program or policy has attained maximum effectiveness for a given budget. Designed so that an individual can utilize this book as part of an informal course of self-study or in a formal course on the subject, Levin and McEwan provide readers with the step-by-step methods to plan and implement a cost-analysis study. Through the use of numerous examples drawn from the applied literature, the authors explain, demonstrate and illustrate the four major techniques of cost analysis: cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit, cost-utility, and cost-feasibility. They examine issues that are pertinent to the choice of analysis and its implementation; the nature of costs, including how to identify, measure, and distribute costs; measuring effectiveness, utility, and benefits; and, lastly the challenges to incorporating cost evaluations in the decision making process. In-depth exercises are included at the end of each chapter to enable readers to sharpen their ability to evaluate policy options and program effectiveness. The authors also provide readers with recommended readings at the end of chapters and a comprehensive bibliography of methodological sources on cost analysis and educational cost studies at the end of the book. This book will enable readers to reduce the costs of reaching particular objectives, and expand what can be accomplished for any particular budget or resource constraint."--Publisher's description. Coût-efficacité Kosten-effectiviteitsanalyse gtt Cost effectiveness Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse (DE-588)4032589-1 gnd rswk-swf Bildungswesen (DE-588)4006681-2 gnd rswk-swf Kosten-Wirksamkeits-Analyse (DE-588)4217128-3 gnd rswk-swf Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse (DE-588)4032589-1 s DE-604 Bildungswesen (DE-588)4006681-2 s Kosten-Wirksamkeits-Analyse (DE-588)4217128-3 s DE-188 McEwan, Patrick J. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009330472&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Levin, Henry M. 1938- McEwan, Patrick J. Cost effectiveness analysis methods and applications Coût-efficacité Kosten-effectiviteitsanalyse gtt Cost effectiveness Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse (DE-588)4032589-1 gnd Bildungswesen (DE-588)4006681-2 gnd Kosten-Wirksamkeits-Analyse (DE-588)4217128-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4032589-1 (DE-588)4006681-2 (DE-588)4217128-3 |
| title | Cost effectiveness analysis methods and applications |
| title_alt | Cost-effectiveness analysis |
| title_auth | Cost effectiveness analysis methods and applications |
| title_exact_search | Cost effectiveness analysis methods and applications |
| title_full | Cost effectiveness analysis methods and applications Henry M. Levin ; Patrick J. McEwan |
| title_fullStr | Cost effectiveness analysis methods and applications Henry M. Levin ; Patrick J. McEwan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cost effectiveness analysis methods and applications Henry M. Levin ; Patrick J. McEwan |
| title_short | Cost effectiveness analysis |
| title_sort | cost effectiveness analysis methods and applications |
| title_sub | methods and applications |
| topic | Coût-efficacité Kosten-effectiviteitsanalyse gtt Cost effectiveness Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse (DE-588)4032589-1 gnd Bildungswesen (DE-588)4006681-2 gnd Kosten-Wirksamkeits-Analyse (DE-588)4217128-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Coût-efficacité Kosten-effectiviteitsanalyse Cost effectiveness Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse Bildungswesen Kosten-Wirksamkeits-Analyse |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009330472&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT levinhenrym costeffectivenessanalysismethodsandapplications AT mcewanpatrickj costeffectivenessanalysismethodsandapplications AT levinhenrym costeffectivenessanalysis AT mcewanpatrickj costeffectivenessanalysis |