Productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment: the case of Poland
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Frankfurt am Main [u.a.]
Lang
2001
|
| Schriftenreihe: | [Europäische Hochschulschriften / 5]
2759 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 205 S. 21 cm |
| ISBN: | 3631374410 0820447625 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a22000008cb4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV013634629 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20011001 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 010306s2001 gw |||| m||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 016 | 7 | |a 960920706 |2 DE-101 | |
| 020 | |a 3631374410 |9 3-631-37441-0 | ||
| 020 | |a 0820447625 |9 0-8204-4762-5 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)46579722 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV013634629 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakddb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 044 | |a gw |c DE | ||
| 049 | |a DE-739 |a DE-12 |a DE-703 |a DE-521 |a DE-188 | ||
| 050 | 0 | |a HG5587 | |
| 082 | 0 | |a 338/.06/09438 |2 21 | |
| 084 | |a QM 355 |0 (DE-625)141788: |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a 17 |2 sdnb | ||
| 084 | |a 7,41 |2 ssgn | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Zukowska-Gagelmann, Katarzyna |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment |b the case of Poland |c Katarzyna Zukowska-Gagelmann |
| 264 | 1 | |a Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] |b Lang |c 2001 | |
| 300 | |a 205 S. |b 21 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a [Europäische Hochschulschriften / 5] |v 2759 | |
| 502 | |a Zugl.: Saarbrücken, Univ., Diss., 2000 | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Industrial productivity |z Poland | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Investments, Foreign |z Poland | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Spill-over-Effekt |0 (DE-588)4225795-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Direktinvestition |0 (DE-588)4070496-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Produktivität |0 (DE-588)4047364-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 4 | |a Polen | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Polen |0 (DE-588)4046496-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4113937-9 |a Hochschulschrift |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Polen |0 (DE-588)4046496-9 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Direktinvestition |0 (DE-588)4070496-8 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Produktivität |0 (DE-588)4047364-8 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Spill-over-Effekt |0 (DE-588)4225795-5 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Polen |0 (DE-588)4046496-9 |D g |
| 689 | 1 | 1 | |a Direktinvestition |0 (DE-588)4070496-8 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | 2 | |a Spill-over-Effekt |0 (DE-588)4225795-5 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 810 | 2 | |a 5] |t [Europäische Hochschulschriften |v 2759 |w (DE-604)BV000001798 |9 2759 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m DNB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009315322&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |e 22/bsb |g 438 |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009315322 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1807500682559750144 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1:
INTRODUCTION
13
1.1
MOTIVATION
13
1.2
OBJECTIVES
OF
THE
THESIS
16
1.3
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
THESIS
17
CHAPTER
2:
FDI
AND
INTERNATIONAL
PRODUCTION
BY
MULTINATIONALS
19
2.1
INTRODUCTION
19
2.2
WHAT
IS
AND
WHAT
IS
NOT
FDI?
19
2.3
MEASURING
THE
SCOPE
OF
FDI
INFLOWS
AND
STOCKS
22
2.4
MAIN
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
FDI
IN
THE
GLOBAL
ECONOMY
25
2.5
FDI
IN
CENTRAL
AND
EASTERN
EUROPE
29
2.6
CONCLUSIONS
34
CHAPTER
3:
FDI
AS
A
MODE
OF
INTERNATIONAL
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
35
3.1
INTRODUCTION
35
3.2
THE
NATURE
OF
TECHNOLOGY
AND
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
36
3.3
THE
DOMINANT
POSITION
OF
MNCS
IN
TECHNOLOGY
CREATION
AND
TRANSFER
38
3.4
INTENTIONAL
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
ALONG
WITH
FDI
41
3.5
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
THROUGH
PRODUCTIVITY
SPILLOVERS
43
3.6
CONCLUSIONS 46
CHAPTER
4:
FDI
IMPACT
ON
PRODUCTIVITY
OF
LOCAL
FIRMS:
THE
EVIDENCE
47
4.1
INTRODUCTION
47
4.2
CHANNELS
FOR
PRODUCTIVITY
SPILLOVERS
OF
FDI:
CASE-STUDY
EVIDENCE
47
4.2.1
VERTICAL
LINKAGES
WITH
LOCAL
FIRMS
49
4.2.2
HORIZONTAL
LINKAGES
WITH
COMPETITORS
52
4.2.3
LINKAGES
DUE
TO
LABOUR
MOBILITY
54
4.2.4
DETERMINANTS
OF
LINKAGES
55
4.3
PRODUCTIVITY
SPILLOVERS
OF
FDI:
ECONOMETRIC
EVIDENCE
58
4.3.1
ECONOMETRIC
FRAMEWORK
59
4.3.2
RESULTS
61
4.3.3
THEORETICAL
PROBLEMS
WITH
MEASURING
PRODUCTIVITY
SPILLOVERS
66
4.4
CONCLUSIONS
68
CHAPTER
5:
FDI
IMPACT
ON
LOCAL
FIRMS:
THE
THEORY
71
5.1
INTRODUCTION
71
5.2
TECHNOLOGY
DIFFUSION
IN
THE
PRESENCE
OF
SPILLOVERS
FROM
FDI
73
5.2.1
LOCAL
TECHNOLOGY
GAP
AND
FDI
SPILLOVERS
73
5.2.2
CONCLUDING
REMARKS
79
5.3
SPILLOVERS
THROUGH
LINKAGES
WITH
LOCAL
FIRMS
79
5.3.1
ECONOMIC
MODELLING
OF
LINKAGES
80
5.3.2
ENHANCING
PRODUCTIVITY
OF
LOCAL
FIRMS
THROUGH
CREATION
OF
LINKAGES
82
5.3.3
DETERMINANTS
OF
PRODUCTIVITY
SPILLOVERS
93
5.3.4
CONCLUDING
REMARKS
101
5.4
SPILLOVERS
THROUGH
WORKERS
'
MOBILITY
102
5.4.1
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
THROUGH
WORKERS
'
MOBILITY
102
5.4.2
DETERMINANTS
OF
THE
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
108
5.4.3
CONCLUDING
REMARKS
109
5.5
SPILLOVERS
INTO
LOCAL
TECHNOLOGY
CREATION
109
5.5.1
TECHNOLOGICAL
PROGRESS
THROUGH
R&D
111
5.5.2
FACILITATING
LOCAL
R&D
IN
THE
PRESENCE
OF
FDI
116
5.5.3
CONCLUDING
REMARKS
122
5.6
CONCLUSIONS
123
APPENDIX
5.
A
126
APPENDIX
5.B
134
CHAPTER
6:
PRODUCTIVITY
SPILLOVERS
FROM
FDI
IN
POLISH
MANUFACTURING
1993-1997
137
6.1
INTRODUCTION
137
6.2
FDI-RELATED
POLICIES
138
6.3
LOCAL
AND
FOREIGN
FIRMS
IN
POLAND
1993-1997
141
6.3.1
THE
DATA
141
6.3.2
RELATIVE
PERFORMANCE
OF
FOREIGN
FIRMS
144
6.4
EMPIRICAL
SPECIFICATIONS
149
6.4.1
ECONOMETRIC
FRAMEWORK
149
6.4.2
HYPOTHESES
ON
PRODUCTIVITY
SPILLOVERS
FROM
FDI
151
6.4.3
ESTIMATION
PROCEDURE
153
6.5
RESULTS
155
6.5.1
FDI
AND
LOCAL
PRODUCTIVITY
GROWTH
155
6.5.2
FDI
AND
LOCAL
PRODUCTIVITY
CONVERGENCE
161
6.5.3
FDI
AND
LOCAL
INVESTMENT
IN
TECHNOLOGY
164
6.5.4
SENSITIVITY
ANALYSES
165
6.6
CONCLUSIONS
171
APPENDIX
6.
A
173
CHAPTER
7:
CONCLUSIONS
183
7.1
INTRODUCTION
183
7.2
ASSESSMENT
OF
THE
EMPIRICAL
FINDINGS
183
7.2.1
FDI
AND
THE
PATTERN
OF
INDUSTRIAL
RESTRUCTURING
IN
POLAND
183
7.2.2.
THE
ROLE
OF
SPILLOVERS
FOR
RESTRUCTURING
185
8
7.2.3
POLARISATION
TENDENCIES
WITHIN
THE
POLISH
INDUSTRY
186
7.2.4
COMPETITIVENESS
OF
THE
POLISH
INDUSTRY
187
7.3
ECONOMIC
POLICY
RECOMMENDATIONS
188
7.4
OUTLOOK
192
REFERENCES
193
9 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Zukowska-Gagelmann, Katarzyna |
| author_facet | Zukowska-Gagelmann, Katarzyna |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Zukowska-Gagelmann, Katarzyna |
| author_variant | k z g kzg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV013634629 |
| callnumber-first | H - Social Science |
| callnumber-label | HG5587 |
| callnumber-raw | HG5587 |
| callnumber-search | HG5587 |
| callnumber-sort | HG 45587 |
| callnumber-subject | HG - Finance |
| classification_rvk | QM 355 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)46579722 (DE-599)BVBBV013634629 |
| dewey-full | 338/.06/09438 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 338 - Production |
| dewey-raw | 338/.06/09438 |
| dewey-search | 338/.06/09438 |
| dewey-sort | 3338 16 49438 |
| dewey-tens | 330 - Economics |
| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| format | Thesis Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a22000008cb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV013634629</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20011001</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">010306s2001 gw |||| m||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="016" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">960920706</subfield><subfield code="2">DE-101</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">3631374410</subfield><subfield code="9">3-631-37441-0</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">0820447625</subfield><subfield code="9">0-8204-4762-5</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)46579722</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV013634629</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakddb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="044" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">gw</subfield><subfield code="c">DE</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-739</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-703</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-521</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-188</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">HG5587</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">338/.06/09438</subfield><subfield code="2">21</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">QM 355</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)141788:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">17</subfield><subfield code="2">sdnb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">7,41</subfield><subfield code="2">ssgn</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Zukowska-Gagelmann, Katarzyna</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment</subfield><subfield code="b">the case of Poland</subfield><subfield code="c">Katarzyna Zukowska-Gagelmann</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Frankfurt am Main [u.a.]</subfield><subfield code="b">Lang</subfield><subfield code="c">2001</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">205 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">21 cm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">[Europäische Hochschulschriften / 5]</subfield><subfield code="v">2759</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="502" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Zugl.: Saarbrücken, Univ., Diss., 2000</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Industrial productivity</subfield><subfield code="z">Poland</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Investments, Foreign</subfield><subfield code="z">Poland</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Spill-over-Effekt</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4225795-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Direktinvestition</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4070496-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Produktivität</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4047364-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Polen</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Polen</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4046496-9</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4113937-9</subfield><subfield code="a">Hochschulschrift</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd-content</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Polen</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4046496-9</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Direktinvestition</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4070496-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Produktivität</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4047364-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Spill-over-Effekt</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4225795-5</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Polen</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4046496-9</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Direktinvestition</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4070496-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Spill-over-Effekt</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4225795-5</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="810" ind1="2" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">5]</subfield><subfield code="t">[Europäische Hochschulschriften</subfield><subfield code="v">2759</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV000001798</subfield><subfield code="9">2759</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">DNB Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009315322&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">oe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="g">438</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="943" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009315322</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Polen Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV013634629 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-16T00:09:37Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3631374410 0820447625 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009315322 |
| oclc_num | 46579722 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-739 DE-12 DE-703 DE-521 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-739 DE-12 DE-703 DE-521 DE-188 |
| physical | 205 S. 21 cm |
| publishDate | 2001 |
| publishDateSearch | 2001 |
| publishDateSort | 2001 |
| publisher | Lang |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | [Europäische Hochschulschriften / 5] |
| spelling | Zukowska-Gagelmann, Katarzyna Verfasser aut Productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment the case of Poland Katarzyna Zukowska-Gagelmann Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] Lang 2001 205 S. 21 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier [Europäische Hochschulschriften / 5] 2759 Zugl.: Saarbrücken, Univ., Diss., 2000 Industrial productivity Poland Investments, Foreign Poland Spill-over-Effekt (DE-588)4225795-5 gnd rswk-swf Direktinvestition (DE-588)4070496-8 gnd rswk-swf Produktivität (DE-588)4047364-8 gnd rswk-swf Polen Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Direktinvestition (DE-588)4070496-8 s Produktivität (DE-588)4047364-8 s Spill-over-Effekt (DE-588)4225795-5 s DE-604 5] [Europäische Hochschulschriften 2759 (DE-604)BV000001798 2759 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009315322&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Zukowska-Gagelmann, Katarzyna Productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment the case of Poland Industrial productivity Poland Investments, Foreign Poland Spill-over-Effekt (DE-588)4225795-5 gnd Direktinvestition (DE-588)4070496-8 gnd Produktivität (DE-588)4047364-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4225795-5 (DE-588)4070496-8 (DE-588)4047364-8 (DE-588)4046496-9 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment the case of Poland |
| title_auth | Productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment the case of Poland |
| title_exact_search | Productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment the case of Poland |
| title_full | Productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment the case of Poland Katarzyna Zukowska-Gagelmann |
| title_fullStr | Productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment the case of Poland Katarzyna Zukowska-Gagelmann |
| title_full_unstemmed | Productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment the case of Poland Katarzyna Zukowska-Gagelmann |
| title_short | Productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment |
| title_sort | productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment the case of poland |
| title_sub | the case of Poland |
| topic | Industrial productivity Poland Investments, Foreign Poland Spill-over-Effekt (DE-588)4225795-5 gnd Direktinvestition (DE-588)4070496-8 gnd Produktivität (DE-588)4047364-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Industrial productivity Poland Investments, Foreign Poland Spill-over-Effekt Direktinvestition Produktivität Polen Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009315322&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000001798 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zukowskagagelmannkatarzyna productivityspilloversfromforeigndirectinvestmentthecaseofpoland |