Rimsko vladanje u Histriji i Liburniji: društveno i pravno uređenje prema literarnoj natpisnoj i arheološkoj građi 2 Liburnija
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Croatian |
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Pula
Arheološki muzej Istre
2000
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| Schriftenreihe: | Arheološki muzej Istre: Monografije i katalozi
10,2 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | 247 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9536153130 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804128397723435008 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SADRŽAJ
LIBURNIJA U PROTOHISTORIJI
......... 7
Antički izvori
o Liburnima
........................ 7
Liburnska materijalna kultura
.................. 9
Urbanizacija
............................................... 10
Prodor Japoda na more
............................ 11
Teritorij
Liburna
u Cezarovo
vrijeme i sukob
s Delmatima
.................... 13
Rimska osvajanja u Liburniji
.................... 15
LIBURNIJA U
PRINCIPÁTU
.................. 21
Predrimska društvena organizacija
.......... 21
Građansko pravo u Liburniji
.................... 22
lus
Latii.......................................................
24
Liburnska onomastika
............................... 25
Kolonija
...................................................... 26
Conventus civium
Romanorum
................. 27
Civitas
.......................................................... 28
Imunitet
...................................................... 29
lus Italicum
................................................. 30
Rimska vojna posada u Liburniji
............. 31
Veterani
...................................................... 33
Liburni u sastavu vojnih
jedinica u Italiji
.......................................... 35
1.
Pretorijanske kohorte
.................... 35
2.
Urbane kohorte
.............................. 35
3.
Flote
................................................ 35
Prata legionis
............................................... 36
Praetentura Italiae
...................................... 38
Vitezovi i senatori Liburnije
..................... 41
Osnutak i podjela Ilirika
........................... 43
PROVINCIJALNA UPRAVA
................... 47
Prokonzuli i legati
...................................... 47
Cenz
............................................................ 49
Fiskalna administracija
............................. 50
a)
Prokuratori
Ilirika (Dalmacije)
.... 50
b)
Prokuratori
ducenariji
................... 52
Prokuratori
Dalmacije i Histrije
.............. 53
Summus
curator
provinciáé
Dalmatiae?
.................................................. 53
c)
Prokuratori
nižeg ranga
................ 53
1.
Portorij....................................................
53
2.
Cursus publicus
....................................... 54
3.
Vigésima
hereditatium
............................ 54
4.
Vigésima libertatis
................................... 55
5.
Ludi
......................................................... 55
6.
Alimenta
.................................................. 55
Novačenje
................................................... 56
Prefektura
................................................... 56
Skardonitanski
konvent.............................
57
Provincijalne skupštine i kult konventa
... 61
Sporovi
о
granicama teritorija
.................. 64
Teorija
о
uključenju Liburnije u Italiju
... 66
Provincia Liburnia
...................................... 67
a) Artorius
Castus, procurator
Liburniae cum
iure gladii
................ 67
b) lus
gladii
.......................................... 69
c) Vrijeme i teritorij
Artorij
eve
prokuratuře..................
70
d)
Završetak i refleks
prokurátorské
provincije Liburnije
........................ 72
GRADOVI LIBURNIJE
............................ 75
Municipalna aristokracija
......................... 75
Povijest liburnskih zajednica
.................... 76
1.
Albona
...............................,............. 76
2.
Flanona
..................................,........ 76
3.
Tarsatika
......................................... 77
4.
Volkera
........................................... 78
5.
Kreksi
.............................................. 78
6.
Apsor
............................................... 79
7.
Kurik
............................................... 81
8.
Fulfin
............................................... 81
9.
Arba
................................................. 82
10.
Cisa,
Portunata
............................. 83
11.
Kolent,
Lisa, Celaduse
................. 84
12.
Ad
Tures.......................................
84
13.
Senija
............................................. 84
14.
Lopsika
.......................................... 85
15.
Ortoplinija
.................................... 86
16.
Begij
.............................................. 86
17.
Argirunt
........................................ 87
18.
Enona
............................................ 87
19.
Jader..............................................
89
20.
Korinij, Klambete
......................... 92
21.Ansij
.............................................. 93
22.
Nedin
............................................. 93
23.
Blandona
....................................... 94
24.
Arausa
........................................... 94
25.
Aserija
........................................... 95
26.
Alverija
.......................................... 96
27.
Sidrona
.......................................... 97
28.
Hadra
............................................ 97
29.
Varvarija.......................................
97
30.
Burnum
......................................... 100
31.
Lacinij, Stulpi, Olbona
................. 102
32.
Pasin..............................................
102
33.
Implet
............................................ 103
34.
Tambija
......................................... 103
35.
Skardona
....................................... 103
36.
Promona
........................................ 105
37.
Kurkum
......................................... 106
Japodske zajednice u
rimskodobnoj Liburniji
............................. 106
IV
MUNICIPALNA KONSTITUCIJA
I UPRAVA....................................................
113
Pravno svojstvo općine
.............................. 113
Vlasništva u općini
..................................... 114
Municipalno građansko pravo
.................. 116
Tribus
.......................................................... 117
Domicil
....................................................... 118
Građanske dužnosti
................................... 120
Naseljenici
.................................................. 125
Oslobođenici
.............................................. 127
Sveta mjesta i obredi
................................. 131
Municipalni svećenici
................................ 132
Augustali.................................................... 133
Municipalna uprava
................................... 135
Patroni
........................................................ 136
Municipalni magistrati
.............................. 138
Gradsko vijeće
........................................... 145
Narodna skupština
..................................... 149
Municipalno pravosuđe
............................. 152
Općinske financije
..................................... 154
Javni radovi
................................................ 157
Curator
rei publicae
.................................... 164
Škole
........................................................... 166
Udruge
........................................................ 167
ZAKLJUČNA RAZMATRANJA
............. 173
ROMAN
RULE IN
HISTRIA
AND LIBURNIA (Summary)
..................... 181
SKRAĆENICE
............................................. 190
BIBLIOGRAFIJA........................................
192
PRILOZI
....................................................... 213
Popis careva od Augusta
do Dioklecijana
..........................................213
Kronologija zbivanja
..................................214
Prokuratele
.................................................219
Gradovi Liburnije
......................................221
I Vrijeme konstitucije
prema modernoj historiografiji
.......221
II
Epigrafski izvori
.............................222
Rječnik manje poznatih riječi
...................226
Kazalo pojmova
.........................................230
Kazalo geografskih imena
......................... 232
Kazalo osobnih imena
...............................237
Karte
........................................................... 243
SUMMARY
ROMAN RULE
IN
HISTRIA
AND LIBURNIA
181
The Social and Legal Systems According to
Literary and Archaeological Materials and
Inscriptions Beginning from literary and
epigraphic sources dealing with the expansion of
Roman rule over the land of the Histri, a
Northern Adriatic peninsula that even at present
guards the memory of the ancient ethnic name,
we stumble upon contradictory information
concerning the size and extent of the
administrative region
(provincia)
to which the
land of
Histria
was assigned after the defeat in
177
ВС.
In the period
221 - 177
ВС,
the territory
of the Histrian kingdom that was located between
the rivers Timav and
Raša,
and encircled with
ethnic territories belonging to the
Carni,
the
Iapodes and the Liburni, represented an
individual province that demanded the undivided
attention of a single consul, sporadically that of
both consuls with their legions. After its military
subordination,
Histria
no longer required such a
number of troops and efforts, in general, from
Rome, and as a conquered and relatively
appeased region it was included into the
amorphous and incoherent administrative region
called Illyricum. The Roman province of
Illyricum did not, of course, correspond to the
previous ethnically and administratively united
region; here we had a very broad area between
the Danube and the Adriatic Sea that was
populated by numerous mutually independent
tribes, whose languages and cultures differed
together with their respective attained stages of
social evolution. In contrast to the Histri, their
northern and eastern neighbours, the Iapodes
and the Liburni respectively, did not succeed in
forming their own central states of the
monarchical type on the eve of the Roman
invasion.
Histria
was, nonetheless, united with a
large number of other tribes and states into one
province that was governed by a single governor,
and after the loss of independence, the former
eastern boundary of the Histrian state on the river
Raša
and on the
Učka
ridge was entirely mean¬
ingless to Rome; a greater importance was placed
on the north-western boundary of
Histria
as it
concurrently represented the boundary between
two provinces, namely Cisalpine Gaul and
Illyricum. The old north-western boundary of
Histrian domination ran across the
Karst
region
around Trieste and up to the Timav, to the
boundaries of the
Carni,
and later on, the Latin
colony of Aquileia; according to modern
historiography, the same boundary line in the
vicinity of the Timav continued to function as a
border between two provinces until the inclusion
of Cisalpine Gaul into Italy, in
42
ВС.
After the
breakdown of the Histrian state, however,
indications for a possibility allowing the fixation
of the boundary between Illyricum and Cisalpine
Gaul on the river
Rižana
can be found in literary
and epigraphic sources, which would mean that
Tergeste
is developing into a Roman municipality
on the territory of Cisalpine Gaul, and is hence
covered by civil laws that for the region of
Cisalpine were passed in the period from
90
to
42
ВС.
The Istrian peninsula was populated by tribal
groups concentrated around homonymous
protourban centres
(oppida),
out of which those
groups are known for whose centres the location
is known: the Nesactienses, Polates, Parentini,
Piquentini. The Fecusses, as well as communities
whose centres were called
Mutila
and Faveria,
also lived on the territory of
Histria,
their exact
location is, however, unknown. Autochthonous
inter-municipal demarcations were, in general,
respected during the constitution of
municipalities of Roman citizens that ensued in
the period of Caesar s dictatorship, and perhaps
during the triumvirate; after the fall of the
Histrian state the relationship between the
protourban centres changed to the extent that
the former Histrian capital Nesactium began to
grow desolate and lagged behind in its
development in comparison with
Pola,
whose
port facing Italy vouched for mercantile
prosperity.
In the period that followed after the loss of
Histrian independence in
177
ВС,
and up to the
Augustan annulment of the old border of Italy
on the
Rižana
river and the creation of a new
boundary on the
Raša
river in
18 -12
ВС,
Histria
represented but a fragment of the Illyricum
province.
Beginning with the year of Tuditan s action in
129
ВС
and from then onwards, Liburnia also
formed part of Illyricum, as was the case with
Histria,
in contrast to the latter, however, it was
never taken out of the provincial framework. In
the province of Illyricum the military command
and the fiscal administration (levying of taxes)
were in the hands of the consuls or praetores until
CLXXXII
the times of the Sullan reorganisation, when the
provincial administration was taken over by
former magistrates cum
imperium,
proconsuls
and
propraetores.
Provincial governors were also
in charge of the provincial civil and criminal
administration of justice. During the last
centuries of the Republic the ethnic region of the
Liburni within the boundaries of Illyricum was
changing in its magnitude and in spheres of
cultural and political domination, as was the case
with all the other neighbouring tribes; in the
2nd
century
ВС,
at the very latest, the Iapodes were
extending their supremacy in the north, in the
Croatian seaboard, whereas in the first half of
the
1st
century
ВС
the Liburni clashed with the
Delmates in the south, around the regions
between
Krka
and Cikola.
Julius Caesar managed to stay on the post of
governor of the province of Illyricum for an
exceptionally long time, spanning the period from
59
to
48
ВС;
during his governorship and later
dictatorship
(48 - 44
ВС),
Histria
witnessed the
constitution of the Roman colonies of
Tergeste
and
Pola,
and there is a distinct possibility that
the Roman municipalities of Aegida and
Parentium were likewise formed in the same
period. The geodetic division of arable land in
Histria
was planned During Caesar s dictatorship.
Pola, Nesactium
and Parentium were for these
purposes, notwithstanding their uneven
development, fitted into a united divisionary
network numbering roughly
1,800
sub-divisions.
On the territory of Liburnia there were no
municipalities that were indisputably constituted
according to Roman law during Caesar s lifetime,
however, such assumptions exist as far as the
Roman colony of
lader
and the municipality of
Varvaria
are concerned, although it is not certain
if the latter was rewarded with Latin or Roman
law. Lacking Plinius affirmative information in
this respect, we are prone to view
Varvaria
primarily as a Latin municipality, perhaps from
the times of the conflict with the Delmati around
Promona, or
from the period of the civil war
between Pompeius and Caesar.
In pre-Caesarean times, when there were neither
any municipalities nor colonies with Roman civil
law in the regions of
Histria
and Liburnia, the
number of colonised Roman citizens was small;
in the middle of the
1st
century
ВС,
however,
colonies and municipalities of Roman citizens
were established, hence rendering the execution
of duties in conjunction with the provincial
administration of justice and the supervision over
all matters legal too complex for a single
governor. Pursuant to a model already applied
in Cisalpine Gaul through the Lex Rubria and
other laws covering the organisation of municipal
self-rule and the administration of justice, civil
lawsuits of lesser importance, where contested
values remained small, were heard in Illyricum
on a municipal level, within the framework of
authority vested in local duumviri (or
quatuorviri), whereas graver matters and more
serious offences, as well as all offences against
the State, fell into the exclusive jurisdiction of
the provincial governor.
In
27
ВС,
during the institution of the
Principatus,
Illyricum was as an appeased
province placed under the rule of the Senate, and
tax revenues
(stipendium, vectigal)
continued to
flow into state coffers. Soon afterwards, an
administrative operation was carried out as a
result of which
Histria
was excluded out of
Illyricum as a whole.
In the period from
18
to
12
ВС,
Augustus and
Agrippa
decide to broaden the boundaries of
Italy for the very last time; only the north-eastern
boundaries of Italy were affected. With the
transfer of the boundary from the river
Rižana
(Formio)
to the river
Raša
(Arsia),
Histria
was
taken out of the province of Illyricum, thus
becoming part of Italy. As a result, all lands in
Histria
were automatically eligible for ownership
by Roman citizens, and were at the same time
exempt from tributes. The inclusion of
Histria
into Italy hinged on the settlement of a large
number of Roman colonists, on an effective and
rapid Romanization, and above all, on the
circumstance that Roman senators and the most
influential aristocrats, like members of the
Calpurnius, Crassus, Scribonianus and Statilius
families, all came into possession of land in
Histria
already during the period of the Republic,
and with it developed their clients; it was their
economic interests that spurred the decision
regarding the administrative transfer of the
boundary.
Already in
11
ВС
the
Princeps
took over the reins
of power over the province of Illyricum,
diminished for the territory of
Histria,
through
his
legátus
on the post of provincial governor,
and the revenues were transferred to the
fisc.
The
former
stipendium,
a direct tax of the senatorial
province, thus went into the category of tributes,
direct taxes in imperial provinces.
In the period from
12
to
2
ВС,
Italy, whose
integral part
Histria
has just become, was divided
into eleven regions to facilitate the execution of
the census.
Histria,
together with the Venetian
administrative district, was included into a united
region marked with the number ten
(Regio
X).
Augustan regions possessed neither the character
of provinces nor their own administrative centres,
governors and magistrates; at the beginning of
the
Principatus
they functioned solely for the
execution of the census. Augustus likewise
instituted the provincial census that was
separated from the Italic one; Liburnian
municipalities fell under the census of the
183
province
of Illyricum. An exception to that rule
was represented in the form of Liburnian com¬
munities that were bestowed with Italic law or
immunity: F!
anona, Lopsica,
Varvaria,
and
Albona or Alveria, Fulfinum, Curicum, Asseria,
and perhaps also Nedinum. Assuming that the
information passed down by Plinius is correct,
and that hidden among municipalities with Italic
law there .are, in actual fact, no municipalities
with Latin law, the heretofore mentioned
communities belonged to the Italian census
(PLIN.
NH
3, 130; 3,139).
The allocation of Italic
law to provincial communities is considered an
Augustan invention, and in the case of Liburnian
municipalities it could have been connected with
the reward for their behaviour during the civil
war: it is known that not all Liburnian
municipalities took a similar stance during the
conflict between Caesar and Pompeius. All
uncertainties in conjunction with the
identification of Albona or Alveria stem from the
discord in interpreting the criteria according to
which Plinius composed the chronology of his
exposition, i.e. either according to alphabetical
or geographical sequence.
A whole series of Liburnian municipalities was
bestowed with the privilege represented by
immunity and the exemption of provincial land
taxes respectively during the Augustan
Principatus,
at the very latest; immunity in itself
represented one of the combining elements
constituting Italic law, and as a separate privilege
it had a lesser value and importance as compared
with it. Immunity could have, likewise, been
allocated to a community of
peregrini, due
to the
fact that in the judicial system of the Caesarean
and Augustan periods it was no longer
obligatorily connected with civil law. Immunity
was bestowed upon the Liburnian municipalities
of Asseria, Fulfinum and Curicum, perhaps as a
gift from Caesar the dictator for the proper
commitment in the civil war against Pompeius;
Fulfinum, a case in point, thus acquired a
municipal constitution and its Latin status during
the Flavian period, but it was bestowed with
immunity considerably earlier. Immunity and
Italic law of individual Liburnian communities
always represented, in the past as well as in the
present, a hard to solve problem from ancient
history: these privileges were, as a rule, granted
to rich, large cities that with their mercantile
prosperity had a certain importance for Rome,
and not for a single of the privileged Liburnian
municipalities are there any indications at all that
it acquired Roman civil law before the year
212,
except if the allocation of Italic law is connected
with Roman civil law. It seems probable, on the
contrary, that the concerned municipalities
witnessed the advent of Caracalla s constitution
in the capacity of municipalities with Latin law.
A further suspicion in conjunction with the ex¬
istence of Italic law in Liburnian municipalities
arises from the circumstance that in the chapter
from The Digest, where all provincial colonies
are listed (and a single municipality with Italic
law, Stobi), there are absolutely no references
concerning Italic law in Liburnian cities.
After the suppression of the Illyrian uprising in
9
AD, the hitherto more or less united province
of Illyricum was divided into two provinces,
Dalmaţia
and
Pannonia;
the date of the division
is uncertain, in general, however, it could be
placed within the period from
10
to
20
AD
(VELL.
2, 112, 2; 2, 116, 2).
Since that time
separate
legati
were appointed for each of the
two Illyrian provinces, in the administration of
finances, however, the old procuratorial system,
uniting
Pannonia
and
Dalmaţia
under the rule
of a single procurator, was kept until the period
of Traianus.
During the partition of Illyricum or afterwards,
and in general before the end of the rule by
Vespasianus,
Dalmaţia
was regrouped into three
judicial districts, into three
conventi.
The
northernmost conventus, with its seat in
Scardona, covered the regions of Liburnia and
Iapydia
(PLIN. NH
3,139);
in the praetorian
building in Scardona, the provincial governor
held his court of justice on certain days that were
fixed in advance, thus covering all legal
proceedings that were on account of their legal
weight out of reach of the jurisdiction of the
municipal judicial magistrates. All legal conflicts
that were created in communities deeper inland,
possessing neither civil law nor a municipal
organisation, were also resolved at the conventus
of Scardona. The judicial conventus functioned
according to a permanently established system
until
212,
when due to the establishment of a
multitude of new Roman municipalities it lost
its real purpose. The exact date of the partition
of
Dalmaţia
into judicial
conventi
is not known;
according to the traditional dating of the original
for Plinius excerpt, where Dalmatian
conventi
are mentioned, the partition was carried out
before the end of the Claudian period. Judging
by the Flavian constitution of the municipalities
of Scardona, as well as by the analogous example
of the partition of
Hispánia
into judicial
conventi,
it could nevertheless be assumed, with a greater
degree of probability, that Vespasianus was the
creator of provincial
conventi.
On the level of the conventus of Scardona, the
veneration of the imperial cult with its seat in
Scardona was organised according to tradition
from the beginning of the
Principatus;
already
before
31
AD the civitates Liburniae unite in
Scardona in a spiritual, political and financial
sense, with a common goal of erecting a
monument to a member of the imperial family
CLXXXIV
(CIL III
2808).
A selected priest, whose title was
sacerdos Liburnorum
(CIL
III
2810;
ILJug
247),
managed the organisation of the imperial cult on
the level of the conventus.
The conventus in this region succeeded an earlier
provisional formation of equal territorial size that
was created on the occasion of the breakout of
the rebellion, the Liburnian
-
Iapodian
prefecture. Owing to such an administrative
-
judiciary territorial organisation of the Romans
in
Dalmaţia,
the autochthonous name of Liburnia
spread to the entire region of the Liburnian
-
Iapodian conventus whose centre was on the
territory of Liburnia; as a consequence of this, in
literary sources there comes to a mix-up and
equalising of the Iapodi with those Liburnian
communities that had Italic law and were as such
figuring in Italian census lists. As compared with
the Liburnian ones, Iapodian communities, in
general, obtained their civil law in a slower and
harder fashion; there is not a single one that
comes into possession of Roman civil law before
212,
and rare are the ones that acquired a
municipal constitution with Latin law, as was the
case with Arupium in the Flavian period.
Beginning with Vespasianus, another
organisational form of autochthonous
communities was preferred in Iapydia, in the
shape of civitates
peregrini iuris,
that were
headed by a member of the local aristocracy
bestowed with Roman civil law, usually with
united civil and military authorities in the double
function of
Princeps
and Praepositus.
The vast majority of communes in
Histria
obtained Roman civil law before the beginning
of the
Principatus;
during Caesar s lifetime the
Roman colonies of
Tergeste
and
Pola
were
established, whereas Aegida and Parentium
acquired the status of Roman municipalities at
the beginning of the Augustan period, at the very
latest. The remaining communes in the interior
were settled mainly with native inhabitants, as
was the case with Nesactium and Piquentum,
whose development proceeded at a slower pace.
In Augustan times Nesactium had not yet been
endowed with Roman law, nonetheless the
possibility that it was constituted as a Latin
municipality should not be discarded. The
inhabitants of northern
Histria,
concentrated
around Piquentum and eventually around other
less known centres, have not had their civil law
as Romans bestowed upon them in full before
212
AD, however, their communities might well
have been bestowed with Latin civil law during
the
1st - 2nd
centuries AD, which in turn made it
possible for prominent individuals to enter into
the rank of Roman citizens.
An integral part of Augustan policy towards
communes enjoying different status and civil law,
was the construction of bulwarks with towers and
fortified entrances around towns and settlements,
using treasury funds. During the period of the
triumvirate, and later on, the
Principatus,
Octavianus Augustus engaged in the fortification
of Roman colonies and municipalities, as well as
of municipalities devoid of any higher forms of
law other than Latin law. Epigraphic monuments
corroborate that Augustus, after securing the
necessary means, ordered the erection of a
bulwark around the Roman colonies of
Tergeste
in
33 - 32
ВС
(lit X/4
20-22),
and
lader
after
27
ВС
(CIL III
2907. 13264),
and around Arba, a
municipality that was in all likelihood bestowed
only with Latin civil law, in
10
ВС
(CIL III
3117).
The motives and circumstances surrounding
these construction activities were not the same;
whilst in the cases of Arba and the colony of
lader
construction activities seem to be linked directly
with the allocation of civil law and the municipal
constitution, in the case of
Tergeste, a
community
that was enjoying the status of a Roman colony
already since Caesar s proconsulate, the
construction of the bulwark was linked to
Octavianus campaign against Illyricum and the
fortification of the positions in the hinterland.
Augustus imperial successor, Tiberius, carried
on with the well run in practice of his predecessor,
thus presenting settlements with the construction
of bulwarks around them, which was in stark
contrast with the traditionally deep-rooted
opinion concerning Tiberius carelessness and
indifference as regards provincial cities. During
the period of Tiberius
Principatus
defensive
bulwarks were built around the Liburnian
municipality of Argyruntum (ILJug
2894),
for
which there exists no evidence, as is also the case
with Arba, that in the period of the early
Principatus
achieved a status surpassing that of
a Latin municipality. Three inscriptions with the
name of Tiberius the
Princeps
were discovered
in different Liburnian cities. They were erected
by imperial decree through the actual provincial
legátus,
and they represent an epigraphic
annotation of Tiberius intervention in the field
of road construction on the territory of Liburnia
(CIL
III
2908,
lader,
in
18 - 19;
CIL
III
2972,
Aenona, in
17;
CIL
III
14322,
Clambetae, in
34 -
35).
The legionary camp of Burnum, together
with its aqueduct, were constructed during the
rule of Tiberius. The list of architectonic and
constitutive interventions that were executed by
Tiberius on the territory of Liburnia is in stark
contrast with Suetonius finding concerning the
fact that Tiberius did not offer any assistance to
the provinces, with the exception of Asia that was
struck by an earthquake (SUET. Tib.
48).
During the rule of subsequent emperors fiscal
donations into the provincial structure and
infrastructure became rarer, and in this respect
we can notice in Liburnia solely the renewal of
185
the Burnum camp during the rule of Claudius
(ILJug
2809, 2810),
and the construction of the
Iadere aqueduct during the rule of Traianus
(CIL
III
2909).
With the exception of the road building
activities that were carried out during the period
of
Flavius
on the line
Pola
-
Parentium
-
Tergeste
(lit X/l
705-707),
there are absolutely no
epigraphic materials in
Histria
bearing testimony
to any imperial donations from the very
establishment of the
Principatus
and
subsequently, even though such interventions
must have existed; the construction of the
amphitheatre in
Pola
is by tradition ascribed to
Vespasianus.
From the last decades of the
2nd
century
ВС
and
all the way up to the middle of the
1st
century
AD, Liburnia served as a starting point and
support for all military interventions in Illyricum
and the more distant provinces, and that was
particularly true during Octavianus raid on
Illyricum in
35
ВС,
and during the great Illyrian
rebellion in the years
6-9
AD. The islands in the
Kvarner,
and the port of Scardona in the
Krka
channel, were in the first half of the
1st
century
AD utilised as military maritime bases controlled
by the fleet from Ravenna. In the period of the
Marcoman
wars, during the rule of Marcus
Aurelius, Liburnia renewedly gained its
importance as a military support region; the first
and only epigraphic mentioning of the defensive
system praetentura Italiae dates from around
170
(AÉ
1893, 88 =
ILS
8977).
Later on, the northern
regions of Liburnia likewise played a prominent
role in the defence of Italy, during the civil wars
in the period of
Maximinus,
and on account of
the frequent Barbaric raids from the 4th century
onwards.
Several legions replaced one another in the
military camp of Burnum, erected on the
Liburnian side of the
Krka
river. During the times
of the great Illyrian rebellion, until
10
AD, the
Legio
XX Victrix was stationed in Burnum. A
permanent camp was built during the beginning
of the period of Tiberius; stationed there was the
Legio
XI, that was honoured with the epithet of
Claudia
Pia
Fidelis
(DIO
С.
60, 15, 2-4),
after
the crushing of Scribonianus rebellion in
42.
In
69,
following the second battle at Bedriacum, this
legion leaves
Dalmaţia
(TACIT, Hist.
2, 67; 3,
50).
This legion was in the same year
subsequently replaced by the
Legio VIII
Augusta,
that stayed in Burnum for a short period of time
lasting several months. Itwas in turn replaced by
the
Legio
IV Flavia Felix in the period ranging
from
70
to
86,
when the latter left Burnum and
this camp lost the character of a legionary camp.
After this period, Burnum only hosted detached
auxiliary legionary divisions, as well as cohorts.
The Province of
Dalmaţia
was ruled by imperial
legati
of senatorial class enjoying the rank
pertaining to
consulares
from the period of par¬
tition of Illyricum and all the way to Gallienus
reorganisation of the provincial government,
when the governorship was taken over by
praesides enjoying the rank of
équités
(AUR.
VICT.
Caes.
33, 34;
in
262).
It was only during a
single short interval, on the occasion of the
departure of the last legion from the Province of
Dalmaţia
during the Flavian period, that it came
to an appointment of
a legatos
with praetorian
rank
(CIL
XVI 38;
CIL VIII
13;
ILJug
942).
The
seat of the provincial government for
Dalmaţia
was located in the colony of
Salona.
Dalmatian
provincial
legati
were in the second half of the
2nd
and in the
3rd
centuries nominated at the
same time as extraordinary
legati
or
consulares
in the neighbouring Italic region of Transpadum
(CIL
X
3870;
CIL X
6658).
Whilst the
legátus
and the praeses respectively carried out
governmental, judicial and military duties, in
matters relating to the fiscal financial
organisation they were aided by the provincial
procurator. Following the fiscal reform carried
out by Domitianus, joint procuratores for the
provinces of
Dalmaţia
and
Pannonia
were
appointed in the newly formed category of
ducenarii
(ILS
9200;
CIL III
13520),
and ever
since the reorganisation of Traianus, special
procuratores ducenarii were appointed for the
province of
Dalmaţia (CIL III
2077; 8333; 1985;
8359-8360; 2075; 12721; 8716; 12732;
CIL
VI
1607).
The mode of tax collection was closely connected
to the census procedure, during which authorised
magistrates, both on state and communal levels,
leased lands and sold the rights to collect indirect
taxes (vectigalia). Leaseholds on more important
vectigalia were during the begmnmg of the
Principatus in the hands of the tax lessees
(publicani), according to a tradition stemming
from the period of the Republic. Associations of
publicani took a leasehold on tributes and
vectigalia in the province of Illyricum, and
subsequently in
Dalmaţia,
contracting at first with
the aerarium, and later on, after
11
ВС,
with the
fiscal authority (Dig.
39, 4, 1).
For a period of
time during the
1st
century there existed a duality
as regarding the activities of the publicani and of
the imperial officials, until, towards the end of
the
1st
century, the publicani were not relieved
from their duties by a new lease system in the
service of the
fisc;
the former system of lessee
associations was replaced by an individual lessee
system. The new system of tax leaseholds, that
was to become fully developed during Hadrian s
rule, was initiated, so it seems, by Vespasianus.
A burden consisting from personal responsibility
for the collection of leased provincial taxes was
placed upon rich leaseholders
(conductores),
that
were recruited from the ranks of
équités
and
CLXXXVI
freed slaves, citizens according to Roman law;
the possibility of tax leaseholds from the
fisc
was
not accessible solely to
peregrini.
On the territory of Liburnia legal proceedings
took place between individual municipalities that
were involved in litigation over boundaries in the
course of the entire
1st
century, and particularly
during the Julian
-
Claudian dynasty, thus
representing a continuation of old inter-
municipal contentions stemming from pre-
Roman times. The judges, that were usually older
centurions, were picked by the provincial
legátus.
Already from the Claudian period the
procuratores acquired judicial powers in cases
dealing with conflicts between territories in fiscal
possession and other parties; a case like that was
recorded on the territory of Liburnia in the
period of
Nerva,
where a procurator passed
judgement in a litigation involving a private
person and legionary territories.
Already from the onset of the Flavian dynasty
Italy began to show the first symptoms of
provincialisation in judiciary and fiscal-
administrative matters. Since the beginning of the
Principatus,
and according to Republican
tradition, the praetores in Rome carried out the
administration of justice, both in civil and
criminal proceedings. The first intermediary body
that encroached into the judicial domain between
the municipalities and the
Princeps
was
established during Hadrian s rule, dealing with
the separation of civil from criminal law; it was
substituted by a new one already during Marcus
Aurelius. It was for these purposes that Italy was
in the former system divided into four, and in
the subsequent one, into a total of five regions,
that were called according to their geographical
names, as opposed to Augustan regions that were
numbered. Marcus Aurelius handed over to the
praetorian prefect judicial powers in criminal
proceedings for the whole of Italy, with the
exception of Rome. A system of military rule
appears for a short period of time in
238,
whereby
Italy was divided into twenty regions; this marks
the first attempt to establish a lasting military
administration in Italy during the entire
Principatus
period. It was towards the end of the
Principatus,
during the period of Aurelius, that
a stable system of military rule was finally
established in Italy, with a basic partition into
eight regions that represented provinces in the
true sense, having their own complete
administrations and military governments: the
Augustan
Regio
X was transformed into a
province named
Veneţia
et
Histria,
whose centre
was at Aquileia.
The fiscal organisation of the Empire grew
stronger with the passage of time. The creation
of special offices on a subordinate fiscal level
began already during the Julian
-
Claudian
dynasty; their purpose was the collection of
vectigal taxes (portorium,
vigésima hereditatium,
vigésima libertatis),
and the supervision of cer¬
tain activities that represented a special interest
to the public
(cursus publicus, ludi, alimenta).
Fiscal administrative districts in Italy did not ter¬
ritorially coincide with military and judicial-ad¬
ministrative regions, and neither the former nor
the latter coincided with Augustan regions. As
need arose, territorial administrative districts also
stretched over the boundaries of Italy, extend¬
ing thus to neighbouring provinces, or parts
thereof. It was so that the province of
Dalmaţia,
or only its northern portion
-
Liburnia, was in¬
cluded into particular administrative districts of
Italy, without the boundaries of Italy ever being
extended. A combination was even used, whereby
Histria
was separated from the Italic corps and
united with the province of
Dalmaţia
in the fis¬
cal administration of vectigal and provincial rev¬
enues, and also, perhaps, of patrimonial posses¬
sions
(CIL
XI
2698;
CIL
II
2643 +
AÉ
1985, 374;
CIG
3751).
This kind of territorial organisation
was epigraphically recorded only after Hadrian s
reform of the fiscal procuratorial network, and
probably dates from Hadrian s period, or some¬
what later.
In the fiscal administration network for the
collection of vectigal taxes, as regards the lower
levels of procuratores with a pay of
100,000
sesterces and
60,000
sesterces,
Histria,
as a border
region of Italy, formed part of the portorium
Illyricum district together with a large number of
provinces ever since the times of Marcus Aurelius
(AÉ
1928,153;
AÉ
1934,107);
as far as hereditary
taxes were concerned,
Histria
was in the period
of Commodus separated from the Italic regional
totality and, so it seems, added to the district in
charge for the province of
Dalmaţia
(Rev.
Ép.
1911, 7 + 1914, 248).
In the domain covering the
fiscal administration of postal traffic, northern and
parts of central Italy were united together with a
portion of the province of Noricum in the period
of Septimius Severus
(CIL VIII
26582),
whereas
the province of
Dalmaţia
was excluded from this
combination; from the period of Marcus Aurelius
onwards, the fiscal domain covering circus and
gladiatorial contests comprised the provinces of
Pannonia
and
Dalmaţia,
together with northern
and parts of central Italy
(ILS
9014);
meanwhile,
the controlling function over alimentation reserves
in the fiscal domain was organised in such a way,
that towards the end of the
2nd
or at the beginning
of the
3rd
centuries, part of the province was
added to northern Italy, i.e. Liburnia to be precise
(CIL
III
6753;
CIL VIII
822).
An important portion of fiscal possessions was
represented by estates, either inherited or
acquired, belonging to the
Princeps
personally
(patrimonium); epigraphical
sources point out to
187
the existence of these estates in Liburnia as well,
although in lesser numbers than on the territory
of
Histria
(ILJug
928,
Dugi otok; ILJug
2901,
Flanona). A special fiscal patrimonial
department for
Histria
was formed during the
Flavian reorganisation of the fiscal administrative
system; it was headed by a procurator and its seat
was located in the colony of
Pola.
During the
period of Marcus Aurelius, at the very latest, a
branching-off in the domain of imperial
patrimonial possessions occurred, whereby a
branch-office was created in Parentium, that was
subordinate to the main department in
Pola.
Histrian estates grew constantly larger during the
Principatus
period; concurrently with this, a
transition of senatorial estates into imperial
ownership was observed, either on a voluntary
basis in the form of donations, or else through
sequestration. They cultivated primarily olives;
olive oil produced on imperial estates was
exported from
Histria
and sold across the Empire
in amphorae that were likewise the product of
imperial potteries.
For a short period of time towards the end of the
2nd
century, most probably during the period of
Commodus, the province of Liburnia was formed
within the framework of the parent province of
Dalmaţia,
and it was governed by an imperial
procurator with a pay of
100,000
sesterces, who
was extraordinarily empowered to pronounce
death sentences (cum iure gladii). Known by
name is L. Artorius Castus, most probably the
first and sole procurator of the province of
Liburnia
(CIL
III
1919).
The reasons for the
creation of this temporary governmental district
coupled with the contemporary restoration of the
military-defensive system praetentura Italiae, lie
perhaps in the danger that loomed from the
Marcomans.
At the same time, at the end of the
2nd
and at the beginning of the
3rd
centuries,
Liburnia, as a territorial district identical with the
territory pertaining to the conventus of Scardona,
detaches itself, as circumstances required, from
the governmental totality of the province of
Dalmaţia,
and unites with parts of Italy in
individual fiscal administrative departments.
With the advent of the Dominatus and with the
reforms started by Diocletianus in
297,
a new
provincial partition of the former Illyricum was
carried out, during which it came to the formal
abolition of the long since faded away judiciary
conventi
(Not. Dign.
6, 4);
old municipal
government systems were likewise reformed.
A parallel chronological survey encompassing the
creation and development of individual
municipalities in
Histria
and Liburnia, offers a
historical framework at the local level,
notwithstanding all the uncertainties and
different hypotheses. The first colony of Roman
citizens in
Histria,
Tergeste,
was formed already
during Caesar s proconsulate in Cisalpine Gaul
and Illyricum, prior to
52
ВС;
it remains uncer¬
tain, however, whether it was created on the ter¬
ritory of Cisalpine Gaul or Illyricum. Whether
the creation of the colony was preceded by a
municipal phase or by a mere pre-Caesarean in¬
formal conventus of Roman citizens in a native
trading port, is likewise not clear. The same
problem is present on a comparable scale in the
case of Aegida and Parentium, that with the help
of a polysemantic syntagm Plinius calls
oppida
civium
Romanorum.
Aegida, that could have
attained municipal status before Caesar s death
in
44
ВС,
fell behind in its development, afflicted
by the vicinity of
Tergeste,
the dominant
neighbouring centre, thus never developing into
a colony. This even resulted in a challenge to the
autonomy of Aegida during the coming period
of the
Principatus,
with the hypothesis, that it
might well have been contributed to the colony
of
Tergeste in
the Augustan period. Likewise,
during Caesar s lifetime, Parentium achieved the
constitution of a Roman municipality or a self-
management organised along the lines of a
conventus of Roman colonists; it reached the
status of a colony somewhat later than
neighbouring
Pola,
perhaps already following
Augustus victory at Actium. The creation of the
colony in Tiberian times cannot be corroborated,
and the same is true for the creation of any
municipality or colony in the Tiberian period; the
presumed Tiberian constitution of the colony of
Emona
and the municipality of Argyruntum is
likewise questionable, even though both cities
were provided with bulwarks, courtesy of the
treasury, during the period of Tiberius. On the
southernmost tip of
Histria
the Roman colony
of
Pola
was founded during the period of Caesar s
dictatorship, on a site where a native port and
trading settlement already existed, as was the
case, without exception, with all the colonies and
municipalities in
Histria
and Liburnia.
The interior of
Histria
witnessed a somewhat
slower Romanization process during the period
of the late Republic and
Principatus.
As far as
material culture and
onomastic
characteristics
are concerned, the coastal region between the
rivers of
Dragonja
and
Mirna,
together with the
region around
Buje,
offers a comparatively higher
level of Romanization, which is being related to
the attribution of this territory to the colony of
Tergeste.
The deeper hinterland of northern
Histria
managed to preserve the population
continuity of autochthonous groups that was
almost uncontaminated by Italic settlers during
the whole period of the
Principatus,
the exception
being the senatorial families of Statilius and
Laecanius, that already in the Augustan period
appear as big landowners in northern
Histria.
The
only urban centre that was recorded in this area
CLXXXVIII
during the period of the
Principatus
was
Piquentum, that possibly attained the status of a
municipality with Latin civil law during the
1st
or
2nd
century. When speaking about the legal
position of communities that inhabited the
hinterland of northern and central
Histria
before
212,
it must be pointed out, that we are dealing
exclusively with hypotheses, ranging between the
initial
peregrinus
status and the eventual
subsequent possibility of the adoption of Latin
civil law. A similar destiny characterised by a
retarded development was shared by Nesactium,
whose role as an ancient capital of the Histri
reflected itself mainly through the preservation
of its continuity as a cult centre during the period
of the
Principatus.
Nesactium possibly attained
a municipal constitution already in the period of
Augustus, and at the very latest in the course of
the Flavian period; the question of whether it had
become a municipality with Latin or Roman law
remains, however, unanswered, as Plinius made
no references whatsoever about civil law in
Nesactium, and the preserved epigraphic
monuments do not allow any conclusions
regarding the level of civil law there.
A separate problem is represented by the
founding chronologies of Liburnian towns. At the
beginning of the list stand by all means the
Roman colony of
lader,
constituted at the very
latest during the
Principatus
of Augustus and
perhaps already in the course of the triumvirate,
and the municipality of
Varvaria,
where a
quatuorvirate was noted. According to Alfoeldy
and Wilkes, whose chronologies, setting aside a
few minor differences, for the most part concur,
the vast majority of Liburnian municipalities was
founded and bestowed with Roman civil law in
the course of both the Augustan and Tiberian
periods, on an equal scale. There is absolutely
no reliable evidence, however, regarding the
founding of towns by Tiberius under the gentile
name of his adoptive father, Iulius, as there is
likewise no proof whatsoever that he founded any
towns at all. The founding of the municipalities
of Albona, Flanona. Tarsatica, Crexi, Apsorus,
Arba, Senia, Lopsica, Ortoplinia, Begium,
Argyruntum, Aenona, Corinium, Nedinum,
Asseria, and Alveria, can be ascribed to the
period of the Julian
-
Claudian dynasty, and
respectively, primarily to the period of Augustus.
Fulfinum and Scardona became municipalities
in the Flavian period. During the period of
Traianus or Hadrian the Latin municipality of
Sidrona was founded, and during the period of
Hadrian that of Burnum.
The main objection to the theses of Alfoeldy and
Wilkes relates to the question concerning civil
law: there is not a single literary, judiciary, or
epigraphic source that testifies about any of the
Liburnian municipalities (with the exception of
the colony of
lader)
as being municipalities
having Roman civil law. These theses are also
opposed by epigraphy and onomastics, that in the
majority of municipalities reflect (Scardona,
Nedinum, Asseria, Corinium, Aenona, Lopsica,
Flanona, Albona, Apsorus, Crexi, Curicum,
Arba) and in the
2nd
century retain the
autochthonous elements. Moreover, after the
period of Claudius municipia civium
Romanorum
are no longer being established in
the provinces.
Without taking into account the colony of
lader,
the presence of augustales and of
seviri augustales
respectively was noted in Senia, Aenona, and
Scardona. Is it possible to link the presence of
this institution with the allocation of Roman civil
law to the municipalities in question in the course
of the Augustan period? There are arguments for
and against this, and as far as this question is
concerned we remain surrounded by hypotheses.
Senia and Scardona show another common trait
in the imperial cult sphere; both of these cities
gave priests of the imperial cult that was a
common feature of all Liburnians at the
conventus of Scardona. In the remaining
Liburnian municipalities different modes of
paying respect to the imperial deity were being
discovered. In Asseria, a member of the local
municipal aristocracy fulfilled the function of
flamen
divi
Claudii
after the passing away of the
respective
Princeps,
thus taking over an office that
was in Roman colonies usually held by municipal
flamines, the most distinguished members of the
municipality, and in Rome, by members of the
senatorial class. The appearance of flamines is
most unusual for a municipality for which it is
presumed that it did not acquire a Roman status
before the year
212,
and not even for Asseria is it
possible to state with certainty the type of civil
status there at the time of its constitution.
The development of municipal government in
Histria
and Liburnia has been followed by means
of epigraphic monuments and by the drawing of
parallels with known urban laws and judiciary
regulations that bear upon the organisation and
functioning of urban government. Every
municipal constitution implicitly included certain
civil duties by which its members were bound.
These duties are listed in detail and explained in
The Digest, the main body of Roman laws, and
they are not to be found repeated in individual
urban laws, the exception being certain special
provisions that are characteristic for the city in
question. Civic honours, and the participation in
the urban council and in
magistratures
respectively, were accessible to a broader
segment of the inhabitants of the municipality in
question, under the condition, however, that the
individual concerned satisfied certain criteria;
towards the end of the
2nd
century, a hereditary
189
obligation
of executing honorary urban functions
appears, that in reality in the first place
demanded large scale material expenditures.
Colonists and members of outlandish
municipalities had no right to municipal honours
during the
1st
century, but already during the
middle of the
2nd
century the situation changed
in this respect: the urban elite began to gradually
loose its exclusivity.
In the late-Republican period and at the
beginning of the
Principatus,
in the course of the
Julian
-
Claudian dynasty, municipalities enjoyed
a relatively high degree of autonomy as far as
the administration of justice and the management
of public communal assets were concerned.
Based on a whole series of laws that were passed
in the first half and in the middle of the
1st
century
ВС,
covering the application of civil law
in provincial communities, urban magistrates
possessed judicial powers in proceedings not
exceeding certain set financial amounts, and they
likewise enjoyed the right of a practically
unlimited control over communal funds, the
largest item in the communal list of expenses
being public works. In the same period, municipal
courts were even empowered to pronounce death
sentences, i.e. they reached into the sphere of
criminal law, a practice that was definitely
abolished during the course of the
2nd
century.
The first magistrates-attorneys between the
central imperial authority and municipal self-
management appear during the Flavian dynasty,
towards the end of the
1st
century
ВС,
when the
extraordinary
magistrature
of communal curators
was established (curator
rei publicae),
that
represented a financial inspection of sorts; its
competencies were limited to financial matters,
thus directly limiting the autonomy of municipal
magistrates in their control over public
properties. As far as the administration of justice
was concerned, every commune and every
provincial judiciary conventus possessed its own
body of recuperators charged with the civil
administration of justice, in addition to the
judicial magistrate in charge. An important shift
was made during the period of Hadrian, who,
after creating a collegium consisting from four
consulares,
separated within the framework of
Italy the civil administration of justice from the
criminal one; as was already the case, the criminal
administration of justice was according to its
character and weight out of range of municipal
judicial magistrates; within the boundaries of
Italy it fell under the jurisdiction of the praetor
in Rome, whereas in the provinces it was under
the jurisdiction of the proconsul and provincial
legátus
respectively. Marcus Aurelius transferred
the criminal administration of justice to the
praetorian prefect; this was true for all of Italy
with the exception of Rome. For certain domains
of civil law special judges, the iuridici, were
nominated according to individual territorial
zones. In the
3rd
century the
correctores
take
over the jurisdiction over both the civil and
criminal administrations of justice, in the
provinces as well as within Italy. Until the advent
of the
correctores,
all judiciary matters in
imperial provinces were under the total control
of provincial governors. There is no information,
however, concerning a single corrector of the
province of
Dalmaţia.
The intervention of the central imperial
government in the administration of aid and
guidance for the organisation of public
institutions, such as primary and higher level
schools, medical facilities, and welfare funds for
the care of orphans in municipalities, likewise
grew gradually stronger during the period of the
Principatus.
A whole series of imperial decrees
freed doctors, teachers, and philosophers from
the burdens represented by communal duties,
and later on, they were gradually granted the right
to be the recipients of a salary for the work they
performed, payable by the municipality.
And finally, public bodies of citizens and non-
citizens that were associated according to
professional, religious, or status-linked criteria
existed in municipalities, that were under a
double scrutiny of both state an commune. These
associations were provided with their own
internal governing bodies and possessed public
property, and at the beginning of the
3rd
century
a distinct judicial assembly was constituted, that
was in charge of legal proceedings in which these
associations participated.
This work is a summary representing the
extraordinarily complex problems in conjunction
with the reciprocal relations between the central
state government, individual municipalities on
the territory of the Roman regions of
Histria
and
Liburnia, the associations under their patronage,
and citizens or members of communities enjoying
different legal statuses on this territory. Lacking
the space for a more in-depth study of individual
problems, we limited ourselves to their basic
portrayal and to the presentation of different
historical approaches and divergent possibilities
for the interpretation of literary, epigraphic, and
archaeological sources.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Starac, Alka 1966- |
| author_variant | a s as |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV013593546 |
| collection | ebook |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)162436572 (DE-599)BVBBV013593546 |
| format | Book |
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| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Liburnien (DE-588)4622154-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Liburnien |
| id | DE-604.BV013593546 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:48:36Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9536153130 |
| language | Croatian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009285032 |
| oclc_num | 162436572 |
| open_access_boolean | 1 |
| owner | DE-739 DE-824 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-188 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-739 DE-824 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-188 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 247 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | ebook |
| publishDate | 2000 |
| publishDateSearch | 2000 |
| publishDateSort | 2000 |
| publisher | Arheološki muzej Istre |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Arheološki muzej Istre: Monografije i katalozi |
| series2 | Arheološki muzej Istre: Monografije i katalozi Arheološki Muzej Istre <Pula>: Monografije i katalozi |
| spelling | Starac, Alka 1966- Verfasser (DE-588)133296601 aut Rimsko vladanje u Histriji i Liburniji društveno i pravno uređenje prema literarnoj natpisnoj i arheološkoj građi 2 Liburnija Alka Starac Pula Arheološki muzej Istre 2000 247 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Arheološki muzej Istre: Monografije i katalozi 10,2 Arheološki Muzej Istre <Pula>: Monografije i katalozi 10 Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd rswk-swf Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd rswk-swf Liburnien (DE-588)4622154-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Liburnien (DE-588)4622154-2 g Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 s Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 s DE-604 (DE-604)BV013285586 2 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe Arheološki muzej Istre: Monografije i katalozi 10,2 (DE-604)BV003460316 10,2 http://ami.arhivpro.hr/?documentIndex=1&docid=1573&page=0 Verlag kostenfrei Volltext Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009285032&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009285032&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Starac, Alka 1966- Rimsko vladanje u Histriji i Liburniji društveno i pravno uređenje prema literarnoj natpisnoj i arheološkoj građi Arheološki muzej Istre: Monografije i katalozi Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4181216-5 (DE-588)4076769-3 (DE-588)4622154-2 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Rimsko vladanje u Histriji i Liburniji društveno i pravno uređenje prema literarnoj natpisnoj i arheološkoj građi |
| title_auth | Rimsko vladanje u Histriji i Liburniji društveno i pravno uređenje prema literarnoj natpisnoj i arheološkoj građi |
| title_exact_search | Rimsko vladanje u Histriji i Liburniji društveno i pravno uređenje prema literarnoj natpisnoj i arheološkoj građi |
| title_full | Rimsko vladanje u Histriji i Liburniji društveno i pravno uređenje prema literarnoj natpisnoj i arheološkoj građi 2 Liburnija Alka Starac |
| title_fullStr | Rimsko vladanje u Histriji i Liburniji društveno i pravno uređenje prema literarnoj natpisnoj i arheološkoj građi 2 Liburnija Alka Starac |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rimsko vladanje u Histriji i Liburniji društveno i pravno uređenje prema literarnoj natpisnoj i arheološkoj građi 2 Liburnija Alka Starac |
| title_short | Rimsko vladanje u Histriji i Liburniji |
| title_sort | rimsko vladanje u histriji i liburniji drustveno i pravno uredenje prema literarnoj natpisnoj i arheoloskoj gradi liburnija |
| title_sub | društveno i pravno uređenje prema literarnoj natpisnoj i arheološkoj građi |
| topic | Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Siedlungsarchäologie Römerzeit Liburnien Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://ami.arhivpro.hr/?documentIndex=1&docid=1573&page=0 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009285032&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009285032&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV013285586 (DE-604)BV003460316 |
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