Management of strabismus and amblyopia: a practical guide
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York [u.a.]
Thieme
2001
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben |
| Beschreibung: | XXVIII, 308 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3131176024 0865779929 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV013569683 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20010320 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 010130s2001 gw ad|| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 016 | 7 | |a 960448691 |2 DE-101 | |
| 020 | |a 3131176024 |c (Stuttgart) Pp. : DM 219.00, EUR 111.97 |9 3-13-117602-4 | ||
| 020 | |a 0865779929 |c (New York) Pp. |9 0-86577-992-9 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)44750726 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV013569683 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakddb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 044 | |a gw |c DE | ||
| 049 | |a DE-29 |a DE-355 | ||
| 050 | 0 | |a RE771 | |
| 082 | 0 | |a 617.7/62 |2 21 | |
| 084 | |a YO 7215 |0 (DE-625)153953:12921 |2 rvk | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Pratt-Johnson, John A. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Management of strabismus and amblyopia |b a practical guide |c John A. Pratt-Johnson and Geraldine Tillson |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York [u.a.] |b Thieme |c 2001 | |
| 300 | |a XXVIII, 308 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Literaturangaben | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Amblyopie | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Strabisme | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Amblyopia | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Strabismus | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Schielen |0 (DE-588)4052363-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Amblyopie |0 (DE-588)4268280-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Schielen |0 (DE-588)4052363-9 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Amblyopie |0 (DE-588)4268280-0 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Tillson, Geraldine |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009268036&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009268036 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804128371222773760 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Table of Contents
Foreword to the First Edition xxi
Preface to the First Edition xxiii
Preface to the Second Edition xxv
Acknowledgments xxvii
1. The Development of Vision, Fusion, and Stereopsis 1
How Vision, Fusion, and Stereopsis Develop 1
Visual Maturity (Visual Adult) 1
Development of Normal Monocular Visual Acuity 2
Development of Normal Binocular Vision 2
Normal Binocular Fusion (Bifoveal) 2
Retinal Correspondence, Fusion, and Stereopsis 3
Normal Retinal Correspondence • 3
Fusion 4
Motor Side of Fusion 4
The Connection Between Sensory and Motor Fusion 4
Visual Acuity 5
Stereopsis 5
2. What Happens if the Development of Vision, Fusion,
and Stereopsis Is Interrupted? 7
Asymmetric Optokinetic Nystagmus 7
Amblyopia 8
Suppression 8
Innate Inability to Fuse 10
How the Patient Functions if Fusion and Stereopsis Do Not
Develop 11
The Monofixation Syndrome 11
Abnormal Retinal Correspondence 12
Failure to Develop Fusion or Suppression
(Intractable Diplopia) 12
V
vi Contents
Loss of Fusion in Visual Adults 12
Sensory Deprivation Resulting in the Loss of Fusion in
Visual Adults (Central Fusion Disruption) 13
Social Implications of Strabismus 13
3. Looking for Strabismus: The First Visit 17
You Cannot Get Anywhere without the Full Data 17
What You Need to Know from the History 17
The Examination 18
Sensory Evaluation 19
Motor Evaluation 19
Refraction and Fundus Examination 20
The Uncooperative Child 21
Action at the End of the First Visit 22
Treatment of Amblyopia 22
The Prescription of Glasses if a Significant Refractive Error
Is Present 22
What Is the Full Optical Correction? 22
Guidelines for the Prescription of Plus Lenses 23
Subsequent Visits 24
Action if a Strabismus Is Present 24
Prognosis and Treatment 25
Is the Goal to Obtain Fusion or Just to Improve the
Appearance? 25
Discussion with Parents 25
Questions Frequently Asked by the Parents 25
Commitment and Compliance 26
4. Sensory Evaluation of Strabismus 27
You Cannot Get Anywhere Without the Full Data 27
Observation of the Patient 27
The Cover Test 27
Fixation Targets 28
Occluder 29
Cover Uncover Test to Detect a Manifest Deviation
(Heterotropia) 29
Cover Uncover Test to Detect a Latent Deviation 30
Cross Cover Test (Alternate Cover Test) 30
The Best Combination of the Cover Test 30
Monofixation Syndrome and the Cover Test 30
Major Amblyoscope: Synoptophore and Troposcope 32
Measuring the Deviation with a Major Amblyoscope 34
Angle Kappa Measurement and the Major Amblyoscope 34
Assessing Fusion with the Major Amblyoscope 35
Assessing Stereopsis with the Major Amblyoscope 35
Assessing Retinal Correspondence with the Major
Amblyoscope 36
Contents vii
The Bruckner Test 36
Visual Acuity 36
Tests of Visual Acuity 37
Recording Visual Acuity 37
Stereopsis 38
Tests for Stereopsis 39
Stereopsis Tests for Use at Near 39
Stereopsis Tests for Use at Distance 40
Stereopsis as an Indicator of Fusion 41
Tests for Fusion 41
Worth Four Dot Test (Worth Four Light Test) 41
Fusional Amplitudes Measured with Prisms in Free Space 43
Fusion Assessment with Major Amblyoscope,
Synoptophore, or Troposcope 43
Tests of Retinal Correspondence 44
Afterimage Test 44
Results 44
Bagolini Striated Glasses or Lenses 46
Results 46
Four Diopter Prism Test 48
Near Point of Convergence 48
Near Point of Accommodation 48
Special Tests 49
Contrast Sensitivity 49
Visually Evoked Potential 49
Electroretinogram 49
Photographic Screening for Strabismus and Refractive
Errors 49
5. Motor Evaluation of Strabismus 51
Tests Used in Motor and Sensory Evaluation 51
Tests to Measure the Deviation 51
Hirschberg s Test (Corneal Reflections Test) 51
Krimsky s Test (Prism Reflex Test, Prism Reflection Test) 52
Prism and Cover Test 52
The Maddox Rod 57
The Maddox Wing 58
Double Maddox Rod Test 59
Tests to Assess Ocular Movement 59
Ductions: Does Each Eye Move Normally? 59
Versions: Do the Eyes Move in Unison? 60
Tests for Paresis 62
6. Esophoria, Exophoria, and Convergence Insufficiency 67
Esophoria 67
Definition 67
General Characteristics 67
viii Contents
Diagnostic Tests 67
Treatment 68
Exophoria 69
Definition 69
General Characteristics 69
Diagnostic Tests 69
Treatment 70
Convergence Insufficiency 70
General Characteristics 70
Tests 71
Treatment of Convergence Insufficiency 71
Convergence Weakness that Does Not Respond to
Orthoptics 73
Treatment of Patients with Abnormal Near Point of
Accommodation and Convergence (Convergence Paresis) 73
Convergence Paralysis 73
7. Amblyopia 75
Causes and Types of Amblyopia 75
Deviated Eye 76
Defocused Eye 76
Deprived Eye 77
Organic Amblyopia 77
Investigation 78
Assessment of Visual Acuity 78
The Crowding Phenomenon (Separation Difficulties) 78
Pinhole 78
Assessment of Visual Acuity in Infants and Other Patients
Unable to Cooperate with Subjective Tests 79
Eccentric Fixation Assessment with a Fixation
Ophthalmoscope 80
Neutral Density Filters 80
Visual Fields 81
Contrast Sensitivity 81
Electrodiagnostic Tests 81
Prognosis 81
Treatment 81
Types of Occlusion 82
Age Limits for Occlusion 82
Occlusion 82
Method 82
Reversal of Amblyopia (Occlusion Amblyopia) 83
Occlusion Programs 83
Management of Problems Associated with Occlusion 85
Occlusion to Maintain Recovered Vision: Suggestions
for Success 86
When to Stop Occlusion 87
Contents ix
Patients with Nystagmus 88
Special Remarks about Congenital Esotropia 88
Refractive Amblyopia 88
Special Remarks about Anisometropic Amblyopia 89
The Unilaterally Aphakic Infant 89
Esotropia Precipitated by Occlusion 89
Penalization 89
Will the Vision Stay Up? 90
When Occlusion Is Stopped 90
8. Congenital (or Infantile) Esotropia Syndrome 93
General Features 93
Deficient Abduction in Congenital Esotropia: Does the
Infant Have a Sixth Nerve Palsy? 94
Dissociated Vertical Divergent Strabismus 94
Inferior Oblique Overaction 95
Unilateral Superior Oblique Paresis and Congenital
Esotropia 97
Does Primary Overaction of the Inferior Obliques Exist? 97
Nystagmus 97
Convergence Block Nystagmus 98
Refractive Errors 98
Natural History of Untreated Congenital Esotropia 98
Conditions Misdiagnosed as Congenital Esotropia 98
Broad Epicanthal Folds 98
Unilateral Sixth Nerve Palsy 99
Accommodative Esotropia 99
High Accommodative Convergence to Accommodation Ratio 99
Diagnostic Tests 99
Tests for Amblyopia 100
Eye Movements 100
Refraction and Fundus Examination 100
Tests Used When a Head Tilt or Face Turn Is Present 100
Goals in the Treatment of the Congenital Esotropia Syndrome ... 100
Treatment 101
Glasses 101
Occlusion 101
Surgery 101
Treatment of Special Features 102
Alternatives to Surgery for the Treatment of DVD 103
Surgery for Dissociated Vertical Strabismus 104
Why Do Over Half of the Patients with Congenital
Esotropia Fail to Fuse? 104
How Does the Patient without Fusion Function? 104
Follow Up Care of the Congenital Esotropia Syndrome 105
Prescription of Glasses in Follow Up Cases 105
Occlusion 105
x Contents
Further Surgery 105
Poor Prognosis for Fusion 105
Potential Danger of Good Alignment Under the Age of
2 Years 106
Follow Up Care after the Age of 4 Years 106
Strabismus and Cerebral Palsy 106
Management of Strabismus Patients with Cerebral Palsy 106
Adult Patients Who Have Had Congenital Esotropia 106
Spontaneous Alternation 107
9. Acquired Esotropia 109
General Features 109
Acquired Esotropia in a Young Child is a Daytime
Emergency 109
How to Prevent Delay in Treatment 109
Treatment of Cases Seen Shortly after Onset 110
Occlusion to Eliminate Suppression in Acquired
Esotropia 110
Long Standing Untreated Acquired Esotropia without
Amblyopia Ill
Prognosis for Sensory Cure Ill
Fully Accommodative Esotropia Ill
Treatment Ill
Will Glasses Be Worn for the Rest of the Child s Life? Ill
Orthoptic Treatment and Fully Accommodative Esotropia 112
Partially Accommodative Esotropia 112
Prognosis 112
Occlusion and Surgery for a Bifoveal Cure 112
Monofixation Syndrome 113
Treatment 113
Amblyopia Associated with the Monofixation Syndrome 114
Nonaccommodative Esotropia 114
Treatment 114
Prism Adaptation 114
Esotropia with a High AC:A Ratio (Convergence Excess) 114
Suppression and the High AC:A Ratio 115
Management of High AC:A Ratio 115
Treatment 116
Patients with Fusion Potential 116
Patients with No Fusion Potential 116
Bifocals 116
Logic 116
Prescription 117
If a Child Will Not Wear Bifocal Glasses 117
How Long Should the Child Use Bifocals 118
Children Who Fail to Use the Bifocal Adds 118
Why Use Bifocals at All? 118
Miotics 119
Contents xi
Patients with Straight Eyes for Distance but Markedly
Esotropic at Near (Full Optical Correction in Place) 119
Decompensated High AC:A Ratio (Increased Esotropia at
Distance) 119
Surgery for High AC:A Ratio 119
Follow Up Care 120
Summary of the Management of the High AC:A Ratio
Problem 120
Esotropia without any Fusion Potential 120
Management 120
Aim of Surgery in Patients with Esotropia without Fusion 121
Emotional Esotropia 121
Malingering and Esotropia 121
Giveaway Features of Voluntarily Produced Esotropia 121
Esotropia Following Recovered Sixth Nerve Palsy 121
Acute Concomitant Esotropia 122
Diagnostic Features of Acute Esotropia 122
Cyclic Esotropia 123
Treatment 123
Occlusion Esotropia 123
Treatment 124
Secondary Esotropia 124
10. Exotropia 127
Congenital Exotropia 127
General Features of Congenital Exotropia 127
Congenital Exotropia Associated with Neurologic
Problems and Syndromes 127
Differentiating Between Congenital Exotropia and
Intermittent Exotropia 127
Treatment of Congenital Exotropia 128
Prognosis and Management Goal 128
Intermittent Exotropia 128
History 128
Etiology 128
Suppression and Intermittent Exotropia 129
Symptoms 129
Why Don t the Patients Notice the Loss of Stereopsis? 129
Types of Intermittent Exotropia 130
Divergence Excess Type 130
Simulated Divergence Excess (+3.0 Lenses at Near) 130
Convergence Weakness (Convergence Insufficiency) Type
of Intermittent Exotropia 130
Basic Type 130
Diagnostic Tests 130
Tests for Suppression to Differentiate Between Exophoria
and Intermittent Exotropia 131
Motor Tests 131
xii Contents
Stereopsis and the Monofixation Intermittent Exotropia
Syndrome 131
Intermittent Exotropia and Unilateral Superior Oblique Palsy 131
How Important Is Lateral or Side Gaze Incomitance? 132
Management and Goals of Treatment in Intermittent Exotropia .... 132
Which Patients Require Treatment? 132
Treatment Options 133
No Treatment 133
Optical Treatment 133
Orthoptic Treatment 133
Surgery 135
Treatment of Persistent Postoperative Esotropia 135
Treatment of Recurrence of Intermittent Exotropia 136
Problem of the Small Angle Intermittent Exotropia Under
20 Prism Diopters 137
Criteria for Cure of Intermittent Exotropia 137
Treatment of the Closure of One Eye in Sunshine 138
Monofixation Intermittent Exotropia 138
Prognosis for Intermittent Exotropia 139
Convergence Paralysis 139
Consecutive Constant Exotropia (Following an Esotropia) 139
Large Angle Consecutive Exotropia 140
Treatment of Consecutive Exotropia 140
A, V, and X Patterns and Exotropia 140
Exotropia in Adults 140
Secondary Exotropia 140
Management 140
11. A, V, Y, and X Pattern Strabismus 143
Specific Precautions in Testing 143
When Is It Necessary to Treat the Pattern? 144
To Improve Head Position 144
To Achieve Fusion 144
Cosmetic Improvement in V Exotropia 144
To Prevent Recurrence of A Exotropia without Fusion 144
Surgery for the A/V Syndrome 145
The V Pattern with bilateral Inferior Oblique Overaction 145
The A Pattern with Bilateral Superior Oblique Overaction 145
The X Pattern 146
Tight Lateral Rectus Syndrome 146
Summary of Management of A and V Patterns 147
12. The Patient with a Vertical Strabismus 149
The Four Golden Rules 149
Unilateral Superior Oblique Palsy 149
Classic Features of Superior Oblique Palsy 149
Unusual Presentation of Superior Oblique Palsy 150
Contents xiii
Diagnosis 151
Treatment of Unilateral Superior Oblique Palsy 153
Superior Oblique Palsy and Acquired Brown s Syndrome 158
Bilateral Superior Oblique Palsies 158
Is the Correction of the Torsion Essential in the Treatment? 160
Masked Bilateral Superior Oblique Palsy 160
Treatment of Bilateral Superior Oblique Palsies 161
Goal of Management 161
Surgical Principles 161
Persistent Excyclotorsion Preventing Fusion in Down Gaze 162
Bilateral Superior Oblique Palsies and Central Fusion
Disruption 163
Referral to a Strabismologist 163
When the Vertical Is Not Due to Superior Oblique Palsy 164
Incomitant Vertical Strabismus 164
Skew Deviation: Concomitant Acquired Vertical Strabismus 164
Brown s Syndrome or Inferior Oblique Palsy 164
Mechanical Restriction 164
Congenital Double Elevator Palsy (Monocular Elevation
Deficit) 165
Double Depressor Palsy 166
Dissociated Vertical Divergent Strabismus 167
Heimann Bielschowsky Phenomenon 167
Superior Oblique Myokymia 167
Horizontal Muscle Surgery for Vertical Strabismus 167
Surgical Correction of Vertical Strabismus Remaining in
Down Gaze 167
13. Paralytic and Paretic Strabismus 169
General Features 169
Amblyopia 169
Onset in the Visually Mature Patient 169
Importance of Hering s Law 170
Investigation of Paretic Strabismus 171
Neurologic Investigation of Patients with Ocular
Motor Palsy 174
Treatment 174
Prisms in the Treatment of Paralytic Strabismus 174
Urgency of Treatment 174
Surgical Treatment Options 174
Acquired Sixth Nerve Palsy (Lateral Rectus Palsy) 175
Surgery for Acquired Sixth Nerve Palsy 176
Bilateral Sixth Nerve Palsy 180
Third Nerve Palsy 180
Special Diagnostic Test 180
Goal of Treatment 180
Treatment of a Total Paralysis of the Third Nerve 181
Treatment of the Ptosis 181
xiv Contents
Partial Recovery and Aberrant Regeneration of the
Third Nerve 182
Fourth Nerve Palsy 182
Congenital Paralysis of the Inferior Oblique Muscle 182
Congenital Palsy of the Superior Rectus Muscle 182
Ptosis: Real or Pseudo 182
Treatment 183
Congenital Paralysis of the Inferior Rectus Muscle 183
Acquired Traumatic Paralysis of the Inferior Rectus Muscle 183
Lost Medial Rectus Muscle Simulating a Paralysis 184
Acquired Nontraumatic Paresis of Vertical or Medial Recti 184
Convergence Palsy 184
Congenital 184
Acquired 184
Divergence Paralysis 185
Congenital Absence of an Oblique or Rectus Muscle 185
14. Mechanical Restrictions and Syndromes 187
Duane s Retraction Syndrome 187
Huber s Classification 187
Associated Syndromes 188
Etiology 188
Characteristics of Type I Duane s Retraction Syndrome 188
Typical Findings in Type I 188
Presentation of Type I Duane s Syndrome in Infancy 189
Treatment 189
Brown s Syndrome 190
Congenital Brown s Syndrome 190
Characteristics 190
Congenital Brown s Syndromes that Require Treatment 191
Tenotomy of the Superior Oblique: Important Surgical
Details 192
Acquired Brown s Syndrome 194
Inferior Oblique Palsy and Treatment 194
Blow Out Fractures of the Orbit 195
Management of Acute Cases 195
Old Blow Out Fractures 195
Fixed Eyeball 196
Thyroid Ophthalmopathy 197
Features 197
Muscles Affected 197
Advice and Generalizations 197
Principles of Surgical Treatment for Thyroid Patients to
Reduce the Restriction 198
Potential Problems Associated with Recession of the
Inferior Rectus 199
Recession of the Lower Lid 199
Contents xv
Contracture of Both the Superior and the Inferior
Rectus Muscles 199
Mechanical Restriction Following Retinal Detachment Surgery 199
General Fibrosis Syndrome 200
Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia 200
Moebius Syndrome 201
Strabismus Fixus 201
Treatment 201
Superior Oblique Myokymia 201
Myasthenia Gravis 202
15. Strabismus in the Adult 205
General Remarks about Adults with Strabismus 205
Special Points in the History Taking 205
Asthenopia 205
Suppression Facts that Must Be Known 206
Adjustable Suture Surgery 207
Special Points in Assessing Adults with Strabismus 207
Acquired Loss of Fusion without Suppression: Central
Fusion Disruption 208
Diagnosis of Central Fusion Disruption 208
Treatment of Central Fusion Disruption 208
Unconnected Refractive Errors and Strabismus Surgery 209
Strabismus Surgery Instead of Glasses 209
Accommodative Esotropia 209
Partially Accommodative Esotropia 209
Stability of Strabismus Surgery in Adults without Fusion 210
Consecutive Exotropia Following Congenital Esotropia
without Fusion 210
Large Angle Exotropia without Fusion Associated with
Superior Oblique Overaction 210
Recurrent Congenital Exotropia 210
Intermittent Exotropia 211
Problem of Surgical Overcorrection 211
Can an Intermittent Exotropia in an Adult be Cured? 211
Winking in the Sunlight 211
Refractive Surgery and Strabismus 212
Strabismus and Monovision Contact Lens Correction for
Presbyopia 212
16. General Comments on Extraocular Muscle Surgery 213
Materials and Methods 213
Suture Material 213
Allergy 213
Nonabsorbable Suture 213
Colored Sutures 214
xvi Contents
Needles 214
Safest Way to Perform a Recession of an Extraocular Muscle:
The Hang Back Technique 214
Planning Strabismus Surgery 217
What Effect Can Be Expected? 217
Modification with Reoperations or Scarred Muscles 218
Effect of Surgery on Virgin Vertical Rectus Muscles 218
Special Values for a Recession of a Virgin Inferior Rectus 218
Greater Effect from Muscle Surgery than Expected 218
Maximum Effect from Recession of the Rectus Muscles:
Hang Loose Technique 219
Effect of Myectomy of One Inferior Oblique 220
Effect of Tenotomy of One Superior Oblique 220
Effect of Tucking One Superior Oblique Tendon 220
Effect of Vertical Transposition of Both Horizontal Rectus
Muscles in the Same Eye 220
Special Indication 221
Unforgiving Inferior Rectus Muscle 221
Abnormal Appearance of Eye Muscles 221
Complicated Reoperation 221
Repeat Muscle Surgery 222
Adjustable Sutures 223
Some Tips for Adjustable Suture Surgery 223
Contraindications to Adjustable Sutures 227
Posterior Fixation Suture (Faden Operation) 228
Theoretical Indications for the Posterior Fixation Suture
(Faden Operation) 228
Problems Associated with the Posterior Fixation Suture 228
Practical Value of the Posterior Fixation Suture 228
The Lost Medial Rectus Muscle 229
17. Complications of Strabismus Surgery 235
Ocular Alignment Problems 235
Muscle Shock: Fusion Resetting the Muscle Balance? 235
Case Histories 235
Diplopia 236
Conjunctival Complications 236
Prolapse of Tenon s Capsule 236
Suture Granuloma 237
Suture Abscess 237
Allergic Reaction to Sutures 237
Cysts 237
Dellen Formation 237
Mobile Conjunctiva 237
Conjunctival Scarring and the Plica 238
Red Lumpy Subconjuctival Appearance from Fat
Pad Disturbance 240
Contents xvii
Mechanical Restriction as a Complication of Strabismus 242
Multiple Surgery 242
Postoperative Restriction of Up Gaze after Surgery on the
Inferior Oblique Muscle 242
Lost Muscle 242
Lost Muscle at the Time of Surgery 242
Lost Medial Rectus Muscle Recognized after the Patient
Has Recovered from General Anesthesia 243
Postoperative Infection 243
Prophylaxis 243
Conjunctivitis 243
Orbital Cellulitis 244
Endophthalmitis 244
Perforation of the Globe 244
Anterior Segment Ischemia 245
Prophylaxis 245
Signs 245
Treatment 245
Malignant Hyperthermia 245
18. Why Does the Patient Have a Head Tilt or Turn? 247
Head Tilt or Turn to Fuse and Avoid Diplopia 247
Occlusion Test 247
Head Tilt or Turn to Improve Vision: Nystagmus Null Zone 247
Occlusion Test and Micronystagmus 248
Mechanical Restrictions 248
Ptosis 249
Optical Causes 249
Wider Separation of Diplopic Images 249
Congenital Fibrosis of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle on
One Side 249
Unilateral Deafness 249
Habit and Idiopathy 249
19. Why Does the Patient Have Double Vision? 251
Is the Diplopia Monocular or Binocular? 251
Is the Diplopia Functional or Real? 251
Does the Patient Have the Ability to Fuse? 252
If the Patient Is Unable to Fuse, There Are Several
Possibilities: Changes in Suppression 252
Is the Diplopia Caused by a Disruption of Suppression? 252
Has Suppression Been Weakened by Antisuppression
Exercises or by the Patient Making a Deliberate Attempt
to Use the Deviating Eye on a Regular Basis? 252
Changes in Fixation 253
Is Diplopia Caused by Patient Switching Fixation with the
Habitually Nonfixing Eye Now Being Used for Fixation? 253
xviii Contents
Rapid Alternation of Fixation 253
Central Fusion Disruption 253
Other Causes of Diplopia 254
Could It Be Metamorphopsia? 254
Patients with Abnormal Retinal Correspondence 254
Aniseikonia 255
Physiologic Diplopia 255
Visual Confusion 255
Inexplicable Diplopia 255
20. The Patient with Nystagmus 257
Classification of Congenital Nystagmus 257
Sensory Nystagmus 257
Motor Nystagmus 257
Diagnostic Importance of the Null Zone 258
General Features of Congenital Motor Nystagmus 258
Convergence Blocked Nystagmus 258
Exaggeration of Nystagmus with Stress 258
Latent Nystagmus 258
Spasmus Nutans or Head Nodding and Nystagmus 259
Types of Oscillations Found in Congenital Motor Nystagmus .... 259
Investigations in the Preverbal Age Group 259
Clinical Associations of Motor Nystagmus 260
Motor Nystagmus without Strabismus 260
Motor Nystagmus Associated with the Congenital
Strabismus Syndrome 260
Head Tilt or Face Turn Acquired in Later Life 260
Periodic Alternating Nystagmus 261
Acquired Nystagmus and other Types 261
Treatment of Congenital Nystagmus 261
Refractive Errors 261
Surgery to Move the Null Zone Nearer to the Primary Position 262
Kestenbaum Procedure 262
Explaining Informed Consent 262
Indications for Surgery in Patients with Nystagmus and a
Face Turn 263
Surgery 263
Surgery for the Nystagmus Block Syndrome 264
Surgery for the Null Zone in Older Children or Adults 264
Surgery for the Null Zone in Patients with Horizontal
Strabismus without Fusion 264
Chin Up or Chin Down Abnormal Head Position and
Nystagmus 265
Head Tilt and Nystagmus 265
Driver s License and Nystagmus 266
21. Common Mistakes in the Management of Strabismus 269
Failure to Recognize that Refractive Errors Influence
Strabismus in Adults as well as Children 269
Contents xix
Effects of Refractive Errors on Muscle Balance 270
Failure to Realize the Effect that Refractive Surgery,
Intraocular Lenses, Contact Lenses, or Glasses Have on
Adult Strabismus 271
Changes in Refractive Error Precipitating Fixation Switch
Diplopia 271
Refractive Error Correction Permitting Alternation 271
Refractive Error Correction Precipitating Asthenopia and
Diplopia 272
Anisophoria Induced by Correction of Anisometropia 272
Monocular Diplopia Induced by Uncorrected or Poorly
Corrected Refractive Errors 272
Failure to Recognize that Anisometropic Amblyopia and
Bilateral Ametropic Amblyopia May Improve with
Correction of the Refractive Error Alone 272
Problems Associated with Presbyopia 273
Monovision Correction of Presbyopia 273
Monovision Precipitating Fixation Switch Diplopia in
Presbyopes 273
Failure to Recognize the Importance of Assessing the
Patient s Sensory Status 274
Failure to Check Strabismic Patients for the Risk of
Postoperative Diplopia 275
Failure to Recognize that Amblyopia Does Not Protect a
Patient from Binocular Diplopia 275
Failure to Check for Torsion and to Understand Its
Significance 277
Inappropriate Use of Orthoptic Exercises 278
Patients Can Be Taught to Maximize What Fusion Ability
They Have but They Cannot Be Taught to Fuse 278
Failure to Assess Preoperatively the Difficulties Involved
in Postoperative Follow Up 279
Failure to Recognize that a Small Residual or Consecutive
Esotropia Increases the Risk of Amblyopia in Children 279
Failure to Recognize the Potential Advantage from Delaying
Surgery to Correct an Abnormal Head Posture 279
Failure to Recognize the Role of Active Duction Exercises in
the Prevention of some Forms of Restrictive Strabismus 280
Inappropriate Prolonged Occlusion of an Eye with a Recently
Acquired Paresis of an Extraocular Muscle 280
22. Vision 20 20: The Right to Sight and the Prevention of
Amblyopia in Developing Countries 283
Vision 20/20: The Right to Sight 283
Prevention of Amblyopia in Developing Nations 283
Measures to Reduce Amblyopia from Cataracts,
Microphthalmos, Glaucoma, and Strabismus 284
xx Contents
Prevention of Amblyopia Due to Trauma in Children under
8 Years of Age 285
Vital Role of Orthoptics and Optometry 285
Intractable Amblyopia and Congenital Cataracts 286
Unilateral Congenital Cataract 286
Bilateral Congenital Cataracts 286
Ketamine Anesthesia 287
Mechanism of Action 287
Method of Administration 287
Summary 288
Sequence of a Ketamine Anesthetic 288
Telemedicine and Treatment of Strabismus and Amblyopia 288
Suggested Consultant s Disclaimer 289
Orbis E Consultation 289
Glossary 291
Index 297
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Pratt-Johnson, John A. Tillson, Geraldine |
| author_facet | Pratt-Johnson, John A. Tillson, Geraldine |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Pratt-Johnson, John A. |
| author_variant | j a p j jap japj g t gt |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV013569683 |
| callnumber-first | R - Medicine |
| callnumber-label | RE771 |
| callnumber-raw | RE771 |
| callnumber-search | RE771 |
| callnumber-sort | RE 3771 |
| callnumber-subject | RE - Ophthalmology |
| classification_rvk | YO 7215 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)44750726 (DE-599)BVBBV013569683 |
| dewey-full | 617.7/62 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 617 - Surgery & related medical specialties |
| dewey-raw | 617.7/62 |
| dewey-search | 617.7/62 |
| dewey-sort | 3617.7 262 |
| dewey-tens | 610 - Medicine and health |
| discipline | Medizin |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>01755nam a2200493 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV013569683</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20010320 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">010130s2001 gw ad|| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="016" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">960448691</subfield><subfield code="2">DE-101</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">3131176024</subfield><subfield code="c">(Stuttgart) Pp. : DM 219.00, EUR 111.97</subfield><subfield code="9">3-13-117602-4</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">0865779929</subfield><subfield code="c">(New York) Pp.</subfield><subfield code="9">0-86577-992-9</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)44750726</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV013569683</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakddb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="044" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">gw</subfield><subfield code="c">DE</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-29</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-355</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">RE771</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">617.7/62</subfield><subfield code="2">21</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">YO 7215</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)153953:12921</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Pratt-Johnson, John A.</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Management of strabismus and amblyopia</subfield><subfield code="b">a practical guide</subfield><subfield code="c">John A. Pratt-Johnson and Geraldine Tillson</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">2. ed.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">New York [u.a.]</subfield><subfield code="b">Thieme</subfield><subfield code="c">2001</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XXVIII, 308 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">Ill., graph. Darst.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Literaturangaben</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Amblyopie</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Strabisme</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Amblyopia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Strabismus</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Schielen</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4052363-9</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Amblyopie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4268280-0</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Schielen</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4052363-9</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Amblyopie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4268280-0</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Tillson, Geraldine</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">HBZ Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009268036&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009268036</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| id | DE-604.BV013569683 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:48:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3131176024 0865779929 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009268036 |
| oclc_num | 44750726 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | XXVIII, 308 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2001 |
| publishDateSearch | 2001 |
| publishDateSort | 2001 |
| publisher | Thieme |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Pratt-Johnson, John A. Verfasser aut Management of strabismus and amblyopia a practical guide John A. Pratt-Johnson and Geraldine Tillson 2. ed. New York [u.a.] Thieme 2001 XXVIII, 308 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben Amblyopie Strabisme Amblyopia Strabismus Schielen (DE-588)4052363-9 gnd rswk-swf Amblyopie (DE-588)4268280-0 gnd rswk-swf Schielen (DE-588)4052363-9 s DE-604 Amblyopie (DE-588)4268280-0 s Tillson, Geraldine Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009268036&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Pratt-Johnson, John A. Tillson, Geraldine Management of strabismus and amblyopia a practical guide Amblyopie Strabisme Amblyopia Strabismus Schielen (DE-588)4052363-9 gnd Amblyopie (DE-588)4268280-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4052363-9 (DE-588)4268280-0 |
| title | Management of strabismus and amblyopia a practical guide |
| title_auth | Management of strabismus and amblyopia a practical guide |
| title_exact_search | Management of strabismus and amblyopia a practical guide |
| title_full | Management of strabismus and amblyopia a practical guide John A. Pratt-Johnson and Geraldine Tillson |
| title_fullStr | Management of strabismus and amblyopia a practical guide John A. Pratt-Johnson and Geraldine Tillson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Management of strabismus and amblyopia a practical guide John A. Pratt-Johnson and Geraldine Tillson |
| title_short | Management of strabismus and amblyopia |
| title_sort | management of strabismus and amblyopia a practical guide |
| title_sub | a practical guide |
| topic | Amblyopie Strabisme Amblyopia Strabismus Schielen (DE-588)4052363-9 gnd Amblyopie (DE-588)4268280-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Amblyopie Strabisme Amblyopia Strabismus Schielen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009268036&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT prattjohnsonjohna managementofstrabismusandamblyopiaapracticalguide AT tillsongeraldine managementofstrabismusandamblyopiaapracticalguide |