Pension systems and retirement incomes across OECD countries:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cheltenham [u.a.]
Elgar
2001
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVII, 366 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 1840645636 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Pension systems and retirement incomes across OECD countries |c ed. by Richard Disney ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a Cheltenham [u.a.] |b Elgar |c 2001 | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Statistik | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Old age pensions -- OECD countries -- Case studies -- Congresses | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pensions -- OECD countries -- Case studies -- Congresses | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Social security -- OECD countries -- Case studies -- Congresses | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Aged -- Economic conditions -- OECD countries -- Statistics -- Congresses | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Retirement income -- OECD countries -- Statistics -- Congresses | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
List of Figures vi
List of Tables ix
List of Contributors xvi
Preface xviii
1. An Overview 1
Richard Disney and Paul Johnson
2. Pension Provision in Australia 48
Anthony King, Hans Bcekgaard and Ann Harding
3. Pension Provision in Canada 92
Michael Hoffman and Bev Dahlby
4. Pension Provision in France 131
Nadine Legendre and Louis Paul Pele
5. Pension Provision in Germany 160
Axel Borsch Supan, Anette Reil Held and Reinhold Schnabel
6. Pension Provision in Italy 197
Agar Brugiavini and Elsa Fornero
7. Pension Provision in the Netherlands 236
Klaas de Vos andArie Kapteyn
8. Pension Provision in New Zealand 260
Susan St John
9. Pension Provision in the United Kingdom 296
Carl Emmerson and Paul Johnson
10. Pension Provision in the United States 334
Alain Jousten
Index 363
V
Figures
Overview
1.1 Rates of return to public pension schemes: selected countries 18
1.2 Survival functions for men in the UK, 1994 28
Australia
2.1 Indices of the single rate of the age pension, consumer prices and 54
male average weekly earnings
2.2 Assets and members of Australian superannuation funds, by 64
benefit structure, September 1997
2.3 Incidence of private pensions among the retired population, 66
1995 96
2.4 Value of private pensions, 1995 96 67
2.5 Breakdown of superannuation benefits paid, by type of benefit, 68
July September 1997
2.6 Labour force participation rates of men and single and married 77
women aged 55 or over
2.7 Composition (shares) of the equivalent after tax incomes of the 86
retired population, by income quintile, 1995 96
2.8 Composition (absolutes) of the equivalent after tax incomes of 86
the retired population, by income quintile, 1995 96
2.9 Percentage of the retired population in each decile of equivalent 87
after tax income, 1995 96
Canada
3.1 Maximum annual OAS pension and GIS 96
3.2 Maximum OAS and GIS as a percentage of full time average 97
earnings
3.3 Pension replacement rates for a married couple 102
3.4 Percentage of paid workers covered by an RPP 104
3.5 Percentage of pensioners with private pension income, 1995 106
3.6 Percentage of the population aged 65 or over 107
3.7 CPP contribution rates: past, present and future 108
3.8 Male labour force participation rates 111
3.9 Female labour force participation rates 111
3.10 Male employment rates in selected OECD countries, 1991 112
3.11 Composition of pensioner income, by income quintile, 1995 119
VI
Figures vii
3.12 Equivalised before tax pensioner income, by income quintile, 120
1995
3.13 Percentage of pensioners in each income decile, 1995 121
France
4.1 Spending on public pensions as a share of GDP and as a share of 134
total public spending
4.2 Ratios of social security ceiling to average wage and to minimum 135
wage
4.3 Rate of pension as a function of age and as a function of 136
contribution duration
4.4 Reform of the contribution duration rule 138
4.5 Proportion of age group and gender who receive the 142
supplementary allowance, 1996
4.6 Evolution of pre retirement schemes 147
4.7 Evolution of male activity rates 148
4.8 Evolution of female activity rates 149
4.9 Composition of pensioner income, by income quintile 154
4.10 Equivalised net pensioner income, by quintile 155
4.11 Proportion of pensioners in each income decile 156
Germany
5.1 Distribution of entries into public pension system, by age and 173
gender
5.2 Source of household income, by age of householder 174
5.3 Recipients of private pension income, by age and gender 174
5.4 Rate of return implicit in the German PAYG pension system 178
5.5 Labour force status and receipt of public pension, by age and 179
gender
5.6 Proportion of retirees in each equivalised population income 186
decile
5.7 Composition of retirement income, by income decile 187
Italy
6.1 Trends in the ratio of mean benefits to mean earnings 203
6.2 Trends in real average public pension 203
6.3 Male activity rates 212
6.4 Female activity rates 212
6.5 Composition of pensioner income, by income quintile 225
6.6 Equivalised pensioner income components, by income quintile 225
6.7 Percentage of pensioners in each income decile, based on benefit 226
unit income
6.8 Percentage of pensioners in each income decile, based on 227
household income
viii Figures
Netherlands
7.1 Level of the basic state pension (AOW) in relation to earnings 238
and prices
7.2 Proportion of individuals over 65 with income from private 243
pension arrangements, by age and gender
7.3 Male activity rates 248
7.4 Female activity rates 248
7.5 Composition of pensioner income, by income quintile 252
7.6 Equivalised net pensioner income, by income quintile 254
7.7 Percentage of pensioners in each income decile, using the 254
(1, 0.7, 0.5) equivalence scale
7.8 Percentage of pensioners in each income decile, using the 255
(1, 0.5,0.3) equivalence scale
New Zealand
8.1 Replacement rate 268
8.2 The projected net and gross cost of NZS 276
8.3 Superannuation expenditure 283
United Kingdom
9.1 Value of the basic state pension in 1998 99 prices and as a 302
percentage of average earnings
9.2 Percentage of those over retirement age with income from private 311
pension arrangements, by age and gender, 1995
9.3 Male activity rates 319
9.4 Female activity rates 319
9.5 Composition of pensioner income, by income quintile 325
9.6 Equivalised net pensioner income, by income quintile 326
9.7 Percentage of pensioners in each income decile 327
United States
10.1 Percentage of individuals over early retirement age with income 343
from private pensions, by age and gender
10.2 Federal income tax returns claiming IRA deductions 345
10.3 Male activity rates 352
10.4 Female activity rates 353
Tables
Overview
1.1 Alternative measures of replacement rates of public pension 4
benefits by relative income level
1.2 Pension spending as a share of GDP 6
1.3 Indexation of public benefits 9
1.4 Normal pension ages and male employment rates 11
1.5 Elderly dependency ratios 12
1.6 Projected pension spending 13
1.7 Major recent changes to public pension benefits 14
1.8 Occupational pension coverage, selected statistics 20
1.9 Occupational pension receipt: percentages receiving pension, by 22
gender and marital status
1.10 Share of occupational pensions in total family incomes 23
1.11 Percentage of pensioners living in households with people other 33
than their spouse
1.12 Living arrangements of the elderly in Japan and the US 33
1.13 Incomes of pensioners as a percentage of the incomes of all non 35
pensioners
1.14 Inequality among pensioners: ratios of the 90* to the lO 1 37
percentiles of pensioner incomes
1.15 Sources of income of the elderly in Japan, the US and the UK 40
1.16 Pensioner incomes at percentile points as a percentage of net male 41
median earnings: couples and single people separately
Australia
2.1 Maximum weekly base rates of the age pension, December 1997 53
2.2 Weekly income level at which the base age pension entitlement 55
cuts out, August 1997
2.3 Asset limits for age pension entitlement, August 1997 56
2.4 Assets test thresholds and ceilings expressed as percentiles of the 56
corresponding assets distribution among income units with a
reference person aged 65 74, 1993
2.5 Estimated weekly value of indirect benefits, by selected household 59
types, 1993 94
2.6 Coverage of employees by employer provided superannuation 62
2.7 Type of superannuation coverage, 1995: employees aged 15 74 63
with superannuation
ix
x Tables
2.8 Own contributions to superannuation as a percentage of earnings, 63
1995: employees aged 45 74 with superannuation
2.9 Characteristics of retirees and intending retirees aged 45 years or 69
more, 1994
2.10 Value of superannuation lump sums received in the previous two 70
years by people aged 45 74 who had ceased full time work, 1995
2.11 Actual and intended disbursement of superannuation lump sums 71
by people aged 45 74, 1995
2.12 EPAC projections of social security and veterans pensions 73
expenditure
2.13 Labour force participation rates of men and women aged 45 or 75
over, November 1997
2.14 Percentage of men and women aged 55 69 receiving government 75
pensions and allowances, 1995 96
2.15 Mean total after tax incomes of income units in the retired 80
population and their equivalent incomes as a percentage of
equivalent income for the non retired population, 1995 96
2.16 After tax income distributions of groups among the non retired 81
population, 1995 96
2.17 Male shares of the gross income of retired couples, 1995 96 81
2.18 Housing tenures of retired and non retired aged 40 years or over, 82
1995 96
2.19 After tax income distributions of groups among the retired 83
population, by age group, 1995 96
2.20 Composition (shares) of the gross incomes of the retired 85
population, by age group, 1995 96
Canada
3.1 Public pensions in Canada 94
3.2 How annual public pension income varies with lifetime earnings 101
for an individual retiring in 1998
3.3 Percentage of the retired with private pension income, by gender 106
and marital status, 1995
3.4 Changes to the CPP in 1997 109
3.5 Percentage of economically active males and females, by age 112
group in 1995
3.6 Proportion of males receiving C/QPP and OAS benefits 113
3.7 Average after tax pensioner income, 1995 115
3.8 Annual after tax income distribution of non pensioners, 1995 116
3.9 Annual after tax income distribution of pensioners, 1995 117
3.10 Composition of income of all pensioners, 1995 118
3.11 Couples income proportions attributed to the male and female 122
of the couple, 1995
3.12 Percentage of pensioners living in multiple unit households, 1995 123
3.13 Average after tax pensioner household income, 1995 123
Tables xi
3.14 Household annual after tax income distribution of pensioners, 124
1995
3.15 Pensioner and non pensioner benefit units, by housing status, 125
1995
3.16 Pensioner housing status, by income quintile, 1995 126
3.17 Pensioner and non pensioner housing status, by income decile, 126
1995
3.18 Net income levels at each decile, 1995 127
France
4.1 Structure of the pension system in 1995: contributors and 132
pensioners
4.2 Composition of total pension for different occupations and career 140
paths, 1993
4.3 Amount and composition of the weekly pension of a private 140
sector wage earner
4.4 A summary of the history of French pensions 143
4.5 Demographic trends between 1990 and 2040 144
4.6 Demographic and economic projections under intermediate 145
scenario
4.7 Public pension expenditures 146
4.8 Activity rates, by gender and age group, 1995 147
4.9 Activity status before retirement 148
4.10 Average net weekly income and ratios of equivalent income of 150
households, by marital status and age group of head
4.11 Income distributions of different population groups 151
4.12 Distribution of pensioner income, by marital status and age group 152
4.13 Composition of pensioner income, by marital status and age 153
group
4.14 Distribution of households, by housing tenure status 156
4.15 Housing tenure status, by pensioner income quintile 157
Germany
5.1 Basic facts about the German public pension system, 1996 161
5.2 Brief history of the German public pension system 163
5.3 Shares of public pension system 163
5.4 Share of workers covered by the German public pension system 165
5.5 Old age pensions 166
5.6 Replacement rates for old age pensions 169
5.7 Adjustment of public pensions, by retirement age 169
5.8 Percentage of people aged 55 and over receiving public pension 171
benefits
5.9 Projected future costs of public pensions: the key variables 176
5.10 Male and female labour force participation rates in West 178
Germany
5.11 Percentage of elderly people living in composite households 181
xii Tables
5.12 Average annual net equivalised income of the retired 183
5.13 Distribution of net retirement income of the retired 184
5.14 Distribution of net income in general population 185
5.15 Composition of retirement income, by age and household type 188
5.16 Housing status of the retired 190
5.17 Housing tenure, by income decile 190
5.A1 Percentage of pensioners in each equivalised population income 192
decile
5.A2 Income levels at each decile point 192
5. A3 Composition of retirement income, by income quintile 193
5.A4 Housing status of the retired, by income quintile 193
Italy
6.1 Sources of state income available to pensioners, 1997 98 199
6.2 Pension determination formulae 202
6.3 How the Italian old age pension varies with lifetime earnings: 205
single men retiring in 1998, INPS FPLD fund only
6.4 A comparison between the Amato and Dini regimes 208
6.5 Equilibrium payroll tax rates and fund imbalances 209
6.6 Percentage of economically active men and women, by age 213
group, 1989 95
6.7 Percentage of pensioners living with other benefit units 214
6.8 Proportion of pensioners in each macro region 215
6.9 Average Italian pensioner income, by marital status and age 216
group, based on benefit units
6.10 Average Italian pensioner income, by marital status and age 217
group, based on households
6.11 Income distributions of different population groups 218
6.12 Distribution of pensioner incomes, based on benefit units 219
6.13 Distribution of pensioner incomes, based on households 220
6.14 Composition of pensioner incomes, by marital status and age 221
group
6.15 Pensioner benefit units, by housing tenure 223
6.16 Pensioner housing status, by income quintile 223
6.17 Housing tenure of pensioner and non pensioner populations, by 224
income decile
6.18 Net income levels at each decile point 227
6.A1 Total composition of the sample: couples and single households 229
6.A2 Pensioner income, by composition and income quintile, based on 230
benefit units
6.A3 Income deciles: benefit units 230
6.A4 Income deciles: households 231
Tables xiii
Netherlands
7.1 Sources of state income available to pensioners 237
7.2 Percentage of people between 65 and 70 with income from a 242
private pension, by gender and household type
7.3 Percentage of economically active men and women, by age 247
group
7.4 Percentage of men reporting receipt of state benefits or pensions, 247
by age group
7.5 Average pensioner income, by marital status and age group 250
7.6 Income distributions of different non retired population groups 251
7.7 Distribution of pensioner incomes, by marital status and age 252
group
7.8 Composition of pensioner income, by marital status and age 253
group
7.A1 Pensioner income, by composition and income quintile 256
7. A2 Percentage of pensioners in each income decile, using the 257
(1, 0.7, 0.5) equivalence scale
7.A3 Percentage of pensioners in each income decile, using the 257
(1, 0.5, 0.3) equivalence scale
New Zealand
8.1 Chronology of superannuation policies 261
8.2 Sources of state income available to pensioners, 1996 97 264
8.3 New Zealand tax schedule for personal income tax 267
8.4 People over 65 with income from private sources and private 270
pensions, 1995 96
8.5 Private superannuation contributions, by age and gender, 271
1995 96
8.6 New Zealand tax ratios relative to other OECD countries, 1996 272
8.7 Different tax treatments of superannuation 274
8.8 Future cost of state pension, with reforms 277
8.9 Labour force participation rates, 1961 86 279
8.10 Labour force participation rates for people aged 60 64 280
8.11 Changes in employment rates among older workers 280
8.12 Sources of household income by age of occupier, 1997 284
8.13 Housing tenure, by age and gender, for people aged 65 or over, 285
1996
8.14 Total yearly personal income, by age and gender, for people 286
aged 65 or over, 1996
8.15 Average pensioner private income, by gender and age group, 286
1996
8.16 Households weekly pre tax income, 1996 287
xiv Tables
8.17 Proportion of those aged 60 or over in each income decile 287
8.18 Equivalent disposable income of households, by type of resident, 288
1995 96
8.19 Mean incomes of aged households, by quintile of equivalent total 289
household income, 1995 96
United Kingdom
9.1 Sources of state income available to pensioners, 1998 99 298
9.2 Changes made to the UK state pension system, 1900 2000 299
9.3 How the UK state pension varies with lifetime earnings for an 305
individual retiring in 1998
9.4 How the reforms to SERPS affect individuals on different income 306
levels retiring in 2045
9.5 Percentage of people who reached state retirement age in the 310
previous five years with income from an occupational pension, by
gender and type, 1995
9.6 Future costs of benefits to pensioners: April 2000 legislation 316
9.7 Future costs of state pensions, without various reforms 317
9.8 Percentage of economically active men and women, by age 318
group, 1995
9.9 Percentage of men receiving state benefits or pensions, by age 318
group
9.10 Average UK pensioner income, by marital status and age group 321
9.11 Income distributions of different population groups 322
9.12 Distribution of pensioner income, by marital status and age group 323
9.13 Composition of pensioner income, by marital status and age 324
group
9.A1 Pensioner income, by composition and income quintile 330
9.A2 Percentage of pensioners in each income decile 330
United States
10.1 How US social security benefits vary with lifetime earnings 338
10.2 Occupational pension receipt, by marital status at state 343
retirement age
10.3 Total assets in IRAs and Keogh plans 345
10.4 Participation, contributions and assets of 401 (k) plans 348
10.5 Future projections of costs of OASDI and HI 350
10.6 Percentage of economically active men and women, by age 351
group, 1995
10.7 Percentage of men receiving social insurance or assistance, by 352
age group, 1997
10.8 Average income of pensioner households, by age group, 1997 354
10.9 Moments of the income distribution and inter decile ratios for 355
different groups of the non pensioner population, 1997
10.10 Moments of the income distribution and inter decile ratios for 356
different groups of the pensioner population, 1997
Tables xv
10.11 Composition of pensioner income, by marital status and age 357
group, 1997
10.12 Shares of couples total income received by the man and by the 358
woman
10.13 Gross and net pensioner income, by composition and income 358
quintile
10.14 Gross pensioner income, by composition and income quintile 359
10.15 Percentage of pensioners in each income decile band of the 359
population
|
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content (DE-588)4522595-3 Fallstudiensammlung gnd-content (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 1998 London gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung Fallstudiensammlung Konferenzschrift 1998 London |
| geographic | Australien fes Frankreich fes Großbritannien fes Italien fes Kanada fes Neuseeland fes Niederlande fes OECD-Staaten fes USA fes |
| geographic_facet | Australien Frankreich Großbritannien Italien Kanada Neuseeland Niederlande OECD-Staaten USA |
| id | DE-604.BV013497567 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:46:51Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1840645636 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009213175 |
| oclc_num | 46420152 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-703 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-521 DE-188 DE-Bo133 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-703 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-521 DE-188 DE-Bo133 |
| physical | XVII, 366 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2001 |
| publishDateSearch | 2001 |
| publishDateSort | 2001 |
| publisher | Elgar |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Pension systems and retirement incomes across OECD countries ed. by Richard Disney ... Cheltenham [u.a.] Elgar 2001 XVII, 366 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier OECD (DE-588)5157-3 gnd rswk-swf Altersversorgung fes Rente fes Soziale Sicherheit Statistik Wirtschaft Old age pensions -- OECD countries -- Case studies -- Congresses Pensions -- OECD countries -- Case studies -- Congresses Social security -- OECD countries -- Case studies -- Congresses Aged -- Economic conditions -- OECD countries -- Statistics -- Congresses Retirement income -- OECD countries -- Statistics -- Congresses Internationaler Vergleich (DE-588)4120509-1 gnd rswk-swf Alterseinkünfte (DE-588)4133432-2 gnd rswk-swf Altersversorgung (DE-588)4001479-4 gnd rswk-swf Soziale Sicherheit (DE-588)4055732-7 gnd rswk-swf Rentenversicherung (DE-588)4049507-3 gnd rswk-swf Australien fes Frankreich fes Großbritannien fes Italien fes Kanada fes Neuseeland fes Niederlande fes OECD-Staaten fes USA fes (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content (DE-588)4522595-3 Fallstudiensammlung gnd-content (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 1998 London gnd-content OECD (DE-588)5157-3 b Altersversorgung (DE-588)4001479-4 s Internationaler Vergleich (DE-588)4120509-1 s DE-604 Soziale Sicherheit (DE-588)4055732-7 s Rentenversicherung (DE-588)4049507-3 s Alterseinkünfte (DE-588)4133432-2 s DE-188 Disney, Richard 1950- Sonstige (DE-588)113185863 oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009213175&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Pension systems and retirement incomes across OECD countries OECD (DE-588)5157-3 gnd Altersversorgung fes Rente fes Soziale Sicherheit Statistik Wirtschaft Old age pensions -- OECD countries -- Case studies -- Congresses Pensions -- OECD countries -- Case studies -- Congresses Social security -- OECD countries -- Case studies -- Congresses Aged -- Economic conditions -- OECD countries -- Statistics -- Congresses Retirement income -- OECD countries -- Statistics -- Congresses Internationaler Vergleich (DE-588)4120509-1 gnd Alterseinkünfte (DE-588)4133432-2 gnd Altersversorgung (DE-588)4001479-4 gnd Soziale Sicherheit (DE-588)4055732-7 gnd Rentenversicherung (DE-588)4049507-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5157-3 (DE-588)4120509-1 (DE-588)4133432-2 (DE-588)4001479-4 (DE-588)4055732-7 (DE-588)4049507-3 (DE-588)4143413-4 (DE-588)4522595-3 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Pension systems and retirement incomes across OECD countries |
| title_auth | Pension systems and retirement incomes across OECD countries |
| title_exact_search | Pension systems and retirement incomes across OECD countries |
| title_full | Pension systems and retirement incomes across OECD countries ed. by Richard Disney ... |
| title_fullStr | Pension systems and retirement incomes across OECD countries ed. by Richard Disney ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pension systems and retirement incomes across OECD countries ed. by Richard Disney ... |
| title_short | Pension systems and retirement incomes across OECD countries |
| title_sort | pension systems and retirement incomes across oecd countries |
| topic | OECD (DE-588)5157-3 gnd Altersversorgung fes Rente fes Soziale Sicherheit Statistik Wirtschaft Old age pensions -- OECD countries -- Case studies -- Congresses Pensions -- OECD countries -- Case studies -- Congresses Social security -- OECD countries -- Case studies -- Congresses Aged -- Economic conditions -- OECD countries -- Statistics -- Congresses Retirement income -- OECD countries -- Statistics -- Congresses Internationaler Vergleich (DE-588)4120509-1 gnd Alterseinkünfte (DE-588)4133432-2 gnd Altersversorgung (DE-588)4001479-4 gnd Soziale Sicherheit (DE-588)4055732-7 gnd Rentenversicherung (DE-588)4049507-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | OECD Altersversorgung Rente Soziale Sicherheit Statistik Wirtschaft Old age pensions -- OECD countries -- Case studies -- Congresses Pensions -- OECD countries -- Case studies -- Congresses Social security -- OECD countries -- Case studies -- Congresses Aged -- Economic conditions -- OECD countries -- Statistics -- Congresses Retirement income -- OECD countries -- Statistics -- Congresses Internationaler Vergleich Alterseinkünfte Rentenversicherung Australien Frankreich Großbritannien Italien Kanada Neuseeland Niederlande OECD-Staaten USA Aufsatzsammlung Fallstudiensammlung Konferenzschrift 1998 London |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009213175&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT disneyrichard pensionsystemsandretirementincomesacrossoecdcountries |