Principles of economics:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Fort Worth [u.a.]
Harcourt College Publ.
2001
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XLVIII, 837 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 0030259517 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804128226579054592 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SECOND EDITION HARVARD UNIVERSITY HARCOURT COLLEGE PUBLISHERS FORT WORTH
PHILADELPHIA SAN DIEGO NEW YORK ORLANDO AUSTIN SAN ANTONIO TORONTO
MONTREAL LONDON SYDNEY TOKYO TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE: TO THE
INSTRUCTOR VII PREFACE: TO THE STUDENT XXVI PART ONE INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1 TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS 3 HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS 4
PRINCIPLED: PEOPLE FACE TRADEOFFS 4 PRINCIPLE #2: THE COST OF SOMETHING
IS WHAT YOU GIVE UP TO GET IT 5 PRINCIPLE #3: RATIONAL PEOPLE THINK AT
THE MARGIN 6 PRINCIPLE #4: PEOPLE RESPOND TO INCENTIVES 7 HOW PEOPLE
INTERACT 8 PRINCIPLE #5: TRADE CAN MAKE EVERYONE BETTER OFF 8 PRINCIPLE
#6: MARKETS ARE USUALLY A GOOD WAY TO ORGANIZE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY 9 FYI:
ADAM SMITH AND THE INVISIBLE HAND 10 PRINCIPLE #7: GOVERNMENTS CAN
SOMETIMES IMPROVE MARKET OUTCOMES 11 HOW THE ECONOMY AS A WHOLE WORKS 12
PRINCIPLE #8: A COUNTRY S STANDARD OF LIVING DEPENDS ON ITS ABILITY TO
PRODUCE GOODS AND SERVICES 12 PRINCIPLE #9: PRICES RISE WHEN THE
GOVERNMENT PRINTS TOO MUCH MONEY 13 PRINCIPLE #10: SOCIETY FACES A
SHORT-RUN TRADEOFF BETWEEN INFLATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT 14 CONCLUSION 15
SUMMARY: 16 KEY CONCEPTS 16 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 16 PROBLEMS AND
APPLICATIONS 16 CHAPTER 2 THINKING LIKE AN ECONOMIST 19 THE ECONOMIST AS
SCIENTIST 20 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD: OBSERVATION, THEORY, AND MORE
OBSERVATION 21 THE ROLE OF ASSUMPTIONS 22 XXIX TABLE OF CONTENTS
ECONOMIC MODELS 22 OUR FIRST MODEL: THE CIRCULAR-FLOW DIAGRAM 23 OUR
SECOND MODEL: THE PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES FRONTIER 25 MICROECONOMICS
AND MACROECONOMICS 27 THE ECONOMIST AS POLICY ADVISER 28 POSITIVE VERSUS
NORMATIVE ANALYSIS 28 ECONOMISTS IN WASHINGTON 29 WHY ECONOMISTS
DISAGREE 31 DIFFERENCES IN SCIENTIFIC JUDGMENTS 31 DIFFERENCES IN VALUES
32 PERCEPTION VERSUS REALITY 32 LET S GET GOING 33 SUMMARY 34 KEY
CONCEPTS 34 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 34 PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS 35
APPENDIX: GRAPHING*A BRIEF REVIEW 36 GRAPHS OF A SINGLE VARIABLE 36
GRAPHS OF TWO VARIABLES: THE COORDINATE SYSTEM 37 CURVES IN THE
COORDINATE SYSTEM 38 SLOPE 41 CAUSE AND EFFECT 42 OMITTED VARIABLES 43
REVERSE CAUSALITY 44 CHAPTER 3 INTERDEPENDENCE AND THE GAINS FROM TRADE
47 A PARABLE FOR THE MODERN ECONOMY 48 PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES 48
SPECIALIZATION AND TRADE 50 THE PRINCIPLE OF COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE 52
ABSOLUTE ADVANTAGE 53 OPPORTUNITY COST AND COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE 53
COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE AND TRADE 54 FYI: THE LEGACY OF ADAM SMITH AND
DAVID RICARDO 55 APPLICATIONS OF COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE 55 SHOULD TIGER
WOODS MOW HIS OWN LAWN? 56 IN THE NEWS: WHO HAS A COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
IN PRODUCING LAMB?* LAMB TARIFFS FLEECE U.S. CONSUMERS 56 SHOULD THE
UNITED STATES TRADE WITH OTHER COUNTRIES? 57 CONCLUSION 58 SUMMARY 59
KEY CONCEPTS 59 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 59 PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS 59
PART TWO SUPPLY AND DEMAND I: HOW MARKETS WORK 63 CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET
FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND 65 MARKETS AND COMPETITION 66 COMPETITIVE
MARKETS 66 TABLE OF CONTENTS XXXI COMPETITION: PERFECT AND OTHERWISE 66
DEMAND 67 WHAT DETERMINES THE ^QUANTITY AN INDIVIDUAL DEMANDS? 67 PRICE
68 INCOME 68 PRICES OF RELATED GOODS 68 TASTES 68 EXPECTATIONS 68 THE
DEMAND SCHEDULE AND THE DEMAND CURVE 69 CETERIS PARIBUS 7 0 MARKET
DEMAND VERSUS INDIVIDUAL DEMAND 70 SHIFTS IN THE DEMAND CURVE 72 CASE
STUDY: TWO WAYS TO REDUCE THE QUANTITY OF SMOKING DEMANDED 73 SUPPLY 75
WHAT DETERMINES THE QUANTITY AN INDIVIDUAL SUPPLIES? 75 PRICE 75 INPUT
PRICES 75 TECHNOLOGY 75 EXPECTATIONS 75 THE SUPPLY SCHEDULE AND THE
SUPPLY CURVE 76 MARKET SUPPLY VERSUS INDIVIDUAL SUPPLY 77 SHIFTS IN THE
SUPPLY CURVE 77 SUPPLY AND DEMAND TOGETHER 78 EQUILIBRIUM 78 THREE STEPS
TO ANALYZING CHANGES IN EQUILIBRIUM 81 EXAMPLE: A CHANGE IN DEMAND 83
SHIFTS IN CURVES VERSUS MOVEMENTS ALONG CURVES 83 EXAMPLE: A CHANGE IN
SUPPLY 84 EXAMPLE: A CHANGE IN BOTH SUPPLY AND DEMAND 85 IN THE NEWS:
MOTHER NATURE SHIFTS THE SUPPLY CURVE* I-DAY COLD SPELL SLAMS
CALIFORNIA: CROPS DEVASTATED; PRICE OF CITRUS TO RISE 86 SUMMARY 86
CONCLUSION: HOW PRICES ALLOCATE RESOURCES 88 SUMMARY 89 KEY CONCEPTS 90
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 90 PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS 90 CHAPTER 5
ELASTICITY AND ITS APPLICATION 93 THE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND 94 THE PRICE
ELASTICITY OF DEMAND AND ITS DETERMINANTS 94 NECESSITIES VERSUS LUXURIES
94 AVAILABILITY OF CLOSE SUBSTITUTES 95 DEFINITION OF THE MARKET 95 F
TIME HORIZON 95 COMPUTING THE PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND 95 THE MIDPOINT
METHOD: A BETTER WAY TO CALCULATE PERCENTAGE CHANGES AND ELASTICITIES 96
THE VARIETY OF DEMAND CURVES 98 TOTAL REVENUE AND THE PRICE ELASTICITY
OF DEMAND 98 ELASTICITY AND TOTAL REVENUE ALONG A LINEAR DEMAND CURVE
101 CASE STUDY: PRICING ADMISSION TO A MUSEUM 102 OTHER DEMAND
ELASTICITIES 102 THE INCOME ELASTICITY OF DEMAND 102 IN THE NEWS: ON THE
ROAD WITH ELASTICITY* FOR WHOM THE BOOTH TOLLS, PRICE REALLY DOES MATTER
103 THE CROSS-PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND 104 THE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY
104 THE PRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY AND ITS DETERMINANTS 104 COMPUTING
THE PRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY 105 THE VARIETY OF SUPPLY CURVES 105
THREE APPLICATIONS OF SUPPLY, DEMAND, AND ELASTICITY 108 XXXLI TABLE OF
CONTENTS CAN GOOD NEWS FOR FARMING BE BAD NEWS FOR FARMERS? 108 WHY DID
OPEC FAIL TO KEEP THE PRICE OF OIL HIGH? 110 DOES DRUG INTERDICTION
INCREASE OR DECREASE DRUG-RELATED CRIME? 112 CONCLUSION 113 SUMMARY 114
KEY CONCEPTS 114 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 114 PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS 115
CHAPTER 6 SUPPLY, DEMAND, AND GOVERNMENT POLICIES 117 CONTROLS ON PRICES
118 HOW PRICE CEILINGS AFFECT MARKET OUTCOMES 118 CASE STUDY: LINES AT
THE GAS PUMP 120 IN THE NEWS; DOES A DROUGHT NEED TO CAUSE A WATER
SHORTAGE?* TRICKLE-DOWN ECONOMICS 121 CASE STUDY: RENT CONTROL IN THE
SHORT RUN AND LONG RUN 122 HOW PRICE FLOORS AFFECT MARKET OUTCOMES 123
IN THE NEWS: RENT CONTROL IN NEW YORK CITY* THREAT TO END RENT CONTROL
STIRS UP NYC 124 CASE STUDY: THE MINIMUM WAGE 126 EVALUATING PRICE
CONTROLS 127 TAXES 128 HOW TAXES ON BUYERS AFFECT MARKET OUTCOMES 129
HOW TAXES ON SELLERS AFFECT MARKET OUTCOMES 130 CASE STUDY: CAN CONGRESS
DISTRIBUTE THE BURDEN OF A PAYROLL TAX? 131 ELASTICITY AND TAX INCIDENCE
133 CASE STUDY: WHO PAYS THE LUXURY TAX? 134 CONCLUSION 135 SUMMARY 135
KEY CONCEPTS 136 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 136 PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS 136
PART THREE SUPPLY AND DEMAND II: MARKETS AND WELFARE 139 CHAPTER 7
CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, AND THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS 141 CONSUMER SURPLUS
142 WILLINGNESS TO PAY 142 USING THE DEMAND CURVE TO MEASURE CONSUMER
SURPLUS 143 HOW A LOWER PRICE RAISES CONSUMER SURPLUS 146 WHAT DOES
CONSUMER SURPLUS MEASURE? 147 PRODUCER SURPLUS 147 COST AND THE
WILLINGNESS TO SELL 148 USING THE SUPPLY CURVE TO MEASURE PRODUCER
SURPLUS 149 HOW A HIGHER PRICE RAISES PRODUCER SURPLUS 151 MARKET
EFFICIENCY 152 TABLE OF CONTENTS XXXLLL THE BENEVOLENT SOCIAL PLANNER
152 EVALUATING THE MARKET EQUILIBRIUM 153 IN THE NEWS: TICKET SCALPING*
TICKETS? SUPPLY MEETS DEMAND ON SIDEWALK 156 CONCLUSION: MARKET
EFFICIENCY AND MARKET FAILURE 155 SUMMARY 158 KEY CONCEPTS 158 ^
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 158 PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS 158 CHAPTER 8
APPLICATION: THE COSTS OF TAXATION 161 THE DEADWEIGHT LOSS OF TAXATION
162 HOW A TAX AFFECTS MARKET PARTICIPANTS 163 WELFARE WITHOUT A TAX 164
WELFARE WITH A TAX 165 CHANGES IN WELFARE 165 DEADWEIGHT LOSSES AND THE
GAINS FROM TRADE 165 THE DETERMINANTS OF THE DEADWEIGHT LOSS 166 CASE
STUDY: THE DEADWEIGHT LOSS DEBATE 168 FYI: HENRY GEORGE AND THE LAND TAX
170 DEADWEIGHT LOSS AND TAX REVENUE AS TAXES VARY 170 CASE STUDY: THE
LAFFER CURVE AND SUPPLY-SIDE ECONOMICS 172 IN THE NEWS: HOW TO BE MASTER
OF THE UNIVERSE* SUPPLY-SIDE IS A WINNING STRATEGY 174 CONCLUSION 175
SUMMARY 175 KEY CONCEPTS 176 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 176 PROBLEMS AND
APPLICATIONS 176 CHAPTER 9 APPLICATION: INTERNATIONAL TRADE 179 THE
DETERMINANTS OF TRADE 180 THE EQUILIBRIUM WITHOUT TRADE 180 THE WORLD
PRICE AND COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE 181 THE WINNERS AND LOSERS FROM TRADE
182 THE GAINS AND LOSSES OF AN EXPORTING COUNTRY 182 THE GAINS AND
LOSSES OF AN IMPORTING COUNTRY 184 THE EFFECTS OF A TARIFF 186 IN THE
NEWS: LIFE IN ISOLAND* CLINTON WARNS U.S. WILL FIGHT CHEAP IMPORTS 187
THE EFFECTS OF AN IMPORT QUOTA 189 THE LESSONS FOR TRADE POLICY 191 THE
ARGUMENTS FOR RESTRICTING TRADE 192 FYI: OTHER BENEFITS OF INTERNATIONAL
TRADE 193 THE JOBS ARGUMENT 193 THE NATIONAL-SECURITY ARGUMENT 194 THE
INFANT-INDUSTRY ARGUMENT 194 THE UNFAIR-COMPETITION ARGUMENT 195 THE
PROTECTION-AS-A-BARGAINING-CHIP ARGUMENT 195 CASE STUDY: TRADE
AGREEMENTS 195 IN THE NEWS: A CHICKEN INVASION*U.S. CHICKEN IN EVERY
POT? NYET! RUSSIANS CRY FOUL 196 CONCLUSION 197 IN THE NEWS: THE CASE
FOR UNILATERAL DISARMAMENT IN THE TRADE WARS* FREE TRADE WITHOUT
TREATIES 198 SUMMARY 200 KEY CONCEPTS 200 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 200
PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS 201 XXXIV TABLE OF CONTENTS CONCLUSION 220
SUMMARY 222 KEY CONCEPTS 222 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 222 PROBLEMS AND
APPLICATIONS 222 CHAPTER 11 PUBLIC GOODS AND COMMON RESOURCES 225 PART
FOUR THE ECONOMICS OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR 203 CHAPTER 10 EXTERNALITIES 205
EXTERNALITIES AND MARKET INEFFICIENCY 207 WELFARE ECONOMICS: A RECAP 207
NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES IN PRODUCTION 208 POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES IN
PRODUCTION 209 CASE STUDY: THE DEBATE OVER TECHNOLOGY POLICY 210
EXTERNALITIES IN CONSUMPTION 211 PRIVATE SOLUTIONS TO EXTERNALITIES 212
THE TYPES OF PRIVATE SOLUTIONS 212 THE COASE THEOREM 213 WHY PRIVATE
SOLUTIONS DO NOT ALWAYS WORK 214 PUBLIC POLICIES TOWARD EXTERNALITIES
215 REGULATION 215 PIGOVIAN TAXES AND SUBSIDIES 216 CASE STUDY: WHY IS
GASOLINE TAXED SO HEAVILY? 217 TRADABLE POLLUTION PERMITS 218 OBJECTIONS
TO THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF POLLUTION 219 IN THE NEWS: CHILDREN AS
EXTERNALITIES* MUM S THE WORD: WHEN CHILDREN SHOULD BE SCREENED AND NOT
HEARD 221 THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF GOODS 226 PUBLIC GOODS 227 THE
FREE-RIDER PROBLEM 228 SOME IMPORTANT PUBLIC GOODS 228 NATIONAL DEFENSE
228 BASIC RESEARCH 228 FIGHTING POVERTY 229 CASE STUDY: ARE LIGHTHOUSES
PUBLIC GOODS? 230 THE DIFFICULT JOB OF COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS 231 CASE
STUDY: HOW MUCH IS A LIFE WORTH? 231 IN THE NEWS: EXISTENCE VALUE* THEY
EXIST. THEREFORE THEY ARE. BUT, DO YOU CARE? 233 COMMON RESOURCES 233
THE TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS 234 SOME IMPORTANT COMMON RESOURCES 235 CLEAN
AIR AND WATER 235 OIL POOLS 235 CONGESTED ROADS 235 IN THE NEWS: THE
SINGAPORE SOLUTION* ECONOMICS OF ROAD PRICING 236 FISH, WHALES, AND
OTHER WILDLIFE 237 IN THE NEWS: SHOULD YELLOWSTONE CHARGE AS MUCH AS
DISNEY WORLD?* SAVE THE PARKS, AND MAKE A PROFIT 238 CASE STUDY: WHY THE
COW IS NOT EXTINCT 238 CONCLUSION: THE IMPORTANCE OF PROPERTY RIGHTS 239
SUMMARY 240 TABLE OF CONTENTS XXXV KEY CONCEPTS 240 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
240 PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS 241 CHAPTER 12 THE DESIGN OF THE TAX
SYSTEM 243 A FINANCIAL OVERVIEW OF THE U.S. GOVERNMENT 244 THE FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT 246 RECEIPTS 246 SPENDING 247 STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT 248
RECEIPTS 248 SPENDING 249 TAXES AND EFFICIENCY 250 DEADWEIGHT LOSSES 250
CASE STUDY: SHOULD INCOME OR CONSUMPTION BE TAXED? 251 ADMINISTRATIVE
BURDEN 252 MARGINAL TAX RATES VERSUS AVERAGE TAX RATES 252 IN THE NEWS:
SMALL BUSINESS AND THE TAX LAWS* OBEYING THE TAX LAWS: SMALL BUSINESS S
BURDEN 253 LUMP-SUM TAXES 254 TAXES AND EQUITY 254 THE BENEFITS
PRINCIPLE 255 THE ABILITY-TO-PAY PRINCIPLE 255 VERTICAL EQUITY 256 CASE
STUDY: HOW THE TAX BURDEN IS DISTRIBUTED 256 HORIZONTAL EQUITY 257 CASE
STUDY: HORIZONTAL EQUITY AND THE MARRIAGE TAX 258 TAX INCIDENCE AND TAX
EQUITY 259 CASE STUDY: WHO PAYS THE CORPORATE INCOME TAX? 260 CASE
STUDY: THE FLAT TAX 260 CONCLUSION: THE TRADEOFF BETWEEN EQUITY AND
EFFICIENCY 262 SUMMARY 263 KEY CONCEPTS 263 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 263
PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS 264 PART FIVE FIRM BEHAVIOR AND THE
ORGANIZATION OF INDUSTRY 267 CHAPTER 13 THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION 269 WHAT
ARFE COSTS? 270 TOTAL REVENUE, TOTAL COST, AND PROFIT 270 COSTS AS
OPPORTUNITY COSTS 271 THE COST OF CAPITAL AS AN OPPORTUNITY COST 271
ECONOMIC PROFIT VERSUS ACCOUNTING PROFIT 272 PRODUCTION AND COSTS 273
THE PRODUCTION FUNCTION 273 FROM THE PRODUCTION FUNCTION TO THE
TOTAL-COST CURVE 275 THE VARIOUS MEASURES OF COST 276 FIXED AND VARIABLE
COSTS 277 AVERAGE AND MARGINAL COST 278 COST CURVES AND THEIR SHAPES 279
XXXVL TABLE OF CONTENTS RISING MARGINAL COST 279 U-SHAPED AVERAGE TOTAL
COST 280 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MARGINAL COST AND AVERAGE TOTAL COST
280 TYPICAL COST CURVES 280 COSTS IN THE SHORT RUN AND IN THE LONG RUN
283 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHORT-RUN AND LONG-RUN AVERAGE TOTAL COST
283 ECONOMIES AND DISECONOMIES OF SCALE 284 FYI: LESSONS FROM A PIN
FACTORY 285 CONCLUSION 285 SUMMARY 286 KEY CONCEPTS 287 QUESTIONS FOR
REVIEW 287 PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS 287 CHAPTER 14 FIRMS IN COMPETITIVE
MARKETS 291 WHAT IS A COMPETITIVE MARKET? 292 THE MEANING OF COMPETITION
292 THE REVENUE OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM 293 PROFIT MAXIMIZATION AND THE
COMPETITIVE FIRM S SUPPLY CURVE 294 A SIMPLE EXAMPLE OF PROFIT
MAXIMIZATION 294 THE MARGINAL-COST CURVE AND THE FIRM S SUPPLY DECISION
295 THE FIRM S SHORT-RUN DECISION TO SHUT DOWN 297 SPILT MILK AND OTHER
SUNK COSTS 298 CASE STUDY: NEAR-EMPTY RESTAURANTS AND OFF-SEASON
MINIATURE GOLF 300 THE FIRM S LONG-RUN DECISION TO EXIT OR ENTER A
MARKET 300 MEASURING PROFIT IN OUR GRAPH FOR THE COMPETITIVE FIRM 301 IN
THE NEWS: ENTRY AND EXIT IN TRANSITION ECONOMIES* RUSSIA IS NOT POLAND,
AND THAT S TOO BAD 302 THE SUPPLY CURVE IN A COMPETITIVE MARKET 304 THE
SHORT RUN: MARKET SUPPLY WITH A FIXED NUMBER OF FIRMS 304 THE LONG RUN:
MARKET SUPPLY WITH ENTRY AND EXIT 305 WHY DO COMPETITIVE FIRMS STAY IN
BUSINESS IF THEY MAKE ZERO PROFIT? 307 A SHIFT IN DEMAND IN THE SHORT
RUN AND LONG RUN 308 WHY THE LONG-RUN SUPPLY CURVE MIGHT SLOPE UPWARD
308 IN THE NEWS: ENTRY OR OVERINVESTMENT?* IN SOME INDUSTRIES,
EXECUTIVES FORESEE TOUGH TIMES AHEAD; A KEY CULPRIT: HIGH PROFITS 310
CONCLUSION: BEHIND THE SUPPLY CURVE 311 SUMMARY 311 KEY CONCEPTS 312
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 312 PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS 312 CHAPTER 15
MONOPOLY 315 WHY MONOPOLIES ARISE 316 MONOPOLY RESOURCES 317 CASE STUDY:
THE DEBEERS DIAMOND MONOPOLY 317 GOVERNMENT-CREATED MONOPOLIES 318
NATURAL MONOPOLIES 318 HOW MONOPOLIES MAKE PRODUCTION AND PRICING
DECISIONS 320 MONOPOLY VERSUS COMPETITION 320 A MONOPOLY S REVENUE 320
PROFIT MAXIMIZATION 323 FYI: WHY A MONOPOLY DOES NOT HAVE A SUPPLY CURVE
325 TABLE OF CONTENTS XXXVII A MONOPOLY S PROFIT 325 CASE STUDY:
MONOPOLY DRUGS VERSUS GENERIC DRUGS 326 THE WELFARE COST OF MONOPOLY 327
THE DEADWEIGHT LOSS 328 THE MONOPOLY S PROFIT: A SOCIAL COST? 330 PUBLIC
POLICY TOWARD MONOPOLIES 330 INCREASING COMPETITION WITH ANTITRUST LAWS
331 REGULATION 332 PUBLIC OWNERSHIP 333 IN THE NEWS: PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND PRIVATE ENTERPRISE* MAN WITH A VAN 334 DOING NOTHING 334 PRICE
DISCRIMINATION 336 A PARABLE ABOUT PRICING 336 THE MORAL OF THE STORY
337 THE ANALYTICS OF PRICE DISCRIMINATION 338 EXAMPLES OF PRICE
DISCRIMINATION 339 MOVIE TICKETS 339 IN THE NEWS: THE BEST MONOPOLIST*
LET S PLAY MONOPOLY 340 AIRLINE PRICES 342 DISCOUNT COUPONS 342
FINANCIAL AID 342 QUANTITY DISCOUNTS 342 CONCLUSION: THE PREVALENCE OF
MONOPOLY 343 SUMMARY 343 KEY CONCEPTS 344 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 344
PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS 344 CHAPTER 16 OLIGOPOLY 349 BETWEEN MONOPOLY
AND PERFECT COMPETITION 350 MARKETS WITH ONLY A FEW SELLERS 351 A
DUOPOLY EXAMPLE 352 COMPETITION, MONOPOLIES, AND CARTELS 353 THE
EQUILIBRIUM FOR AN OLIGOPOLY 353 IN THE NEWS: MODERN PIRATES*^S U.S.
TRADE GROWS, SHIPPING CARTELS GET A BIT MORE SCRUTINY 354 HOW THE SIZE
OF AN OLIGOPOLY AFFECTS THE MARKET OUTCOME 355 CASE STUDY: OPEC AND THE
WORLD OIL MARKET 357 IN THE NEWS: THE OIL CARTEL MAKES A COMEBACK* AN
OIL OUTSIDER REVIVES A CARTEL 358 GAME THEORY AND THE ECONOMICS OF
COOPERATION 358 THE PRISONERS DILEMMA 359 OLIGOPOLIES AS A PRISONERS
DILEMMA 360 OTHER EXAMPLES OF THE PRISONERS DILEMMA 361 ARMS RACES 361
R ADVERTISING 362 COMMON RESOURCES 363 THE PRISONERS DILEMMA AND THE
WELFARE OF SOCIETY 363 WHY PEOPLE SOMETIMES COOPERATE 364 CASE STUDY:
THE PRISONERS DILEMMA TOURNAMENT 365 PUBLIC POLICY TOWARD OLIGOPOLIES
366 RESTRAINT OF TRADE AND THE ANTITRUST LAWS 366 CASE STUDY: AN ILLEGAL
PHONE CALL 367 IN THE NEWS: THE SHORT STEP FROM MILLIONAIRE EXECUTIVE TO
CONVICTED FELON* JURY CONVICTS EX-EXECUTIVES IN ADM CASE 368
CONTROVERSIES OVER ANTITRUST POLICY 368 RESALE PRICE MAINTENANCE 369
PREDATORY PRICING 369 TYING 370 CASE STUDY: THE MICROSOFT CASE 370
CONCLUSION 371 SUMMARY 372 XXXVILL TABLE OF CONTENTS KEY CONCEPTS 372
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 372 PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS 373 CHAPTER 17
MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION 377 COMPETITION WITH DIFFERENTIATED PRODUCTS
378 THE MONOPOLISTICALLY COMPETITIVE FIRM IN THE SHORT RUN 378 THE
LONG-RUN EQUILIBRIUM 379 MONOPOLISTIC VERSUS PERFECT COMPETITION 381
EXCESS CAPACITY 381 MARKUP OVER MARGINAL COST 382 MONOPOLISTIC
COMPETITION AND THE WELFARE OF SOCIETY 383 FYI: IS EXCESS CAPACITY A
SOCIAL PROBLEM? 384 ADVERTISING 385 THE DEBATE OVER ADVERTISING 385 THE
CRITIQUE OF ADVERTISING 385 THE DEFENSE OF ADVERTISING 385 CASE STUDY:
ADVERTISING AND THE PRICE OF EYEGLASSES 386 ADVERTISING AS A SIGNAL OF
QUALITY 387 BRAND NAMES 388 CASE STUDY: BRAND NAMES UNDER COMMUNISM 389
IN THE NEWS: TV NETWORKS AS BRAND NAMES* A TV SEASON WHEN IMAGE IS
EVERYTHING 390 CONCLUSION 391 SUMMARY 391 KEY CONCEPTS 391 QUESTIONS FOR
REVIEW 392 PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS 392 FT* PART SIX THE ECONOMICS OF
LABOR MARKETS 395 CHAPTER 18 THE MARKETS FOR THE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
397 THE DEMAND FOR LABOR 398 THE COMPETITIVE PROFIT-MAXIMIZING FIRM 399
THE PRODUCTION FUNCTION AND THE MARGINAL PRODUCT OF LABOR 400 THE
VALUE OF THE MARGINAL PRODUCT AND THE DEMAND FOR LABOR 401 FYI: INPUT
DEMAND AND OUTPUT SUPPLY: TWO SIDES OF THE SAME COIN 403 WHAT CAUSES THE
LABOR DEMAND CURVE TO SHIFT? 403 THE OUTPUT PRICE 403 TECHNOLOGICAL
CHANGE 403 THE SUPPLY OF OTHER FACTORS 404 THE SUPPLY OF LABOR 404 THE
TRADEOFF BETWEEN WORK AND LEISURE 404 WHAT CAUSES THE LABOR SUPPLY CURVE
TO SHIFT? 405 CHANGES IN TASTES 405 CHANGES IN ALTERNATIVE OPPORTUNITIES
405 IMMIGRATION 405 EQUILIBRIUM IN THE LABOR MARKET 405 SHIFTS IN LABOR
SUPPLY 406 TABLE OF CONTENTS XXXIX SHIFTS IN LABOR DEMAND 407 CASE
STUDY: PRODUCTIVITY AND WAGES 408 THE OTHER FACTORS OF PRODUCTION: LAND
AND CAPITAL 410 EQUILIBRIUM IN THE MARKETS FOR LAND AND CAPITAL 410 FYI:
WHAT IS CAPITAL INCOME? 412 LINKAGES AMONG THE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION 412
CASE STUDY: THE ECONOMICS OF THE BLACK DEATH 413 CONCLUSION 413 SUMMARY
414 KEY CONCEPTS 414 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 414 PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS
415 CHAPTER 19 EARNINGS AND DISCRIMINATION 417 SOME DETERMINANTS OF
EQUILIBRIUM WAGES 418 COMPENSATING DIFFERENTIALS 418 HUMAN CAPITAL 419
CASE STUDY: THE INCREASING VALUE OF SKILLS 420 ABILITY, EFFORT, AND
CHANCE 421 CASE STUDY: THE BENEFITS OF BEAUTY 422 AN ALTERNATIVE VIEW OF
EDUCATION: SIGNALING 422 CASE STUDY: HUMAN CAPITAL, NATURAL ABILITY, AND
COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE 423 THE SUPERSTAR PHENOMENON 424
ABOVE-EQUILIBRIUM WAGES: MINIMUM-WAGE LAWS, UNIONS, AND EFFICIENCY WAGES
425 THE ECONOMICS OF DISCRIMINATION 426 MEASURING LABOR-MARKET
DISCRIMINATION 426 DISCRIMINATION BY EMPLOYERS 427 CASE STUDY:
SEGREGATED STREETCARS AND THE PROFIT MOTIVE 428 DISCRIMINATION BY
CUSTOMERS AND GOVERNMENTS 429 IN THE NEWS: MEN, WOMEN, AND WAGES* TH E
SHRINKING PAY GAP 430 CASE STUDY: DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTS 430 THE
DEBATE OVER COMPARABLE WORTH 432 CONCLUSION 432 IN THE NEWS: THE RECENT
PUSH FOR COMPARABLE WORTH* LABOR AND WOMEN PUSH FOR EQUAL PAY FOR
EQUIVALENT WORK 433 SUMMARY 433 KEY CONCEPTS 434 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
434 PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS 434 CHAPTER 20 INCOME INEQUALITY AND
POVERTY 437 THE MEASUREMENT OF INEQUALITY 438 U.S. INCOME INEQUALITY 439
CASE STUDY: THE WOMEN S MOVEMENT AND THE INCOME DISTRIBUTION 440 CASE
STUDY: INCOME INEQUALITY AROUND THE WORLD 441 THE POVERTY RATE 441
PROBLEMS IN MEASURING INEQUALITY 443 IN-KIND TRANSFERS 444 THE ECONOMIC
LIFE CYCLE 444 TRANSITORY VERSUS PERMANENT INCOME 444 IN THE NEWS:
MEASURING POVERTY* DEVISING NEW MATH TO DEFINE POVERTY 445 ECONOMIC
MOBILITY 446 THE POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY OF REDISTRIBUTING INCOME 446
UTILITARIANISM 447 LIBERALISM 448 IN THE NEWS: A RAWLSIAN BILLIONAIRE*
BUFFETT S ANSWER 449 LIBERTARIANISM 450 POLICIES TO REDUCE POVERTY 451
MINIMUM-WAGE LAWS 451 WELFARE 452 IN THE NEWS: SHOULD THE GOVERNMENT TRY
TO HELP POOR REGIONS?* HELP POOR PEOPLE, NOT POOR PLACES 453 XL TABLE OF
CONTENTS NEGATIVE INCOME TAX 453 IN-KIND TRANSFERS 454 ANTIPOVERTY
PROGRAMS AND WORK INCENTIVES 455 IN THE NEWS: WELFARE REFORM* GUESS
WHAT? WELFARE REFORM WORKS 456 CONCLUSION 456 SUMMARY 458 KEY CONCEPTS
458 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 458 PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS 458 PART SEVEN
ADVANCED TOPIC 461 CHAPTER 21 THE THEORY OF CONSUMER CHOICE 463 THE
BUDGET CONSTRAINT: WHAT THE CONSUMER CAN AFFORD 464 PREFERENCES: WHAT
THE CONSUMER WANTS 466 REPRESENTING PREFERENCES WITH INDIFFERENCE CURVES
466 FOUR PROPERTIES OF INDIFFERENCE CURVES 468 TWO EXTREME EXAMPLES OF
INDIFFERENCE CURVES 469 PERFECT SUBSTITUTES 469 PERFECT COMPLEMENTS 470
FYI: UTILITY: AN ALTERNATIVE WAY TO REPRESENT A CONSUMER S PREFERENCES
471 OPTIMIZATION: WHAT THE CONSUMER CHOOSES 471 THE CONSUMER S OPTIMAL
CHOICES 471 HOW CHANGES IN INCOME AFFECT THE CONSUMER S CHOICES 472 HOW
CHANGES IN PRICES AFFECT THE CONSUMER S CHOICES 474 INCOME AND
SUBSTITUTION EFFECTS 475 DERIVING THE DEMAND CURVE 477 FOUR APPLICATIONS
478 DO ALL DEMAND CURVES SLOPE DOWNWARD? 478 HOW DO WAGES AFFECT LABOR
SUPPLY? 480 CASE STUDY: INCOME EFFECTS ON LABOR SUPPLY: HISTORICAL
TRENDS, LOTTERY WINNERS, AND THE CARNEGIE CONJECTURE 482 HOW DO INTEREST
RATES AFFECT HOUSEHOLD SAVING? 483 DO THE POOR PREFER TO RECEIVE CASH OR
IN-KIND TRANSFERS? 485 CONCLUSION: DO PEOPLE REALLY THINK THIS WAY? 487
SUMMARY 488 KEY CONCEPTS 488 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 488 PROBLEMS AND
APPLICATIONS 489 PART EIGHT THE DATA OF MACROECONOMICS 491 CHAPTER 22
MEASURING A NATION S INCOME 493 THE ECONOMY S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE 494
TABLE OF CONTENTS XLI THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT 496 GDP
IS THE MARKET VALUE ... 496 OF ALL... 496 FINAL... 497 GOODS AND
SERVICES ... 497 PRODUCED ... 497 WITHIN A COUNTRY ... 497 FYI:
OTHER MEASURES OF INCOME 498 ... IN A GIVEN PERIOD OF TIME. 498 THE
COMPONENTS OF GDP 499 REAL VERSUS NOMINAL GDP 500 A NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
501 THE GDP DEFLATOR 502 CASE STUDY: REAL GDP OVER RECENT HISTORY 503
GDP AND ECONOMIC WEIL-BEING 504 IN THE NEWS: GDP LIGHTENS UP*FROM
GREENSPAN, A (TRULY) WEIGHTY IDEA 505 CASE STUDY: INTERNATIONAL
DIFFERENCES IN GDP AND THE QUALITY OF LIFE 506 IN THE NEWS: HIDDEN
GDP*THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY: NOTES FROM UNDERGROUND 507 CONCLUSION 508
SUMMARY 508 KEY CONCEPTS 509 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 509 PROBLEMS AND
APPLICATIONS 509 CHAPTER 23 MEASURING THE COST OF LIVING 511 THE
CONSUMER PRICE INDEX 512 HOW THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX IS CALCULATED 512
FYI: WHAT IS IN THE CPI S BASKET? 514 PROBLEMS IN MEASURING THE COST OF
LIVING 515 IN THE NEWS: SHOPPING FOR THE CPI*IS THE CPI ACCURATE? ASK
THE SLEUTHS WHO GET THE NUMBERS 516 IN THE NEWS: ACPI FOR SENIOR
CITIZENS* PRICES THAT DON T FIT THE PROFILE: IS INDEX MISMATCHED TO
RETIREES REALITY? 518 THE GDP DEFLATOR VERSUS THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX
519 CORRECTING ECONOMIC VARIABLES FOR THE EFFECTS OF INFLATION 520
DOLLAR FIGURES FROM DIFFERENT TIMES 520 CASE STUDY: MR. INDEX GOES TO
HOLLYWOOD 521 INDEXATION 521 REAL AND NOMINAL INTEREST RATES 522
CONCLUSION 524 SUMMARY 524 KEY CONCEPTS 525 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 525
PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS 525 PART NINE THE REAL ECONOMY IN THE LONG RUN
527 CHAPTER 24 PRODUCTION AND GROWTH 529 ECONOMIC GROWTH AROUND THE
WORLD 530 FYI: THE MAGIC OF COMPOUNDING AND THE RULE OF 70 532 XLII
TABLE OF CONTENTS PRODUCTIVITY: ITS ROLE AND DETERMINANTS 532 WHY
PRODUCTIVITY IS SO IMPORTANT 533 HOW PRODUCTIVITY IS DETERMINED 533
PHYSICAL CAPITAL 534 HUMAN CAPITAL 534 NATURAL RESOURCES 534
TECHNOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE 535 FYI: THE PRODUCTION FUNCTION 535 CASE STUDY:
ARE NATURAL RESOURCES A LIMIT TO GROWTH? 536 ECONOMIC GROWTH AND PUBLIC
POLICY 537 THE IMPORTANCE OF SAVING AND INVESTMENT 537 DIMINISHING
RETURNS AND THE CATCH-UP EFFECT 539 INVESTMENT FROM ABROAD 540 EDUCATION
541 PROPERTY RIGHTS AND POLITICAL STABILITY 541 FREE TRADE 542 THE
CONTROL OF POPULATION GROWTH 543 FYI: THOMAS MALTHUS ON POPULATION
GROWTH 544 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 545 CASE STUDY: THE PRODUCTIVITY
SLOWDOWN 545 CONCLUSION: THE IMPORTANCE OF LONG-RUN GROWTH 547 IN THE
NEWS: A SOLUTION TO AFRICA S PROBLEMS* GROWTH IN AFRICA: IT CAN BE DONE
548 SUMMARY 550 KEY CONCEPTS 550 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 550 PROBLEMS AND
APPLICATIONS 550 CHAPTER 25 SAVING, INVESTMENT, AND THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM
553 FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE U.S. ECONOMY 554 FINANCIAL MARKETS 555
THE BOND MARKET 555 THE STOCK MARKET 556 FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES 556
FYI: HOW TO READ THE NEWSPAPER S STOCK TABLES 557 BANKS 557 MUTUAL FUNDS
558 SUMMING UP 559 SAVING AND INVESTMENT IN THE NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTS
559 IN THE NEWS: THE STOCK MARKET BOOM OF THE 1990S* ARE STOCKS
OVERVALUED? NOT A CHANCE 560 SOME IMPORTANT IDENTITIES 560 THE MEANING
OF SAVING AND INVESTMENT 563 THE MARKET FOR LOANABLE FUNDS 564 SUPPLY
AND DEMAND FOR LOANABLE FUNDS 564 FYI: PRESENT VALUE 567 POLICY 1: TAXES
AND SAVING 568 POLICY 2: TAXES AND INVESTMENT 569 POLICY 3: GOVERNMENT
BUDGET DEFICITS AND SURPLUSES 570 CASE STUDY: THE DEBATE OVER THE BUDGET
SURPLUS 572 CASE STUDY: THE HISTORY OF U.S. GOVERNMENT DEBT 573
CONCLUSION 574 SUMMARY 575 ; KEY CONCEPTS 575 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 575
PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS 576 CHAPTER 26 UNEMPLOYMENT AND ITS NATURAL
RATE 579 IDENTIFYING UNEMPLOYMENT 580 HOW IS UNEMPLOYMENT MEASURED? 580
CASE STUDY: LABOR-FORCE PARTICIPATION OF MEN AND WOMEN IN THE U.S.
ECONOMY 584 TABLE OF CONTENTS XLLII DOES THE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE MEASURE
WHAT WE WANT IT TO? 585 HOW LONG ARE THE UNEMPLOYED WITHOUT WORK? 586
WHY ARE THERE ALWAYS SOME PEOPLE UNEMPLOYED? 587 JOB SEARCH 587 WHY SOME
FRICTIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT IS INEVITABLE 588 PUBLIC POLICY AND JOB SEARCH
588 UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE 589 IN THE NEWS: GERMAN UNEMPLOYMENT* FOR
GERMANY, BENEFITS ARE ALSO A BURDEN 590 MINIMUM-WAGE LAWS 591 UNIONS AND
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING 592 THE ECONOMICS OF UNIONS 593 ARE UNIONS GOOD OR
BAD FOR THE ECONOMY? 594 IN THE NEWS: SHOULD YOU JOIN A UNION?*ON
PAYDAY, UNION JOBS STACK UP VERY WELL 595 THE THEORY OF EFFICIENCY WAGES
596 WORKER HEALTH 597 WORKER TURNOVER 597 WORKER EFFORT 597 WORKER
QUALITY 598 FYI: THE ECONOMICS OF ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION 599 CASE STUDY:
HENRY FORD AND THE VERY GENEROUS $5-A-DAY WAGE 600 CONCLUSION 601
SUMMARY 602 KEY CONCEPTS 602 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 602 PROBLEMS AND
APPLICATIONS 603 PART TEN MONEY AND PRICES IN THE LONG RUN 605 CHAPTER
27 THE MONETARY SYSTEM 607 THE MEANING OF MONEY 608 THE FUNCTIONS OF
MONEY 609 THE KINDS OF MONEY 609 IN THE NEWS: MONEY ON THE ISLAND OF
YAP* FIXED ASSETS, OR WHY A LOAN IN YAP IS HARD TO ROLL OVER 610 MONEY
IN THE U.S. ECONOMY 611 FYI: CREDIT CARDS, DEBIT CARDS, AND MONEY 612
CASE STUDY: WHERE IS ALL THE CURRENCY? 612 THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM
613 THE FED S ORGANIZATION 614 THE FEDERAL OPEN MARKET COMMITTEE 614
BANKS AND THE MONEY SUPPLY 615 THE SIMPLE CASE OF 100-PERCENT-RESERVE
BANKING 616 MONEY CREATION WITH FRACTIONAL-RESERVE BANKING 617 THE MONEY
MULTIPLIER 618 THE FED S TOOLS OF MONETARY CONTROL 619 OPEN-MARKET
OPERATIONS 620 RESERVE REQUIREMENTS 620 THE DISCOUNT RATE 620 XLIV TABLE
OF CONTENTS PROBLEMS IN CONTROLLING THE MONEY SUPPLY 621 CASE STUDY: BAN
K RUNS AND THE MONEY SUPPLY 622 CONCLUSION 623 SUMMARY 623 KEY CONCEPTS
624 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 624 PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS 624 CHAPTER 28
MONEY GROWTH AND INFLATION 627 THE CLASSICAL THEORY OF INFLATION 629 THE
LEVEL OF PRICES AND THE VALUE OF MONEY 629 MONEY SUPPLY, MONEY DEMAND,
AND MONETARY EQUILIBRIUM 630 THE EFFECTS OF A MONETARY INJECTION 632 A
BRIEF LOOK AT THE ADJUSTMENT PROCESS 632 THE CLASSICAL DICHOTOMY AND
MONETARY NEUTRALITY 633 VELOCITY AND THE QUANTITY EQUATION 635 CASE
STUDY: MONEY AND PRICES DURING FOUR HYPERINFLATIONS 637 THE INFLATION
TAX 638 IN THE NEWS: RUSSIA TURNS TO THE INFLATION TAX* RUSSIA S NEW
LEADERS PLAN TO PAY DEBTS BY PRINTING MONEY 639 THE FISHER EFFECT 639
THE COSTS OF INFLATION 641 A FALL IN PURCHASING POWER? THE INFLATION
FALLACY 641 SHOELEATHER COSTS 642 IN THE NEWS: THE HYPERINFLATION IN
SERBIA*SPECIAL, TODAY ONLY: 6 MILLION DINARS FOR A SNICKERS BAR 643 MENU
COSTS 644 RELATIVE-PRICE VARIABILITY AND THE MISALLOCATION OF RESOURCES
644 INFLATION-INDUCED TAX DISTORTIONS 644 CONFUSION AND INCONVENIENCE
646 A SPECIAL COST OF UNEXPECTED INFLATION: ARBITRARY REDISTRIBUTIONS OF
WEALTH 647 CASE STUDY: THE WIZARD OFOZ AND THE FREE-SILVER DEBATE 647
CONCLUSION 649 IN THE NEWS: HOW TO PROTECT YOUR SAVINGS FROM INFLATION*
INFLATION FIGHTERS FOR THE LONG TERM 650 SUMMARY 650 KEY CONCEPTS 652
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 652 PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS 652 PART ELEVEN THE
MACROECONOMICS OF OPEN ECONOMIES 655 CHAPTER 29 OPEN-ECONOMY
MACROECONOMICS: BASIC CONCEPTS 657 THE INTERNATIONAL FLOWS OF GOODS AND
CAPITAL 658 THE FLOW OF GOODS: EXPORTS, IMPORTS, AND NET EXPORTS 658
TABLE OF CONTENTS XLV CASE STUDY: THE INCREASING OPENNESS OF THE U.S.
ECONOMY 659 THE FLOW OF CAPITAL: NET FOREIGN INVESTMENT 661 IN THE NEWS:
IT S THE 21ST CENTURY, DO YOU KNOW WHERE YOUR CAPITAL IS?* THE WORLD S
NEW FINANCIER IS YOU 662 THE EQUALITY OF NET EXPORTS AND NET FOREIGN
INVESTMENT 663 IN THE NEWS: FLOWS BETWEEN THE DEVELOPING SOUTH AND THE
INDUSTRIAL NORTH* FANTASY ECONOMICS 664 SAVING, INVESTMENT, AND THEIR
RELATIONSHIP TO THE INTERNATIONAL FLOWS 664 CASE STUDY: ARE U.S. TRADE
DEFICITS A NATIONAL PROBLEM? 666 THE PRICES FOR INTERNATIONAL
TRANSACTIONS: REAL AND NOMINAL EXCHANGE RATES 668 NOMINAL EXCHANGE RATES
668 REAL EXCHANGE RATES 669 A FIRST THEORY OF EXCHANGE-RATE
DETERMINATION: PURCHASING-POWER PARITY 670 FYI: THE EURO 671 THE BASIC
LOGIC OF PURCHASING-POWER PARITY 671 IMPLICATIONS OF PURCHASING-POWER
PARITY 672 CASE STUDY: THE NOMINAL EXCHANGE RATE DURING A HYPERINFLATION
673 LIMITATIONS OF PURCHASING-POWER PARITY 674 CASE STUDY: THE HAMBURGER
STANDARD 675 CONCLUSION 676 SUMMARY 676 KEY CONCEPTS 677 QUESTIONS FOR
REVIEW 677 PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS 677 CHAPTER 30 A MACROECONOMIC
THEORY OF THE OPEN ECONOMY 679 SUPPLY AND DEMAND FOR LOANABLE FUNDS AND
FOR FOREIGN-CURRENCY EXCHANGE 680 THE MARKET FOR LOANABLE FUNDS 680 THE
MARKET FOR FOREIGN-CURRENCY EXCHANGE 682 EQUILIBRIUM IN THE OPEN ECONOMY
684 FYI: PURCHASING-POWER PARITY AS A SPECIAL CASE 684 NET FOREIGN
INVESTMENT: THE LINK BETWEEN THE TWO MARKETS 685 SIMULTANEOUS
EQUILIBRIUM IN TWO MARKETS 686 HOW POLICIES AND EVENTS AFFECT AN OPEN
ECONOMY 687 GOVERNMENT BUDGET DEFICITS 688 TRADE POLICY 690 POLITICAL
INSTABILITY AND CAPITAL FLIGHT 692 CONCLUSION 695 SUMMARY 695 IN THE
NEWS: HOW THE CHINESE HELP AMERICAN HOME BUYERS* CHINA, OF ALL PLACES,
SENDS CAPITAL TO U.S. 696 KEY CONCEPTS 696 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 696
PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS 697 XLVI TABLE OF CONTENTS PART TWELVE
SHORT-RUN ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS 699 CHAPTER 31 AGGREGATE DEMAND AND
AGGREGATE SUPPLY 701 THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS 702
FACT 1: ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS ARE IRREGULAR AND UNPREDICTABLE 702 FACT
2: MOST MACROECONOMIC QUANTITIES FLUCTUATE TOGETHER 704 FACT 3: AS
OUTPUT FALLS, UNEMPLOYMENT RISES 705 EXPLAINING SHORT-RUN ECONOMIC
FLUCTUATIONS 705 HOW THE SHORT RUN DIFFERS FROM THE LONG RUN 705 THE
BASIC MODEL OF ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS 706 THE AGGREGATE-DEMAND CURVE 707
WHY THE AGGREGATE-DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARD 707 THE PRICE LEVEL AND
CONSUMPTION: THE WEALTH EFFECT 708 THE PRICE LEVEL AND INVESTMENT: THE
INTEREST-RATE EFFECT 708 THE PRICE LEVEL AND NET EXPORTS: THE EXCHANGE-
RATE EFFECT 709 SUMMARY 709 WHY THE AGGREGATE-DEMAND CURVE MIGHT SHIFT
709 SHIFTS ARISING FROM CONSUMPTION 709 SHIFTS ARISING FROM INVESTMENT
710 SHIFTS ARISING FROM GOVERNMENT PURCHASES 710 SHIFTS ARISING FROM NET
EXPORTS 710 SUMMARY 711 THE AGGREGATE-SUPPLY CURVE 712 WHY THE
AGGREGATE-SUPPLY CURVE IS VERTICAL IN THE LONG RUN 712 WHY THE LONG-RUN
AGGREGATE-SUPPLY CURVE MIGHT SHIFT 713 SHIFTS ARISING FROM LABOR 713
SHIFTS ARISING FROM CAPITAL 714 SHIFTS ARISING FROM NATURAL RESOURCES
714 SHIFTS ARISING FROM TECHNOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE 714 SUMMARY 714 A NEW
WAY TO DEPICT LONG-RUN GROWTH AND INFLATION 715 WHY THE AGGREGATE-SUPPLY
CURVE SLOPES UPWARD IN THE SHORT RUN 716 THE MISPERCEPTIONS THEORY 717
THE STICKY-WAGE THEORY 717 THE STICKY-PRICE THEORY 717 SUMMARY, 718 WHY
THE SHORT-RUN AGGREGATE-SUPPLY CURVE MIGHT SHIFT 718 TWO CAUSES OF
ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS 720 THE EFFECTS OF A SHIFT IN AGGREGATE DEMAND 721
CASE STUDY: TWO BIG SHIFTS IN AGGREGATE DEMAND: THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND
WORLD WAR II 723 IN THE NEWS: HOW CONSUMERS SHIFT AGGREGATE DEMAND*
CONSUMERS GET THE CREDIT FOR EXPANDING ECONOMY 725 THE EFFECTS OF A
SHIFT IN AGGREGATE SUPPLY 725 CASE STUDY: OIL AND THE ECONOMY 727 TABLE
OF CONTENTS XLVII CONCLUSION: THE ORIGINS OF AGGREGATE DEMAND AND
AGGREGATE SUPPLY 728 SUMMARY 729 KEY CONCEPTS 730 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
730 PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS 730 CHAPTER 32 THE INFLUENCE OF MONETARY
AND FISCAL POLICY ON AGGREGATE DEMAND 733 HOW MONETARY POLICY INFLUENCES
AGGREGATE DEMAND 734 THE THEORY OF LIQUIDITY PREFERENCE 735 MONEY SUPPLY
735 MONEY DEMAND 736 EQUILIBRIUM IN THE MONEY MARKET 737 THE DOWNWARD
SLOPE OF THE AGGREGATE-DEMAND CURVE 737 FYI: INTEREST RATES IN THE LONG
RUN AND THE SHORT RUN 739 CHANGES IN THE MONEY SUPPLY 740 THE ROLE OF
INTEREST-RATE TARGETS IN FED POLICY 740 CASE STUDY: WHY THE FED WATCHES
THE STOCK MARKET (AND VICE VERSA) 742 IN THE NEWS: EUROPEAN CENTRAL
BANKERS EXPAND AGGREGATE DEMAND* EUROPEAN BANKS, ACTING IN UNISON, CUT
INTEREST RATE: 11 NATIONS DECIDE THAT GROWTH, NOT INFLATION, IS TOP
CONCERN 743 HOW FISCAL POLICY INFLUENCES AGGREGATE DEMAND 744 CHANGES IN
GOVERNMENT PURCHASES 744 THE MULTIPLIER EFFECT 745 A FORMULA FOR THE
SPENDING MULTIPLIER 745 OTHER APPLICATIONS OF THE MULTIPLIER EFFECT 747
THE CROWDING-OUT EFFECT 748 CHANGES IN TAXES 748 IN THE NEWS: JAPAN
TRIES A FISCAL STIMULUS* THE LAND OF THE RISING OUTLOOK: PUBLIC SPENDING
MAY HAVE REVERSED JAPAN S DOWNTURN 750 ^ FYI: HOW FISCAL POLICY MIGHT
AFFECT AGGREGATE SUPPLY 751 USING POLICY TO STABILIZE THE ECONOMY 751
THE CASE FOR ACTIVE STABILIZATION POLICY 751 CASE STUDY: KEYNESIANS IN
THE WHITE HOUSE 752 THE CASE AGAINST ACTIVE STABILIZATION POLICY 754
AUTOMATIC STABILIZERS 754 CONCLUSION 755 IN THE NEWS: THE INDEPENDENCE
OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE* DON T TREAD ON THE FED 756 SUMMARY 756 KEY
CONCEPTS 758 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 758 PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS 758
CHAPTER 33 THE SHORT-RUN TRADEOFF BETWEEN INFLATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT 761
THE PHILLIPS CURVE 762 ORIGINS OF THE PHILLIPS CURVE 762 AGGREGATE
DEMAND, AGGREGATE SUPPLY, AND THE PHILLIPS CURVE 763 SHIFTS IN THE
PHILLIPS CURVE: THE ROLE OF EXPECTATIONS 765 THE LONG-RUN PHILLIPS CURVE
765 IN THE NEWS: THE EFFECTS OF LOW UNEMPLOYMENT- TIGHTER LABOR MARKET
WIDENS INFLATION FEARS 766 EXPECTATIONS AND THE SHORT-RUN PHILLIPS CURVE
769 THE NATURAL EXPERIMENT FOR THE NATURAL-RATE HYPOTHESIS 772 IN THE
NEWS: THE BENEFITS OF LOW EXPECTED INFLATION* THE VIRTUOUS CIRCLE OF LOW
INFLATION 774 XLVLLL TABLE OF CONTENTS SHIFTS IN THE PHILLIPS CURVE: THE
ROLE OF SUPPLY SHOCKS 774 THE COST OF REDUCING INFLATION 778 THE
SACRIFICE RATIO 778 RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS AND THE POSSIBILITY OF
COSTLESS DISINFLATION 779 THE VOLCKER DISINFLATION 780 THE GREENSPAN ERA
782 CASE STUDY: WHY WERE INFLATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT SO LOW AT THE END OF
THE 1990S? 783 CONCLUSION 784 SUMMARY 785 KEY CONCEPTS 785 QUESTIONS FOR
REVIEW 785 PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS 786 PART THIRTEEN FINAL THOUGHTS
789 CHAPTER 34 FIVE DEBATES OVER MACROECONOMIC POLICY 791 SHOULD
MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICYMAKERS TRY TO STABILIZE THE ECONOMY? 792 PRO:
POLICYMAKERS SHOULD TRY TO STABILIZE THE ECONOMY 792 CON: POLICYMAKERS
SHOULD NOT TRY TO STABILIZE THE ECONOMY 793 SHOULD MONETARY POLICY BE
MADE BY RULE RATHER THAN BY DISCRETION? 794 PRO: MONETARY POLICY SHOULD
BE MADE BY RULE 794 IN THE NEWS: INFLATION TARGETING* BRAZIL TO USE
INFLATION DATA FOR MANAGING INTEREST RATES 796 CON: MONETARY POLICY
SHOULD NOT BE MADE BY RULE 796 SHOULD THE CENTRAL BANK AIM FOR ZERO
INFLATION? 797 PRO: THE CENTRAL BANK SHOULD AIM FOR ZERO INFLATION 797
CON: THE CENTRAL BANK SHOULD NOT AIM FOR ZERO INFLATION 798 SHOULD
FISCAL POLICYMAKERS REDUCE THE GOVERNMENT DEBT? 800 PRO: POLICYMAKERS
SHOULD REDUCE THE GOVERNMENT DEBT 800 CON: POLICYMAKERS SHOULD NOT
REDUCE THE GOVERNMENT DEBT 801 IN THE NEWS: THE BUDGET SURPLUS*
LAWMAKERS DISCOVER THAT SURPLUSES CAN BE AS VEXING AS DEFICITS 803
SHOULD THE TAX LAWS BE REFORMED TO ENCOURAGE SAVING? 804 PRO: THE TAX
LAWS SHOULD BE REFORMED TO ENCOURAGE SAVING 804 CON: THE TAX LAWS SHOULD
NOT BE REFORMED TO ENCOURAGE SAVING 806 CONCLUSION 807 SUMMARY 807
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 808 PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS 808 GLOSSARY 811
CREDITS 817 INDEX 821
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Mankiw, Nicholas Gregory 1958- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)120973626 |
| author_facet | Mankiw, Nicholas Gregory 1958- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Mankiw, Nicholas Gregory 1958- |
| author_variant | n g m ng ngm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV013436695 |
| callnumber-first | H - Social Science |
| callnumber-label | HB171 |
| callnumber-raw | HB171.5 |
| callnumber-search | HB171.5 |
| callnumber-sort | HB 3171.5 |
| callnumber-subject | HB - Economic Theory and Demography |
| classification_rvk | QC 072 |
| classification_tum | WIR 001 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)247804806 (DE-599)BVBBV013436695 |
| dewey-full | 330 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 330 - Economics |
| dewey-raw | 330 |
| dewey-search | 330 |
| dewey-sort | 3330 |
| dewey-tens | 330 - Economics |
| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| geographic | Arabische Staaten (DE-588)4068789-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Arabische Staaten |
| id | DE-604.BV013436695 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:45:53Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0030259517 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009170158 |
| oclc_num | 247804806 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-92 DE-20 DE-1051 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-739 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-384 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-859 DE-523 DE-83 DE-11 DE-188 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM |
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| physical | XLVIII, 837 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2001 |
| publishDateSearch | 2001 |
| publishDateSort | 2001 |
| publisher | Harcourt College Publ. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Mankiw, Nicholas Gregory 1958- Verfasser (DE-588)120973626 aut Principles of economics N. Gregory Mankiw 2. ed. Fort Worth [u.a.] Harcourt College Publ. 2001 XLVIII, 837 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Economie gtt Economía Économie politique Wirtschaft Economics Makroökonomie (DE-588)4037174-8 gnd rswk-swf Volkswirtschaftslehre (DE-588)4078943-3 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftswissenschaften (DE-588)4066528-8 gnd rswk-swf Mikroökonomie (DE-588)4039225-9 gnd rswk-swf Arabische Staaten (DE-588)4068789-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Makroökonomie (DE-588)4037174-8 s DE-188 Mikroökonomie (DE-588)4039225-9 s Volkswirtschaftslehre (DE-588)4078943-3 s 1\p DE-604 Arabische Staaten (DE-588)4068789-2 g Wirtschaftswissenschaften (DE-588)4066528-8 s 2\p DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch Mainz application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009170158&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Mankiw, Nicholas Gregory 1958- Principles of economics Economie gtt Economía Économie politique Wirtschaft Economics Makroökonomie (DE-588)4037174-8 gnd Volkswirtschaftslehre (DE-588)4078943-3 gnd Wirtschaftswissenschaften (DE-588)4066528-8 gnd Mikroökonomie (DE-588)4039225-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4037174-8 (DE-588)4078943-3 (DE-588)4066528-8 (DE-588)4039225-9 (DE-588)4068789-2 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Principles of economics |
| title_auth | Principles of economics |
| title_exact_search | Principles of economics |
| title_full | Principles of economics N. Gregory Mankiw |
| title_fullStr | Principles of economics N. Gregory Mankiw |
| title_full_unstemmed | Principles of economics N. Gregory Mankiw |
| title_short | Principles of economics |
| title_sort | principles of economics |
| topic | Economie gtt Economía Économie politique Wirtschaft Economics Makroökonomie (DE-588)4037174-8 gnd Volkswirtschaftslehre (DE-588)4078943-3 gnd Wirtschaftswissenschaften (DE-588)4066528-8 gnd Mikroökonomie (DE-588)4039225-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Economie Economía Économie politique Wirtschaft Economics Makroökonomie Volkswirtschaftslehre Wirtschaftswissenschaften Mikroökonomie Arabische Staaten Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009170158&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mankiwnicholasgregory principlesofeconomics |