Human exposure assessment:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Geneva
World Health Organization
2000
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Environmental health criteria
214 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXX, 375 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9241572140 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804128196987191296 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR HUMAN
EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
PREAMBLE xiii
ABBREVIATIONS xxii
FOREWORD xxiv
1. DEFINING EXPOSURE 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Defining exposure 1
1.2.1 Exposure and exposure concentration 2
1.2.2 Exposure estimation by integration and
averaging 3
1.2.3 Exposure measurements and models 4
1.2.4 Exposure in the context of an environmental
health paradigm 4
1.3 Elements of exposure assessment 10
1.4 Approaches to quantitative exposure assessment 12
1.5 Linking exposure events and dose events 13
1.6 Summary 14
2. USES OF HUMAN EXPOSURE INFORMATION 16
2.1 Introduction 16
2.2 Human exposure information in environmental
epidemiology 16
2.3 Human exposure information in risk assessment 17
2.3.1 Risk allocation for population subgroups
or activities 22
2.3.2 Population at higher or highest risk 25
2.4 Human exposure information in risk management 26
2.5 Human exposure information in status and
trend analysis 29
2.6 Summary 31
I Hi
i
EHC 214: Human Exposure Assessment
3. STRATEGIES AND DESIGN FOR EXPOSURE
STUDIES 35
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 Study design 35
3.3 Sampling and generalization 37
3.4 Types of study design 37
3.4.1 Comprehensive samples 38
3.4.2 Probability samples 38
3.4.3 Other sample types 41
3.5 Exposure assessment approaches 42
3.5.1 Direct approaches to exposure assessment 42
3.5.1.1 Personal monitoring of
inhalation exposures 43
3.5.1.2 Personal monitoring of dietary
exposures 44
3.5.1.3 Personal monitoring of dermal
absorption exposures 45
3.5.2 Indirect approaches to exposure assessment 46
3.5.2.1 Environmental monitoring 46
3.5.2.2 Models as an indirect approach
to assessing exposure 50
3.5.2.3 Questionnaires as an indirect
approach to assessing exposure 50
3.6 Summary 51
4. STATISTICAL METHODS IN EXPOSURE
ASSESSMENT 53
4.1 Introduction 53
4.2 Descriptive statistics 55
4.2.1 Numerical summaries 55
4.2.2 Graphical summaries 58
4.2.2.1 Histograms 58
4.2.2.2 Cumulative frequency diagrams 58
4.2.2.3 Box plots 61
4.2.2.4 Quantile quantile plots 62
4.2.2.5 Scatter plots 62
4.3 Probability distributions 64
4.3.1 Normal distribution 66
iv
4.3.2 Lognormal distribution 67
4.3.3 Binomial distribution 69
4.3.4 Poisson distribution 73
4.4 Parametric inferential statistics 75
4.4.1 Estimation 75
4.4.2 Measurement error and reliability 76
4.4.3 Hypothesis testing and two sample
problems 77
4.4.4 Statistical models 80
4.4.4.1 Analysis of variance and linear
regression 82
4.4.4.2 Logistic regression 84
4.4.5 Sample size determination 85
4.5 Non parametric inferential statistics 86
4.6 Other topics 87
4.7 Summary 88
5. HUMAN TIME USE PATTERNS AND EXPOSURE
ASSESSMENT 89
5.1 Introduction 89
5.2 Methods 96
5.2.1 Activity pattern concepts 96
5.2.1.1 Time allocation parameters 96
5.2.1.2 Microenvironment parameters 97
5.2.1.3 Intensity of contact 97
5.2.2 Surrogates of time activity patterns 98
5.2.3 Data collection methods 99
5.3 Potential limitations 105
5.3.1 Activity representativeness 106
5.3.2 Validity and reliability 107
5.3.3 Inter and intra person variability 109
5.4 Summary 110
6. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND DOSE MODELLING 112
6.1 Introduction 112
6.2 General types of exposure model 112
6.3 Environmental media and exposure media 114
6.4 Single medium models 118
v
EHC 214: Human Exposure Assessment
6.4.1 Outdoor and indoor air 118
6.4.2 Potable water 119
6.4.3 Surface waters 121
6.4.4 Groundwater 122
6.4.5 Soil 122
6.5 Multiple media modelling 123
6.5.1 Inter media transfer factors 124
6.5.1.1 Diffusive partition coefficients 125
6.5.1.2 Advective partition coefficients 125
6.5.2 Exposure factors 126
6.5.3 Multiple media/multiple pathway models 127
6.6 Probabilistic exposure models 127
6.6.1 Variability 129
6.6.2 Uncertainty 130
6.6.3 Implementing probabilistic exposure
models 131
6.7 A generalized dose model 132
6.8 Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models 135
6.9 Validation and generalization 136
6.10 Summary 137
7. MEASURING HUMAN EXPOSURES TO CHEMICALS
IN AIR, WATER AND FOOD 138
7.1 Introduction 138
7.2 Air monitoring 139
7.2.1 Gases and vapours 162
7.2.1.1 Passive samplers 162
7.2.1.2 Active samplers 162
7.2.1.3 Direct reading instruments 163
7.2.2 Aerosols 163
7.2.3 Semivolatile compounds 165
7.2.4 Reactive gas monitoring 165
7.3 Water 165
7.3.1 Factors influencing water quality 168
7.3.2 Water quality monitoring strategies 169
7.3.3 Sample collection 171
7.4 Assessing exposures through food 172
7.4.1 Duplicate diet surveys 173
7.4.2 Market basket or total diet surveys 174
_ w
7.4.3 Food consumption 175
7.4.3.1 Food diaries 176
7.4.3.2 24 h recall 177
7.4.3.3 Food frequency questionnaires 177
7.4.3.4 Meal based diet history 179
7.4.3.5 Food habit questionnaires 179
7.4.4 Contaminants in food 180
7.5 Summary 180
8. MEASURING HUMAN EXPOSURE TO CHEMICAL
CONTAMINANTS IN SOIL AND SETTLED DUST 182
8.1 Introduction 182
8.2 Selected sampling methods 184
8.2.1 Soil 184
8.2.1.1 Surface soil collection 184
8.2.1.2 Soil contact and intake
measurements 184
8.2.2 Settled dust 185
8.2.2.1 Wipe sampling methods 185
8.2.2.2 Vacuum methods 188
8.2.2.3 Sedimentation methods 190
8.3 Sampling design considerations 190
8.3.1 Concentration and loading 192
8.3.2 Collection efficiency 195
8.4 Sampling strategies 196
8.5 Summary 199
9. MEASURING BIOLOGICAL HUMAN EXPOSURE
AGENTS IN AIR AND DUST 200
9.1 Introduction 200
9.2 House dust mites 204
9.2.1 Air sampling for house dust mites 204
9.2.2 Dust sampling for house dust mites 206
9.2.3 Available methods of analysis for house
dust mites 207
9.2.3.1 Mite counts 207
9.2.3.2 Immunochemical assays of dust
mite allergens 207
vii
EHC 214: Human Exposure Assessment
9.2.3.3 Guanine determination 209
9.2.4 Mite allergens 209
9.3 Allergens from pets and cockroaches 211
9.3.1 Air sampling for allergens from pets and
cockroaches 212
9.3.2 Dust sampling for allergens from pets and
cockroaches 213
9.3.3 Available methods of analysis 213
9.3.4 Typical allergen concentrations 213
9.4 Fungi 214
9.4.1 Air sampling for fungi 214
9.4.2 Settled dust for fungi 218
9.4.3 Available methods of analysis for fungi
in air 218
9.4.3.1 Total counts of viable and
non viable fungal particles 220
9.4.4 General considerations for fungi 220
9.5 Bacteria (including actinomycetes) 221
9.5.1 Air sampling for bacteria 222
9.5.2 Dust sampling for bacteria 222
9.5.3 Available methods of analysis for bacteria 223
9.5.3.1 Total count of viable and
non viable bacteria 223
9.5.3.2 Viable bacteria 223
9.5.3.3 Endotoxins 224
9.6 Pollen 225
9.6.1 Air sampling for pollen 225
9.6.2 Dust sampling for pollen 225
9.6.3 Available methods of analysis for pollen
in air 227
9.6.4 General considerations for pollen
sampling 227
9.7 Summary 228
10. ASSESSING EXPOSURES WITH BIOLOGICAL
MARKERS 230
10.1 Introduction 230
10.2 General characteristics 231
10.3 Considerations for use in environmental exposure
assessment 231
10.3.1 Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics 233
10.3.2 Biological variability 235
10.3.3 Validation of biological markers 235
10.3.4 Normative data 236
10.4 Advantages of biological markers for exposure
assessment 237
10.4.1 Characterizing inter individual variability 237
10.4.2 Efficacy of use 238
10.4.3 Internal exposure sources 239
10.5 Limitations of biological markers for exposure
assessment 240
10.5.1 Source identification 240
10.5.2 Biological variability and altered exposure
response 240
10.5.3 Participant burden 241
10.5.4 Biosafety 242
10.6 Media available for use 242
10.6.1 Blood 243
10.6.2 Urine 247
10.6.3 Exhaled breath 248
10.6.4 Saliva 249
10.6.5 Keratinized tissue (hair and nails) 250
10.6.6 Ossified tissue 251
10.6.6.1 Teeth 251
10.6.6.2 Bone 251
10.6.7 Breast milk 252
10.6.8 Adipose tissue 253
10.6.9 Faeces 253
10.6.10 Other media 253
10.7 Summary 253
11. QUALITY ASSURANCE IN EXPOSURE STUDIES 255
11.1 Introduction 255
11.2 Quality assurance and quality control 255
11.3 Elements of a quality assurance programme 256
11.4 Quality assurance programme 257
11.4.1 Organization and personnel 258
ix
EHC 214: Human Exposure Assessment
11.4.2 Record keeping and data recording 258
11.4.3 Study plan and standard operating
procedures 259
11.4.4 Collection of samples 259
11.4.5 Equipment maintenance and calibration 260
11.4.6 Internal audit and corrective action 260
11.5 Quality control/quality assurance for sample
measurement 260
11.5.1 Method selection and validation 260
11.5.1.1 Accuracy 261
11.5.1.2 Precision 262
11.5.1.3 Sensitivity 263
11.5.1.4 Detection limits 263
11.5.2 Internal quality control 265
11.5.2.1 Control charts 265
11.5.3 External quality control 266
11.5.4 Reference materials 272
11.6 Quality assurance and control issues in
population based studies 273
11.7 Summary 274
12. EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDIES OF EXPOSURE
STUDIES 276
12.1 Introduction 276
12.2 Exposure studies 280
12.3 Air pollution exposure studies 280
12.3.1 Particle studies 280
12.3.2 Carbon monoxide 286
12.3.3 Nitrogen dioxide 288
12.3.4 Ozone 290
12.3.5 Combined exposure studies 291
12.3.6 Assessing ambient pollution impacts
indoors 292
12.3.7 Volatile organic compounds 294
12.3.8 Commuter exposures 301
12.4 Exposures and biomarkers 303
12.4.1 Exposure to lead and cadmium 303
12.4.2 Exposure to furans, dioxins and
polychlorinatedbiphenyls 306
V
i
12.4.3 Exposure to volatile organic compounds
and urinary metabolites 308
12.5 Exposure to contaminants in drinking water 309
12.6 Exposure to microbes 312
12.7 Exposure studies and risk assessment 315
12.7.1 The German Environmental Survey 315
12.7.2 The National Human Exposure
Assessment Survey 315
12.7.3 Windsor, Canada exposure and risk study 317
12.7.4 Pesticide exposure study 318
12.7.5 Czech study of air pollution impact on
human health 319
REFERENCES 320
RESUME 358
RESUMEN 367
i
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| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | MacIntosh, D. L. Spengler, J. D. |
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| dewey-ones | 615 - Pharmacology and therapeutics |
| dewey-raw | 615.902 |
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| dewey-sort | 3615.902 |
| dewey-tens | 610 - Medicine and health |
| discipline | Medizin |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:45:24Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9241572140 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009151123 |
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| physical | XXX, 375 S. graph. Darst. |
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| series | Environmental health criteria |
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| spellingShingle | MacIntosh, D. L. Spengler, J. D. Human exposure assessment Environmental health criteria Biomonitoring (DE-588)4224449-3 gnd Vinylchlorid (DE-588)4188331-7 gnd Toxizität (DE-588)4078372-8 gnd Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 gnd Gesundheitsgefährdung (DE-588)4071808-6 gnd Toxizitätstest (DE-588)4060540-1 gnd |
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| title | Human exposure assessment |
| title_auth | Human exposure assessment |
| title_exact_search | Human exposure assessment |
| title_full | Human exposure assessment by D. L. MacIntosh and J. D. Spengler |
| title_fullStr | Human exposure assessment by D. L. MacIntosh and J. D. Spengler |
| title_full_unstemmed | Human exposure assessment by D. L. MacIntosh and J. D. Spengler |
| title_short | Human exposure assessment |
| title_sort | human exposure assessment |
| topic | Biomonitoring (DE-588)4224449-3 gnd Vinylchlorid (DE-588)4188331-7 gnd Toxizität (DE-588)4078372-8 gnd Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 gnd Gesundheitsgefährdung (DE-588)4071808-6 gnd Toxizitätstest (DE-588)4060540-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biomonitoring Vinylchlorid Toxizität Umweltchemikalie Gesundheitsgefährdung Toxizitätstest |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009151123&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000011459 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT macintoshdl humanexposureassessment AT spenglerjd humanexposureassessment |