Snow ecology: an interdisciplinary examination of snow-covered ecosystems
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
2001
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 378, [4] S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0521584833 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | SNOW ECOLOGY AN INTERDISCIPLINARY EXAMINATION OF SNOW-COVERED ECOSYSTEMS
EDITED; BY H.G JONES J. W. POMEROY D. A.WALKER K.W. HOHAM CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS CONTENTS LIST OF AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS PAGE XIII
PREFACE XV 1 SNOW COVER AND THE CLIMATE SYSTEM 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2
SNOW COVER OBSERVATIONS AND DATA SOURCES 4 1.3 SNOW COVER CLIMATOLOGY 10
1.3.1 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF SNOW COVER EXTENT 10 1.3.2
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF SNOW DEPTH 14 1.3.3 INFORMATION
ABOUT SWE 16 1.3.4 SEASONAL SNOW COVER CLASSIFICATIONS 16 1.4
SNOW*CLIMATE INTERACTIONS AND SENSITIVITY 18 1.4.1 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN
SNOW COVER AND OTHER CLIMATIC VARIABLES 18 1.4.2 RELATIONSHIPS WITH
SYNOPTIC CIRCULATIONS 22 1.4.3 LARGE-SCALE INTERACTIONS 24 1.4.4
MODELING SNOW COVER-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTIONS AND FEEDBACK PROCESSES 27
1.5 THE IMPACT OF POSSIBLE FUTURE CLIMATIC CHANGES ON SNOW COVER AND ITS
ECOLOGY 30 1.6 CONCLUSIONS 33 1.7 FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS 33 1.8
REFERENCES 34 2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW 45 2.1 INTRODUCTION: SNOW
PHYSICS AND ECOLOGY 45 2.1.1 UNIQUE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW 46 VLL
CONTENTS 2.2 ACCUMULATION 48 2.2.1 SNOWFALL 48 2.2.2 DISTRIBUTION OF
SNOWFALL AND SNOW COVER 49 2.2.3 WIND REDISTRIBUTION 52 2.2.4
INTERCEPTION BY VEGETATION 64 2.3 ENERGETICS OF SNOWPACKS 73 2.3.1
ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY 73 2.3.2 SOIL BOUNDARY 80 2.3.3 INTERNAL ENERGETICS
81 2.3.4 SNOWMELT 92 2.4 SNOW COVER STRUCTURE 95 2.4.1 DRY SNOW 96 2.4.2
WET SNOW 102 2.4.3 SNOW COVER CLASSIFICATION 110 2.5 IMPACT OF SNOW ON
SOIL AND AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 113 2.5.1 INFILTRATION OF MELTWATER INTO
FROZEN AND UNFROZEN SOILS 113 2.5.2 RUNOFF AND STREAMFLOW GENERATION 114
2.6 CONCLUSIONS 117 2.6.1 FUTURE RESEARCH 117 2.7 REFERENCES 118 THE
CHEMISTRY OF SNOW: PROCESSES AND NUTRIENT CYCLING 127 3.1 INTRODUCTION:
SNOW CHEMISTRY AND ECOLOGY 127 3.2 THE CHEMISTRY OF SNOWFALL 128 3.2.1
FORMATION OF SNOW CRYSTALS AND THE SCAVENGING OF ATMOSPHERIC SPECIES 128
3.2.2 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF SNOWFALL COMPOSITION 132 3.3
CHEMISTRY OF COLD, DRY SNOW COVER 134 3.3.1 PROCESSES AT THE
ATMOSPHERE-SNOW SURFACE INTERFACE 135 3.3.2 IN-PACK PROCESSES 140 3.3.3
BASAL GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN SNOW AND SOIL 142 3.4 CHEMISTRY OF WET SNOW
AND SNOW-MELTWATER SYSTEMS 144 VLLL CONTENTS 3.4.1 LEACHING OF SOLUTE
FROM SNOW CRYSTALS 145 3.4.2 SNOWMELT-PARTICULATE INTERACTIONS 149 3.4.3
MICROBIAL ACTIVITY 150 3.4.4 BASAL PROCESSES: SOIL-MELTWATER
INTERACTIONS 152 3.5 SNOW COVER NUTRIENT FLUXES AND ECOSYSTEM BUDGETS
152 3.6 SUMMARY AND FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS 155 3.7 REFERENCES 156
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF SNOW AND FRESHWATER ICE WITH EMPHASIS ON SNOW ALGAE
168 4.1 OVERVIEW 168 4.2 INTRODUCTION 169 4.2.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
169 4.2.2 LOCATIONS OF SNOW AND ICE MICROORGANISMS 169 4.3 POPULATIONS
170 4.3.1 POPULATION DIVERSITY AND DENSITY 170 4.3.2 SNOW MICROBE
ASSOCIATIONS 174 4.3.3 FOOD CHAINS AND FOOD WEBS 176 4.4 CELL STRUCTURE
AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY 177 4.4.1 CELL STRUCTURE 177 4.4.2 CELL PHYSIOLOGY
AND SPECIAL ADAPTATIONS 180 4.5 LIFE CYCLES, LABORATORY MATING
EXPERIMENTS, AND CULTURES 186 4.5.1 LIFE CYCLES AND SPECIATION 186 4.5.2
LABORATORY MATING EXPERIMENTS 190 4.5.3 CULTURE COLLECTIONS AND GROWTH
MEDIA 191 4.6 EVOLUTION AND ORIGINS 193 4.6.1 SNOW AND ICE
MICROORGANISMS 193 4.7 INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHYSICAL FACTORS WITH SNOW
AND ICE MICROORGANISMS 195 4.7.1 TEMPERATURE 195 4.7.2 MELTWATER FLOW
AND WATER CONTENT 197 4.7.3 LIGHT, CRYOCONITE HOLES, AND SUNCUPS 198 4.8
PRODUCTIVITY AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES IN SNOW AND ICE 201 4.8.1 PRIMARY
PRODUCTIVITY AND RESPIRATION 201 4.8.2 DISSOLVED GASES AND PH 203 IX
CONTENTS 4.8.3 NUTRIENTS, NUTRIENT CYCLING, AND CONDUCTIVITY 204 4.8.4
BIOACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS 209 4.9 HUMAN ASPECTS, INTERESTS, AND
CONSIDERATIONS 210 4.9.1 BIOTECHNOLOGY 210 4.9.2 HUMAN FOOD 211 4.9.3
EXOBIOLOGY 212 4.10 OTHER FUTURE RESEARCH 212 4.10.1 GENETICS, MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY, AND ULTRASTRUCTURE 212 4.10.2 ECOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY 213 4.11
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 215 4.12 REFERENCES 215 THE EFFECT OF SNOW COVER ON
SMALL ANIMALS 229 5.1 INTRODUCTION 229 5.2 INVERTEBRATES 231 5.2.1 NIVAL
AND AEOLIAN FAUNA 231 5.2.2 SUBNIVEAN, INTRANIVEAN, AND SUPRANIVEAN
FAUNA 233 5.2.3 PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS 243 5.2.4
FOOD WEBS 245 5.2.5 LIFE CYCLES AND DEVELOPMENT 247 5.3 VERTEBRATES 247
5.3.1 SUBNIVEAN VERTEBRATES 247 5.3.2 PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL
MECHANISMS 250 5.3.3 SUBNIVEAN FOOD WEBS 251 5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
FUTURE RESEARCH 254 5.5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 256 5.6 REFERENCES 256
SNOW*VEGETATION INTERACTIONS IN TUNDRA ENVIRONMENTS 266 6. 1 OVERVIEW
266 6.2 INTRODUCTION 266 6.3 SNOW GRADIENTS 267 6.3.1 PLANT SPECIES 267
6.3.2 PLANT COMMUNITIES 268 CONTENTS 6.3.3 SNOW FLUSH AREAS, RIBBON
FORESTS, AND KRUMMHOLZ 272 6.3.4 SOILS 276 6.3.5 SUBNIVEAN ANIMALS 278
6.3.6 OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING PLANT COMPOSITION OF SNOWBEDS 279 6.3.7
LANDSCAPE AND REGIONAL VEGETATION PATTERNS 280 6.4 PLANT PHYSIOLOGICAL
RESPONSES 283 6.4.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF ARCTIC AND ALPINE SNOW COVER 284
6.4.2 PHENOLOGY 287 6.4.3 PRODUCTION 288 6.4.4 GROWTH STRATEGIES OF
SNOWBED PLANTS 289 6.4.5 WIND 290 6.4.6 RADIATION 291 6.4.7 TEMPERATURE
293 6.4.8 SOIL MOISTURE AND DROUGHT STRESS 297 6.5 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
299 6.6 CONCLUSION 302 6.7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 306 6.8 REFERENCES 306 7
TREE-RING DATING OF PAST SNOW REGIMES 325 7.1 INTRODUCTION 325 7.2
DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL APPROACHES AND BASIC RECOGNITION OF PAST SNOW LEVELS
327 7.3 THE ROLE OF SNOW IN TREE SURVIVAL 328 7.4 THE CRITICAL PERIOD OF
THE SNOW COVER BREAKTHROUGH 330 7.5 THE EFFECT OF SNOW ACCUMULATION ON
TREES 335 7.6 SNOW LEVELS AND PAST CLIMATE 337 7.7 CONCLUSION 341 7.8
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 343 7.9 REFERENCES 343 EPILOGUE 347 BOOK GLOSSARY 349
INDEX 371 XI
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| title | Snow ecology an interdisciplinary examination of snow-covered ecosystems |
| title_auth | Snow ecology an interdisciplinary examination of snow-covered ecosystems |
| title_exact_search | Snow ecology an interdisciplinary examination of snow-covered ecosystems |
| title_full | Snow ecology an interdisciplinary examination of snow-covered ecosystems ed. by H. G. Jones ... |
| title_fullStr | Snow ecology an interdisciplinary examination of snow-covered ecosystems ed. by H. G. Jones ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Snow ecology an interdisciplinary examination of snow-covered ecosystems ed. by H. G. Jones ... |
| title_short | Snow ecology |
| title_sort | snow ecology an interdisciplinary examination of snow covered ecosystems |
| title_sub | an interdisciplinary examination of snow-covered ecosystems |
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| topic_facet | Ökologie Schnee Konferenzschrift 1993 Quèbec |
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