Plastics additives handbook:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Munich
Hanser
2001
Cincinnati Hanser Gardner |
| Ausgabe: | 5. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXXVI, 1148 S. graph. Darst. : 21 cm |
| ISBN: | 3446195793 156990295X |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Plastics additives handbook |c ed. by Hans Zweifel |
| 250 | |a 5. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Munich |b Hanser |c 2001 | |
| 264 | 1 | |a Cincinnati |b Hanser Gardner | |
| 300 | |a XXXVI, 1148 S. |b graph. Darst. : 21 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Kunststoffadditiv | |
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| DE-BY-FWS_katkey | 233281 |
| DE-BY-FWS_media_number | 083100951943 083100951954 |
| _version_ | 1826265009912545280 |
| adam_text |
CONTENT
1
ANTIOXIDANTS
DR.
K.
SCHWARZENBACH,
DR.
B.
GILG,
D.
MULLER,
DR.
G.
KNOBLOCH,
J.-R.
PAUQUET,
DR.
P.
ROTA-GRAZIOSI,
DR.
A.'SCHMITTER,
J.
ZINGG,
CIBA
SC
INC.,
ADDITIVES
DIVISION,
BASEL,
SWITZERLAND
PROF.
DR.
E.
KRAMER,
FHAARAU,
BRUGG-WINDISCH,
SWITZERLAND
1.1
INTRODUCTION
.
1
1.2
ECONOMIC
SITUATION
.
1
1.3
PRINCIPLES
OF
OXIDATIVE
DEGRADATION
.
3
1.3.1
INTRODUCTION
.
3
1.3.2
AUTOXIDATION
.
4
1.4
INHIBITED
AUTOXIDATION
.
9
1.5
BASIC
ANTIOXIDANT
MECHANISMS
.
10
1.5.1
H-DONORS
.
10
1.5.1.1
AROMATIC
AMINES
.
11
1.5.1.2
PHENOLS
.
11
1.5.2
HYDROPEROXIDE
DECOMPOSERS
(HD)
.
13
1.5.2.1
PHOSPHITES/PHOSPHONITES
.
14
1.5.2.2
THIOSYNERGISTS
.
14
1.5.3
ALKYL
RADICAL
SCAVENGERS
.
15
1.5.3.1
HINDERED
AMINE
STABILIZERS
(HAS)
.
15
1.5.3.2
HYDROXYL
AMINES
.
17
1.5.3.3
BENZOFURANONE
DERIVATIVES
.
17
1.5.3.4
ACRYLOYL
MODIFIED
PHENOLS
.
17
1.5.4
METAL
DEACTIVATORS
.
18
1.5.5
MULTIFUNCTIONAL
STABILIZERS
.
19
1.5.6
BLENDS
OF
STABILIZERS
.
19
1.6
TESTING
OF
ANTIOXIDANTS
.
19
1.6.1
GENERAL
REMARKS
.
19
1.6.2
FAILURE
MECHANISMS
IN
POLYMERS
.
19
1.6.2.1
AMORPHOUS
POLYMERS
.
19
1.6.2.2
SEMI-CRYSTALLINE
POLYMERS
.
20
1.6.3
PREPARATION
OF
SAMPLES
.
22
1.6.3.1
LABORATORY
METHODS
.
22
1.6.3.2
PRODUCTION
SCALE
INCORPORATION
OF
ADDITIVES
.
23
1.6.4
OVERVIEW
OF
TEST
METHODS
.
23
1.6.5
MELT
PROCESSING
STABILITY
.
24
1.6.6
THERMAL
ANALYSIS
.
28
1.6.7
CHEMILUMINESCENCE
.
30
1.6.8
TESTING
LONG-TERM
THERMAL
STABILITY
.
31
1.6.8.1
OVEN
AGING
TECHNIQUES
.
31
XII
CONTENT
1.6.8.2
TESTING
UNDER
EXTERNAL
STRESS
.
36
1.6.9
LIFETIME
PREDICTION
.
39
1.7
STABILIZATION
OF
SELECTED
SUBSTRATES
.
40
1.7.1
POLYOLEFINS
.
40
1.7.1.1
GENERAL
ASPECTS
.
40
1.7.1.1.1
STABILIZATION
DURING
MELT
PROCESSING
.
40
1.7.1.1.2
STABILIZATION
DURING
LONG
TERM
THERMAL
EXPOSURE
.
49
1.7.1.2
SPECIFIC
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
SPECIAL
APPLICATIONS
.
61
1.7.2
ELASTOMERS
.
64
1.7.2.1
POLYBUTADIENE
(BR)
.
64
1.7.2.2
POLYISOPRENE
(IR)
.
66
1.7.2.3
STYRENE
BUTADIENE
RUBBER,
RANDOM
(SBR)
.
66
1.7.2.4
ACRYLONITRILE
BUTADIENE
COPOLYMER
(NITRILE
RUBBER,
NBR)
.
67
1.7.2.5
ETHYLENE
PROPYLENE
COPOLYMERS
(EPR,
EPDM)
.
68
1.7.2.6
THERMOPLASTIC
RUBBERS
.
69
1.7.2.7
STYRENE
BUTADIENE
LATEX
(X-SBR)
.
71
1.7.3
POLYSTYRENE,
IMPACT
MODIFIED
POLYSTYRENE
AND
COPOLYMERS
.
72
1.7.3.1
CRYSTAL
POLYSTYRENE
(CPS)
.
72
1.7.3.2
STYRENE-ACRYLONITRILE
COPOLYMER
(SAN)
.
73
1.7.3.3
HIGH
IMPACT
POLYSTYRENE
(HIPS)
.
74
1.7.3.4
MASS
TRANSPARENT
IMPACT
MODIFIED
POLYSTYRENE
.
75
1.7.3.5
ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE
COPOLYMERS
(ABS)
.
77
1.7.3.6
METHYL
METHACRYLATE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE
COPOLYMERS
(MBS)
.
79
1.7.3.7
OTHER
STYRENE-BASED
GRAFT
COPOLYMERS
.
80
1.7.4
POLYAMIDES
(PA)
.
80
1.7.4.1
ALIPHATIC
POLYAMIDES
.
80
1.7.4.2
AROMATIC
POLYAMIDES
.
X
.
84
1.7.5
POLYESTERS
.
84
1.7.5.1
POLYETHYLENE
TEREPHTHALATE)
(PET)
.
84
1.7.5.2
POLY(BUTYLENE
TEREPHTHALATE)
(PBT)
.
85
1.7.6
POLYACETALS
.
86
1.7.7
POLYCARBONATE,
PC
.
88
1.7.8
POLYURETHANES
(PUR)
.
88
1.7.9
HIGH
PERFORMANCE
ENGINEERING
THERMOPLASTICS
.
91
1.7.10
POLYMER
BLENDS
AND
ALLOYS
.
91
1.8
TECHNOLOGICAL
TREND
.
92
1.9
REFERENCES
.
92
1.10
APPENDIX
A:
CHEMICAL
STRUCTURES,
CAS
-
NUMBERS,
PRODUCERS
AND
TRADENAMES
OF
STABILIZERS
.
97
1.10.1
PRIMARY
ANTIOXIDANTS
.
98
1.10.2
SECONDARY
ANTIOXIDANTS/PHOSPHITES/PHOSPHONITES
.
109
1.10.3
SECONDARY
ANTIOXIDANTS/SULFUR
COMPOUNDS
.
112
CONTENT
XIN
1.10.4
METAL
DEACTIVATORS
.
113
1.10.5
NI-QUENCHERS
.
114
1.10.6
UV-ABSORBERS
.
116
1.10.7
HINDERED
AMINE
STABILIZERS
HA(L)S
.
123
1.10.8
MAILING
ADRESSES
OF
SUPPLIERS
.
137
2
LIGHT
STABILIZERS
F.
GUGUMUS,
CONSULTANT,
CH-4123
ALLSCHWIL,
SWITZERLAND
2.1
INTRODUCTION
.
,.
.
.
.
141
2.2
PHOTODEGRADATION
OF
SYNTHETIC
POLYMERS
.
143
2.2.1
ULTRA-VIOLET
SPECTRUM
OF
SUNLIGHT
.
143
2.2.2
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
PROCESSES
OCCURRING
ON
LIGHT
ABSORPTION
.
145
2.2.3
ENERGY
OF
LIGHT
AND
ITS
ABSORPTION
.
152
2.2.4
PHOTO-OXIDATION
SCHEME
.
154
2.2.5
PHOTO-OXIDATION
OF
POLYOLEFINS
.
154
2.2.5.1
PHOTO-OXIDATION
OF
PP
.
161
2.2.5.2
PHOTO-OXIDATION
OF
PE
.
163
2.2.6
PHOTO-OXIDATION
OF
ELASTOMERS
.
166
2.2.7
PHOTO-OXIDATION
OF
STYRENIC
POLYMERS
.
168
2.2.8
PHOTO-OXIDATION
OF
POLYAMIDES
.
171
2.2.8.1
ALIPHATIC
POLYAMIDES
.
171
2.2.8.2
AROMATIC
POLYAMIDES
.
174
2.2.9
PHOTO-OXIDATION
OF
POLYVINYL
CHLORIDE
.
175
2.2.10
PHOTO-OXIDATION
OF
POLYCARBONATE
.
178
2.2.11
PHOTO-OXIDATION
OF
POLYACETALS
.
183
2.2.12
PHOTO-OXIDATION
OF
PUR
.
184
2.2.13
PHOTO-OXIDATION
OF
LINEAR
POLYESTER
.
188
2.2.14
PHOTO-OXIDATION
OF
THERMOPLASTIC
POLYESTER
ELASTOMERS
.
192
2.2.15
PHOTO-OXIDATION
OF
POLYACRYLATES
AND
POLYMETHACRYLATES
.
192
2.2.16
PHOTO-OXIDATION
OF
PPE
.
195
2.2.17
PHOTO-OXIDATION
OF
POLYSULFONE
.
200
2.2.18
PHOTO-OXIDATION
OF
EPOXY
RESINS
.
203
2.2.19
PHOTO-OXIDATION
OF
OTHER
POLYMERS
.
206
2.3
MECHANISMS
OF
UV
STABILIZATION
.
206
2.3.1
UV
ABSORPTION
.
206
2.3.2
QUENCHING
.
217
2.3.3
HYDROPEROXIDE
DECOMPOSITION
.
221
2.3.4
FREE
RADICAL
SCAVENGING
.
221
2.3.5
HINDERED
AMINE
LIGHT
STABILIZERS
(HALS)
.
223
2.3.5.1
STABILIZATION
MECHANISMS
OF
HALS
OXIDATION
PRODUCTS
.
223
2.3.5.2
STABILIZATION
MECHANISMS
OF
HALS
.
230
XIV
CONTENT
2.4
LIGHT
STABILIZER
TESTING
.
238
2.4.1
ARTIFICIAL
WEATHERING
.
238
2.4.2
NATURAL
WEATHERING
.
241
2.4.3
INFLUENCE
OF
PIGMENTS
ON
LIGHT
STABILIZER
TESTING
.
242
2.5
TECHNICAL
ASPECTS
OF
LIGHT
STABILIZATION
.
244
2.5.1
STABILITY
AND
VOLATILITY
.
244
2.5.2
SOLUBILITY,
COMPATIBILITY,
MIGRATION
AND
EXTRACTION
OF
LIGHT
STABILIZERS
.
246
2.5.3
HANDLING
AND
SAFETY
.
246
2.5.4
PRACTICAL
ASPECTS
OF
LIGHT
STABILIZATION
.
247
2.5.5
STRUCTURES
OF
LIGHT
STABILIZERS
.
247
2.6
STABILIZATION
OF
SELECTED
PLASTICS
.
247
2.6.1
STABILIZATION
OF
POLYOLEFINS
.
248
2.6.1.1
UV
STABILIZATION
OF
PP
.
248
2.6.1.2
STABILIZATION
OF
PE
.
288
2.6.2
STABILIZATION
OF
ELASTOMERS
.
331
2.6.2.1
LIGHT
STABILIZATION
OF
ADHESIVES
.
338
2.6.3
STABILIZATION
OF
STYRENIC
POLYMERS
.
344
2.6.4
STABILIZATION
OF
POLYAMIDES
.
352
2.6.4.1
STABILIZATION
OF
POLYAMIDE
FIBERS
.
361
2.6.5
STABILIZATION
OF
POLYVINYL
CHLORIDE
.
364
2.6.6
STABILIZATION
OF
POLYCARBONATE
.
369
2.6.7
STABILIZATION
OF
POLYACETAL
.
372
2.6.8
STABILIZATION
OF
POLYURETHANE
.
380
2.6.9
STABILIZATION
OF
LINEAR
POLYESTERS
.
389
2.6.10
STABILIZATION
OF
UNSATURATED
POLYESTERS
.
394
2.6.11
STABILIZATION
OF
THERMOPLASTIC
POLYESTER
ELASTOMERS
.
395
2.6.12
STABILIZATION
OF
POLYACRYLATES
.
395
2.6.13
STABILIZATION
OF
POLYPHENYLENE
ETHER
.
398
2.6.14
STABILIZATION
OF
POLYSULFONES
.
401
2.6.15
STABILIZATION
OF
EPOXY
RESINS
.
402
2.6.16
STABILIZATION
OF
OTHER
POLYMERS
.
403
2.7
LIST
OF
TRADENAMES
AND
SUPPLIERS
.
403
2.8
REFERENCES
.
403
2.9
APPENDIX
B
.
420
CONTENT
XV
3
PVC
STABILIZERS
DR.
R.
BACALOGULU,
DR.
M.
H.
FISCH,
POLYMER
ADDITIVES,
CROMPTON
CORP.,
TARRYTOWN,
NY,
USA,
J.
KAUFHOLD,
H.
J.
SANDER,
POLYMER
ADDITIVES,
WITCO
VINYL
ADDITIVES
GMBH,
LAMPERTHEIM,
GERMANY
3.1
THE
ECONOMIC
AND
TECHNICAL
IMPORTANCE
OF
PVC
STABILIZERS
.
427
3.2
THERMAL
DEGRADATION
AND
STABILIZATION
OF
PVC
.
428
3.2.1
MECHANISM
OF
PVC
DEGRADATION
.
428
3.2.1.1
DEHYDROCHLORINATION
OF
PVC
IN
THE
ABSENCE
OF
AIR
(PRIMARY
DEGRADATION)
.
428
3.2.1.2
THERMAL
OXIDATIVE
DEGRADATION
OF
PVC
.
435
3.2.1.3
SECONDARY
PROCESSES
IN
PVC
DEGRADATION
.
436
3.2.2
HEAT
STABILIZATION
OF
PVC
.
437
3.2.2.1
ALKYLTIN
STABILIZERS
.
438
3.2.2.2
MIXED
METAL
STABILIZERS
.
439
3.2.2.3
ALKYL
PHOSPHITES
STABILIZERS
.
441
3.2.2.4
P
DIKETONES
STABILIZERS
.
441
3.2.2.5
EPOXIDIZED
FATTY
ACID
ESTERS
STABILIZERS
.
441
3.2.2.6
HYDROTALCITES
STABILIZERS
.
442
3.3
PRODUCT
GROUPS
AND
THEIR
SPECIFIC
CHEMICAL
AND
APPLICATION
CHARACTERISTICS
442
3.3.1
TIN
STABILIZERS
.
442
3.3.1.1
ORGANOTIN
MERCAPTIDES
AND
ORGANOTIN SULFIDES
.
443
3.3.1.2
ORGANOTIN
CARBOXYLATES
.
445
3.3.1.3
RECOMMENDED
FORMULATIONS
.
446
3.3.2
MIXED
METAL
STABILIZERS
.
448
3.3.2.1
BARIUM/CADMIUM
STABILIZERS
.
451
3.3.2.2
BARIUM/ZINC
STABILIZERS
.
452
3.3.2.3
CALCIUM/ZINC
STABILIZERS
.
452
3.3.2.4
RECOMMENDED
FORMULATIONS
.
453
3.3.3
LEAD
STABILIZERS
.
454
3.3.3.1
PRIMARY
LEAD
SALTS
AND
SOLID
LEAD
CARBOXYLATES
.
454
3.3.3.2
LIQUID
LEAD
CARBOXYLATES
.
455
3.3.3.3
RECOMMENDED
FORMULATIONS
.
455
3.3.4
METAL-FREE
STABILIZERS
.
456
3.3.5
COSTABILIZERS
.
458
3.3.5.1
ORGANIC
PHOSPHITES
.
458
3.3.5.2
EPOXY
COMPOUNDS
.
460
3.3.5.3
POLYOLS
.
463
3.3.5.4
ANTIOXIDANTS
.
463
3.3.5.5
1,3-DIKETONES,
DIHYDROPYRIDINES
AND
DEHYDROACETIC
ACID
.
463
3.3.5.6
INORGANIC
COSTABILIZERS
.
465
XVI
CONTENT
3.4
LEGAL
REQUIREMENTS
.
466
3.5
TEST
METHODS
.
467
3.5.1
HEAT
STABILITY
TESTING
.
467
3.5.1.1
STATIC
HEAT
TESTS
.
467
3.5.1.2
DYNAMIC
HEAT
TESTS
.
468
3.5.1.3
DETERMINATION
OF
DEHYDROCHLORINATION
.
468
3.5.1.4
RESIDUAL
HEAT
STABILITY
.
468
3.5.2
TESTING
THE
EFFECTS
OF
HEAT
STABILIZERS
ON
PROCESSING
PROPERTIES
.
.
469
3.5.3
TESTING
ELECTRICAL
PROPERTIES
.
469
3.5.4
FOGGING
TEST
.
469
3.5.5
TESTING
WEATHERING
AND
LIGHT
STABILITY
.
470
3.6
TECHNOLOGICAL
TRENDS
AND
OUTLOOK
.
471
3.7
INDEX
OF
TRADENAMES
AND
SUPPLIERS
OF
PVC
STABILIZERS
.
472
3.8
REFERENCES
.
481
4
ACID
SCAVENGERS
A.
HOLZNER,
DR.
K.
CHMIL,
BAERLOCHER
GMBH,
UNTERSCHLEISSHEIM,
GERMANY
4.1
INTRODUCTION
.
485
4.2
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
OF
MECHANISM
/
ACTION
.
485
4.3
PHYSICAL
AND
CHEMICAL
DESCRIPTIONS
OF
THE
ADDITIVES
.
487
4.3.1
METALLIC
STEARATES
.
487
4.3.2
HYDROTALCITE
.
490
4.3.3
HYDROCALUMITE
.
491
4.3.4
ZINC
OXIDE
.
492
4.4
INCORPORATION
OF
ADDITIVES
IN
THE
POLYMERS
.
493
4.5
TESTING
ADDITIVES
IN
THE
POLYMERS
.
493
4.5.1
CORROSION
RESISTANCE
TEST
.
493
4.5.2
MULTIPLE
EXTRUSION
.
494
4.5.3
YELLOWNESS
INDEX
(ASTMD-1925;
DIN
ISO
6167)
.
495
4.5.4
MELT
FLOW
INDEX
/
MELT
VOLUME
INDEX
(ASTM
D1238-95;
DINISO
1133-1991)
.
495
4.5.5
FILTRATION
INDEX
.
495
4.6 EXAMPLES
OF
FORMULATIONS
AND
ADDITIVE
PERFORMANCE
IN
VARIOUS
POLYMERS
.
496
4.7
INTERFERENCE
WITH
OTHER
ADDITIVES
.
505
4.8
TECHNOLOGICAL
TRENDS
.
505
4.9
CONCLUSION
.
505
4.10
LIST
OF
MANUFACTURERS
PER
PRODUCT
GROUP
.
506
4.11
REFERENCES
.
508
CONTENT
XVII
5
LUBRICANTS
DR.
E.
RICHTER,
CLARIANT
GMBH,
WERK
GERSTHOFEN,
GERMANY
5.1
INTRODUCTION
.
511
5.1.1
LUBRICANTS
FOR
PLASTICS
PROCESSING
.
511
5.1.2
DEFINITIONS
AND
DISTINCTIONS
.
512
5.1.3
COMMERCIAL
IMPORTANCE
OF
LUBRICANTS
.
512
5.2
EFFECTS
OF
LUBRICANTS
.
514
5.2.1
UNDERSTANDING
THE
LUBRICATING
EFFECT
.
514
5.2.2
INTERNAL
LUBRICATING
EFFECTS
.
516
5.2.2.1
VISCOSITY
REDUCTION
.
516
5.2.2.2
REDUCTION
OF
HEAT
DISSIPATION
.
519
5.2.3
EXTERNAL
LUBRICATING
EFFECTS
.
520
5.2.3.1
RELEASE
EFFECT
.
520
5.2.3.2
PLASTIFICATION
RETARDING
(FRICTION-REDUCING)
EFFECT
.
522
5.2.3.3
PREVENTION
OF
MELT
FRACTURE
.
523
5.2.4
EFFECTS
ON
FINISHED
PART
SURFACES
.
524
5.2.4.1
MOLD-RELEASE
EFFECT
.
524
5.2.4.2 SLIP
EFFECT
.
526
5.2.4.3
ANTIBLOCKING
AND
ANTISLIP
EFFECTS
.
526
5.2.5
DISPERSING
EFFECT
.
526
5.3
TESTING
LUBRICANTS
.
528
5.3.1
PRODUCT
CHARACTERIZATION
.
528
5.3.2
TESTS
ON
PLASTIC
MELTS
.
530
5.3.2.1
CAPILLARY
VISCOMETRY
.
530
5.3.2.2
SPIRAL
FLOW
TEST
.
531
5.3.2.3
TESTING
WELD
LINE
STRENGTH
.
531
5.3.2.4
DEMOLDING
FORCE
.
531
5.3.2.5
LABORATORY
KNEADER
(PLASTOGRAPH)
.
532
5.3.2.6
EXTRUSIOMETER
.
533
5.3.2.7
MELT
STRENGTH
.
534
5.3.2.8
ROLL
MILL
TESTS
.
535
5.3.3
FINISHED
PART
TESTING
.
536
5.3.3.1
GLOSS
AND
SMOOTHNESS
.
536
5.3.3.2
SLIP
MEASUREMENTS
.
536
5.4
LUBRICANT
PRODUCT
GROUPS
AND
THEIR
PROPERTIES
.
536
5.4.1
STRUCTURE/EFFECT
RELATIONSHIPS
.
536
5.4.2
IMPORTANT
LUBRICANT
PRODUCT
GROUPS
.
536
5.4.2.1
FATTY
ALCOHOLS
AND
THEIR
DICARBOXYLIC
ACID
ESTERS
.
537
5.4.2.2
FATTY
ACID
ESTERS
OF
SHORT-CHAIN
ALCOHOLS
.
538
5.4.2.3
FATTY
ACIDS
.
538
5.4.2.4
FATTY
ACID
AMIDES
.
538
5.4.2.5
METAL
SOAPS
.
538
XVHI
CONTENT
5.4.2.6 OLIGOMERIC
FATTY
ACID
ESTERS
(FATTY
ACID
COMPLEX
ESTERS)
.
539
5.4.2.7
FATTY
ACID
ESTERS
OF
LONG-CHAIN
ALCOHOLS
.
539
5.4.2.8
MONTAN
WAXES
.
539
5.4.2.9
POLAR
PE
WAXES
.
539
5.4.2.10
POLAR
PP
WAXES
.
540
5.4.2.11
NON-POLAR
PE
WAXES
.
540
5.4.2.12
PP
WAXES
.
541
5.4.2.13
NATURAL
AND
SYNTHETIC
PARAFFIN
WAXES
.
541
5.4.2.14
FLUOROPOLYMERS
.
541
5.4.2.15
OTHER
GROUPS
OF
LUBRICANTS
.
541
5.4.2.16
BLENDS
AND
COMBINATIONS
OF
LUBRICANTS
.
542
5.4.2.17
TOXICOLOGICAL
AND
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASPECTS
.
542
5.5
PRACTICAL
USE
OF
LUBRICANTS
.
543
5.5.1
LUBRICANTS
FOR
PVC
.
543
5.5.2
LUBRICANTS
FOR
STYRENIC
POLYMERS
.
546
5.5.3
LUBRICANTS
FOR
POLYOLEFINS
.
546
5.5.4
LUBRICANTS
FOR
ENGINEERING
THERMOPLASTICS
.
547
5.6
TECHNOLOGICAL
TRENDS
AND
OUTLOOK
.
549
5.7
LIST
OF
TRADE
NAMES
AND
SUPPLIERS
.
550
5.8
REFERENCES
.
552
6
POLYMER
PROCESSING
AIDS
STEPHEN
E.
AMOS,
GLEN
M.
GIACOLETTO,
JOHN
H.
HOMS,
CLAUDE
LAVALLEE,
SUSAN
S.
WOODS,
DYNEON,
A
3M
COMPANY,
OAKDALE,
MINNESOTA
55128,
USA
6.1
INTRODUCTION
.
553
6.2
MECHANISMS
OF
PROCESSING
AID
ACTION
.
553
6.2.1
MELT
FRACTURE
.
553
6.2.2
COATING
MECHANISMS
.
554
6.3
PROCESSING
AID
TECHNOLOGIES
AND
HISTORICAL
PERSPECTIVE
.
556
6.3.1
ORIGINAL
TECHNOLOGY
.
556
6.3.2
FLUOROPOLYMER-BASED
ADDITIVES
.
557
6.3.3
SILICONE-BASED
ADDITIVES
.
558
6.4
INCORPORATION
OF
PROCESSING
AIDS
.
558
6.5
APPLICATIONS
FOR
PROCESSING
AIDS
.
559
6.5.1
MELT
FRACTURE
ELIMINATION
.
560
6.5.2
DIE
BUILD-UP
REDUCTION
.
561
6.5.3
IMPROVED
PRODUCTION
CAPACITY
.
562
6.5.4
GEL
REDUCTION
.
564
6.5.5
RECYCLED
PLASTICS
.
564
6.6 EFFECTS
AND
ADVANTAGES
IN
DIFFERENT
PROCESSES
.
565
6.6.1
BLOWN
AND
CAST
FILM
.
565
CONTENT
XIX
6.6.2
PIPE
AND
TUBING
EXTRUSION
.
566
6.6.3
FIBER
AND
SLIT
TAPE
EXTRUSION
.
566
6.6.4
BLOW
MOLDING
.
566
6.6.5
INJECTION
MOLDING
.
567
6.7
PROCESSING
AID
USE
IN
OTHER
POLYMERS
.
567
6.7.1
THERMOPLASTIC
RUBBER
(SEBS,
SIS,
EPDM,
EPR)
.
567
6.7.2
NYLON
.
568
6.7.3
POLYESTER
.
568
6.8
HOW
TO
EVALUATE
A
PROCESSING
AID
.
.
568
6.8.1
CAPILLARY
RHEOMETRY
.
568
6.8.1.1
PURGING
THE
RHEOMETER
.
568
6.8.1.2
TESTING
THE
SAMPLES
.
569
6.8.1.3
APPLICATION
TESTING
.
571
6.8.1.4
EXTRUSION
(FILM)
TRIAL
SEQUENCE
.
571
6.9
ANALYTICAL
TECHNIQUES
.
571
6.9.1
COMBUSTION
ANALYSIS
.
572
6.9.2
X-RAY
FLUORESCENCE
SPECTROMETRY
(XRF)
.
572
6.9.3
INFRARED
SPECTROSCOPY
(FTIR)
.
574
6.9.4
NUCLEAR
MAGNETIC
RESONANCE
SPECTROSCOPY
(19F-NMR)
.
575
6.9.5
OPTICAL
MICROSCOPY
.
576
6.10
ADDITIVE
INTERACTIONS
.
577
6.10.1
POSITIVE
INTERACTIONS
.
577
6.10.2
NEGATIVE
INTERACTIONS
.
579
6.10.2.1
ADSORPTION
AND
ABRASION
.
579
6.10.2.2
COMPETITION
AND
CHEMICAL
INTERACTIONS
.
581
6.11
REGULATORY
STATUS
.
582
6.12
LIST
OF
TRADE
NAMES,
CLASS
AND
PROCESSING
AID
MANUFACTURERS
.
582
6.13
REFERENCES
.
582
7
ANTI-BLOCKING
ADDITIVES
DR.
T.
KROMMINGA,
DR.
G.
VAN
ESCHE,
GRACE
DAVISON
GMBH,
WORMS,
GERMANY
7.1
INTRODUCTION
.
585
7.2
BASIC
MECHANISM
OF
ACTION
.
585
7.3
PHYSICAL
AND
CHEMICAL
DESCRIPTION
OF
ANTI-BLOCKING
ADDITIVES
.
587
7.3.1
SYNTHETIC
SILICA
GEL
.
587
7.3.2
NATURAL
SILICA
.
588
7.3.3
TALC
.
588
7.3.4
ZEOLITES
.
588
7.3.5
LIMESTONE
.
589
7.3.6
ORGANIC
ANTI-BLOCKING
ADDITIVES
.
589
XX
CONTENT
7.4
APPLICATIONS
FOR
ANTI-BLOCKING
ADDITIVES
.
589
7.4.1
PE
.
589
7.4.1.1
NATURAL
SILICA
.
590
7.4.1.2
MINERALS
.
590
7.4.1.3
MOLECULAR
SIEVES
.
590
7.4.1.4
SYNTHETIC
SILICA
.
590
7.4.1.5
WAXES
AND
AMIDES
.
590
7.4.2
PP
FILMS
.
591
7.4.2.1
UNORIENTED
FILMS
.
591
7.4.2.2
ORIENTED
FILMS
.
591
7.4.3
POLYESTER
FILMS
.
592
7.4.3.1
MINERALS
.
593
7.4.3.2
SYNTHETIC
SILICA
.
593
7.4.4
FLEXIBLE
PVC
FILMS
.
593
7.4.4.1
NATURAL
SILICA
AND
MINERALS
.
594
7.4.4.2
SYNTHETIC
SILICA
.
594
7.4.4.3
ALUMOSILICATES
.
594
7.4.5
OTHER
FILMS
.
594
7.5
MEASUREMENT
METHODS
.
594
7.6
INCORPORATION
METHODS
.
596
7.6.1
MASTERBATCHES
.
597
7.6.2
FILM
GRADES
.
597
7.6.3
POLYESTER
FILMS
.
597
7.7
TOXICOLOGY
OF
ANTI-BLOCKING
ADDITIVES
.
597
7.7.1
SILICA
.
598
7.7.2
TALC
.
598
7.7.3
ZEOLITES
.
598
7.7.4
LIMESTONE
.
598
7.8
TECHNOLOGICAL
TRENDS
.
598
7.9
LIST
OF
MANUFACTURERS
AND
TRADENAMES
OF
COMMONLY
USED
ANTI-BLOCKING
ADDITIVES
.
599
7.10
REFERENCES
.
600
8
SLIP
ADDITIVES
F.
WYLIN,
UNIQEMA,
EVERBERG,
BELGIUM
8.1
INTRODUCTION
.
601
8.2
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
OF
ADDITIVE
ACTION
.
601
8.3
DESCRIPTION
OF
SLIP
ADDITIVES
.
602
8.4
STRUCTURES
OF
SLIP
ADDITIVES
.
604
8.5
INCORPORATION
OF
SLIP
ADDITIVES
IN
POLYMERS
.
604
8.6
TESTING
OF
SLIP
PERFORMANCE
.
604
8.7
EXAMPLES
OF
FORMULATIONS/PERFORMANCE
OF
ADDITIVES
IN
VARIOUS
POLYMERS
.
.
605
CONTENT
XXI
8.8
TRENDS
.
606
8.9
LIST
OF
TRADE
NAMES
AND
SUPPLIERS
.
606
8.10
REFERENCES
.
607
9
ANTIFOGGING
ADDITIVES
F.
WYLIN,
UNIQEMA,
EVERBERG,
BELGIUM
9.1
INTRODUCTION
.
609
9.1.1
FOOD
PACKAGING
FILMS
.
610
9.1.2
AGRICULTURAL
FILM
.
610
9.1.2.1
BLACK
MULCHING
FILM
.
610
9.1.2.2 SMALL
TUNNELS
.
610
9.1.2.3
LARGE
DOMES/LARGE
GREENHOUSES
.
610
9.1.2.4
FLAT
LAY,
PERFORATED,
TEMPORARY
PROTECTION
FILM
.
611
9.1.2.5
HEAT
RETENTION
FILM
FOR
GLASS
GREENHOUSES
.
611
9.2
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
OF
ACTION
OF
ANTIFOGGING
ADDITIVES
.
612
9.3
DESCRIPTION
OF
ANTIFOGGING
ADDITIVES
.
615
9.3.1
TYPES
OF
ANTIFOGGING
ADDITIVES
.
615
9.3.2
COMMERCIAL
ANTIFOGGING
ADDITIVES
.
615
9.4
STRUCTURE
OF
ANTIFOGGING
ADDITIVES
.
616
9.5
INCORPORATION
OF
ANTIFOGGING
ADDITIVES
INTO
POLYMERS
.
617
9.6
TESTING
OF
ANTIFOGGING
PERFORMANCE
.
618
9.6.1
EVALUATION
TEST
PROCEDURES
.
618
9.6.2
TESTS
FOR
FOOD
PACKAGING
FILMS
.
618
9.6.2.1
THE
COLD
'
FOG
'
TEST
.
618
9.6.2.2
THE
HOT
'
FOG
'
TEST
.
619
9.6.3
TESTS
FOR
AGRICULTURAL
FILMS
.
620
9.7
EXAMPLES
OF
FORMULATIONS
AND
PERFORMANCE
OF
ANTIFOGGING
ADDITIVES
IN
VARIOUS
POLYMERS
.
621
9.7.1
FOOD
PACKAGING
FILM
.
621
9.7.2
AGRICULTURAL
FILM
.
622
9.8
TRENDS
.
624
9.9
LIST
OF
TRADE
NAMES
AND
SUPPLIERS
.
625
9.10
REFERENCES
.
626
10
ANTISTATIC
ADDITIVES
F.
WYLIN,
UNIQEMA,
EVERBERG,
BELGIUM
10.1
INTRODUCTION
.
627
10.2
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
OF
ACTION
OF
ANTISTATIC
ADDITIVES
.
628
10.2.1
EXTERNAL
ANTISTATIC
ADDITIVES
.
628
10.2.2
INTERNAL
ANTISTATIC
ADDITIVES
.
629
10.2.3
CONDUCTIVE
FILLERS
.
630
XXII
CONTENT
10.3
DESCRIPTION
OF
ANTISTATIC
ADDITIVES
.
632
10.3.1
NON-IONIC
ANTISTATIC
ADDITIVES
.
632
10.3.1.1
FATTY
ACID
ESTERS
.
632
10.3.1.2
ETHOXYLATED
ALKYLAMINES
.
634
10.3.1.3
DIETHANOLAMIDES
.
635
10.3.1.4
ETHOXYLATED
ALCOHOLS
.
635
10.3.2
ANIONIC
ANTITSTATIC
ADDITIVES
.
636
10.3.3
CATIONIC
ANTITSTATIC
ADDITIVES
.
636
10.3.4
AMPHOTERIC
ANTISTATIC
ADDITIVES
.
636
10.4
STRUCTURES
OF
ANTISTATIC
ADDITIVES
.
636
10.5
INCORPORATION
OF
ANTISTATIC
ADDITIVES
INTO
POLYMERS
.
638
10.6
TESTING
ANTISTATIC
PERFORMANCE
.
638
10.6.1
QUALITATIVE
TESTING
.
638
10.6.2
QUANTITATIVE
TESTING
.
638
10.6.3
CONNECTION
BETWEEN
HALF-LIFE
VALUE
AND
SURFACE
RESISTIVITY
.
639
10.7
EXAMPLES
OF
FORMULATIONS
AND
PERFORMANCE
OF
ANTISTATIC
ADDITIVES
IN
VARIOUS
POLYMERS
.
640
10.7.1
POLYOLEFINS
.
640
10.7.2
STYRENICS
.
641
10.7.3
PVC
.
641
10.7.4
ENGINEERING
POLYMERS
.
644
10.8
TRENDS
.
644
10.9
LIST
OF
TRADENAMES
AND
SUPPLIERS
.
644
10.10
REFERENCES
.
645
11
ANTIMICROBIALS
D.
OCHS,
CIBA
SPECIALTY
CHEMICALS,
BS
ANTIMICROBIALS,
GRENZACH-WYLEN,
GERMANY
11.1
INTRODUCTION
.
647
11.2
USE
OF
ANTIMICROBIALS
AND
REQUIREMENTS
.
650
11.2.1
BIOSTABILIZERS
(PRESERVATIVES)
.
651
11.2.2
ANTIMICROBIAL
ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS
.
651
11.2.3
REQUIREMENTS
OF
ANTIMICROBIALS
.
651
11.2.4
ANTIMICROBIALS
AS
BIOSTABILIZERS
.
651
11.2.4.1
MANIFESTATION
OF
BIODETERIORATION
.
654
11.2.5
ANTIMICROBIALS
AS
ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS
.
655
11.2.5.1
EFFECTS
OF
ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS
.
656
11.3
MODE
OF
ACTION
.
657
11.4
TEST
METHODS
.
658
11.4.1
AGAR
PLATE
TESTS
.
658
11.4.2
DIRECT
CONTAMINATION
OF
THE
TEST
SPECIMEN
.
661
CONTENT
XXIII
11.4.3
IN-USE
TESTS
.
662
11.4.4
OTHER
USEFUL
TEST
METHODS
.
662
11.4.4.1
STANDARD
METHODS
.
664
11.5
REGULATIONS
RELATED
TO
ANTIMICROBIALS
.
665
11.5.1
USA
.
665
11.5.2
EUROPE
.
666
11.6
FUTURE
TRENDS
.
666
11.7
LIST
OF
PRODUCTS,
TRADENAMES,
AND
SUPPLIERS
.
667
11.8
REFERENCES
.
678
12
FLAME
RETARDANTS
PAUL
F.
RANKEN,
ALBEMARLE
CORPORATION,
BATON
ROUGE,
LOUISIANA,
USA
12.1
INTRODUCTION
.
681
12.2
FLAME
RETARDANT
MECHANISMS
.
682
12.3
ORGANIC
FLAME
RETARDANT
STRUCTURES,
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES,
AND
TYPICAL
USES
.
685
12.4
TYPICAL
FLAME
RETARDANT
FORMULATIONS
.
688
12.5
EVALUATION
OF
FLAME
RETARDANTS
.
690
12.6
TECHNOLOGICAL
TRENDS
.
692
12.7
LIST
OF
TRADE
NAMES,
MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS
.
695
12.8
REFERENCES
.
697
13
CHEMICAL
BLOWING
AGENTS
H.
HUMIK,
BAYER
AG,
DORMAGEN,
GERMANY
13.1
INTRODUCTION
.
699
13.2
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
AND
FUNCTION
OF
BLOWING
AGENTS
.
699
13.2.1
GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
AND
CHOICES
.
700
13.2.2
MAIN
PROPERTIES
.
700
13.3
PRODUCT
CLASSES
AND
MECHANISMS
OF
ACTION
.
701
13.3.1
AZO
COMPOUNDS
.
702
13.3.1.1
AZODICARBONAMIDE
(ADC)
.
702
13.3.1.2
MECHANISM
OF
DECOMPOSITION
.
702
13.3.1.3
METHODS
OF
AFFECTING
THE
DECOMPOSITION
OF
ADC
.
704
13.3.2
HYDRAZINE
DERIVATIVES
.
707
13.3.2.1
P-TOLUENESULFONYLHYDRAZIDE
(TSH)
.
707
13.3.2.2
4,4
'
-OXIBIS
(BENZENESULFONYLHYDRAZIDE)
(OBSH)
.
708
13.3.3
SEMICARBAZIDES
.
709
13.3.3.1
P-TOLUENESULFONYLSEMICARBAZIDE
(TSSC)
.
709
13.3.3.2
MECHANISM
OF
TSSC
DECOMPOSITION
.
710
13.3.4
TETRAZOLES
.
711
13.3.4.1
5-PHENYLTETRAZOLE
(5-PT)
.
711
XXIV
CONTENT
13.3.5
NITROSO
COMPOUNDS
.
712
13.3.5.1
N,N
'
-DINITROSO-PENTAMETHYLENETETRAMINE
(DNPT)
.
712
13.3.6
CARBONATES
.
713
13.3.6.1
SODIUM
BICARBONATE
(NAHC03)
.
713
13.3.6.2
MECHANISM
OF
NAHC03
DECOMPOSITION
.
713
13.4
BLOWING
AGENT
PREPARATIONS
.
714
13.5
TESTING
CHEMICAL
BLOWING
AGENTS
.
715
13.6
INCORPORATION
OF
CHEMICAL
BLOWING
AGENTS
INTO
POLYMERS
.
716
13.6.1
COMMERCIAL
FORMS
.
.
.
.
716
13.6.2
APPLICATIONS
.
716
13.6.3
THE
POLYMERS
.
717
13.6.4
COMMERCIAL
SIGNIFICANCE
.
718
13.7
PROCESSING
AND
APPLICATIONS
.
719
13.8
TECHNOLOGICAL
TRENDS
AND
OUTLOOK
.
721
13.9
LIST
OF
TRADE
NAMES
AND
MANUFACTURERS
OF
CHEMICAL
BLOWING
AGENTS
.
722
13.10
REFERENCES
.
723
14
CROSSLINKING
AND
CONTROLLED
DEGRADATION
OF
POLYOLEFINS
DR.
DAN
MUNTEANU,
ENGELHARD
POLYOLEFIN
CATALYSTS,
TIMISOARA,
ROMANIA
14.1
INTRODUCTION
.
725
14.2
PRINCIPLES
OF
POLYOLEFIN
CROSSLINKING
AND
CONTROLLED
DEGRADATION
.
727
14.2.1
GENERATION
AND
FATE
OF
MACRORADICALS
IN
POLYOLEFINS
.
727
14.2.1.1
FREE
RADICAL
SYSTEMS
IN
POLYOLEFINS
.
727
14.2.1.2
CHAIN-SCISSION
VERSUS
BRANCHING
AND
CROSSLINKING
.
729
14.2.1.3
GRAFTING
FUNCTIONAL
MONOMERS
.
731
14.2.2
IRRADIATION
CROSSLINKING
.
732
14.2.3
PEROXIDE
CROSSLINKING
.
734
14.2.4
SILANE
CROSSLINKING
.
735
14.2.4.1
SILANE-FUNCTIONALIZED
POLYOLEFINS
.
735
14.2.4.2
MOISTURE-CROSSLINKING
OF
SILANE-FUNCTIONALIZED
POLYOLEFINS
.
737
14.3
ORGANIC
PEROXIDES
FOR
CROSSLINKING,
CHAIN-SCISSION
AND
GRAFTING
.
739
14.3.1
STRUCTURES
AND
GENERAL
PROPERTIES
.
740
14.3.2
PEROXIDE
DECOMPOSITION
.
744
14.3.3
STORAGE
AND
SAFETY
REQUIREMENTS
.
751
14.3.4
MAJOR
PRODUCERS
AND
COMMERCIAL
GRADES
OF
PEROXIDES
.
752
14.4
ORGANOFUNCTIONAL
SILANES
.
754
14.4.1
STRUCTURES
AND
GENERAL
PROPERTIES
.
54
14.4.2
LIQUID
SILANE
FORMULATIONS
.
755
14.4.3
DRY
SILANE
FORMULATIONS
.
756
14.5
INCORPORATION
OF
PEROXIDES
AND
SILANES
IN
POLYOLEFINS
.
757
14.5.1
DOSING
SOLID
ADDITIVES
.
758
CONTENT
XXV
14.5.2
SPRAYING
LIQUID
ADDITIVES
.
759
14.5.3
DIRECT
INJECTION
OF
LIQUID
ADDITIVES
.
759
14.5.4
ADDITIONAL
DOSING
CONCERNS
.
759
14.6
TECHNICAL
ASPECTS
OF
PEROXIDE
CROSSLINKING
.
760
14.6.1
SELECTION
OF
PEROXIDES
.
761
14.6.2
PROCESS
PARAMETERS
.
762
14.6.2.1
PROCESSING
AND
CROSSLINKING
TEMPERATURE
.
762
14.6.2.2
PEROXIDE
CONCENTRATION
.
763
14.6.2.3
POLYOLEFIN
STRUCTURE
.
763
14.6.2.4
CROSSLINKING
COAGENTS
.
765
14.6.2.5
STABILIZATION
PACKAGES
.
766
14.6.2.6
FILLERS
AND
OTHER
AUXILIARIES
.
767
14.6.3
CROSSLINKING
TECHNIQUES
.
767
14.6.3.1
WIRE
AND
CABLE
INSULATION
.
767
14.6.3.2
PIPES
.
769
14.6.3.3
INJECTION
MOLDING
AND
ROTOMOLDING
.
769
14.6.4
PEROXIDE-RELATED
CROSSLINKING
TECHNIQUES
.
770
14.6.4.1
UHF
CROSSLINKING
.
770
14.6.4.2
CROSSLINKING
WITH
HIGHLY
STABLE
INITIATORS
.
770
14.7
TECHNICAL
ASPECTS
OF
SILANE
CROSSLINKING
.
771
14.7.1
SILANE
GRAFTED
POLYOLEFINS
.
771
14.7.1.1
TWO-STEP
PROCESSES
.
771
14.7.1.2
ONE-STEP
PROCESSES
.
772
14.7.1.3
DRY
SILANE
PROCESSES
.
773
14.7.2
ETHYLENE-SILANE
RANDOM
COPOLYMERS
.
773
14.7.3
MOISTURE-CROSSLINKING
OF
SILANE-MODIFIED
POLYOLEFINS
.
775
14.7.3.1
INFLUENCE
OF
PROCESS
PARAMETERS
.
775
14.7.3.2
CROSSLINKING
TECHNIQUES
.
776
14.8
STRUCTURES
AND
GENERAL
PROPERTIES
OF
CROSSLINKED
POLYOLEFINS
.
777
14.8.1
STRUCTURES
.
777
14.8.2
ANALYTICAL
METHODS
FOR
INVESTIGATING
POLYOLEFIN
CROSSLINKING
.
778
14.8.3
GENERAL
PROPERTIES
.
780
14.9
SPECIFIC
PROPERTIES
AND
APPLICATIONS
OF
CROSSFINKED
POLYOLEFINS
.
781
14.9.1
PRODUCT
DIFFERENTIATION
AND
TECHNOLOGY
COMPETITION
.
781
14.9.2
WIRE
AND
CABLE
INSULATION
.
782
14.9.2.1
INSULATION
FOR
LOW
VOLTAGE
CABLES
.
783
14.9.2.2
INSULATION
FOR
MEDIUM
VOLTAGE
CABLES
.
783
14.9.2.3
INSULATION
FOR
HIGH
VOLTAGE
CABLES
.
785
14.9.3
PIPE
AND
CONDUIT
.
786
14.9.4
CROSSLINKED
FOAMS
.
789
14.9.5
OTHER
APPLICATIONS
.
790
14.10
CONTROLLED
DEGRADATION
OF
POLYPROPYLENE
.
791
XXVI
CONTENT
14.10.1
SELECTION
OF
PEROXIDES
.
792
14.10.2
AFFECTS
OF
PROCESS
PARAMETERS
.
793
14.10.2.1
PEROXIDE
CONCENTRATION
.
793
14.10.2.2
PROCESSING
TEMPERATURE
.
793
14.10.2.3
PROCESSING
EQUIPMENT
.
793
14.10.2.4
STABILIZATION
PACKAGES
.
794
14.10.3
PROPERTIES
OF
CR-PP
.
795
14.11
TECHNOLOGICAL
TRENDS
AND
OUTLOOK
.
796
14.12
LIST
OF
SUPPLIERS,
TRADENAMES
AND
PRODUCERS
.
798
14.13
LIST
OF
ABBREVIATIONS
AND
SYMBOLS
.
800
14.14
REFERENCES
.
801
15
COLORANTS
R.
SCHERRER,
CIBA
SPECIALTY
CHEMICALS
INC.,
BASEL,
SWITZERLAND
15.1
COLOR
.
813
15.1.1
INTRODUCTION
.
813
15.1.2
DEFINITION
OF
COLOR
.
813
15.1.2.1
THE
LIGHT
SOURCE
.
813
15.1.2.2
ABSORPTION
BY
THE
COLORANT
.
814
15.1.2.3
OBSERVATION
.
815
15.1.3
METAMERISM
.
816
15.1.4
TRANSPARENCY
AND
OPACITY
.
816
15.1.5
DICHROISM
-
OPTICAL
ANISOTROPY
.
816
15.1.6
DEFINITION
OF
PIGMENTS
AND
DYES
.
816
15.1.6.1
PIGMENTS
.
817
15.1.6.2
DYES
.
818
15.1.7
PROPERTIES,
TEST
METHODS
AND
ASSESSMENT
OF
PERFORMANCE
.
818
15.1.7.1
HEAT
RESISTANCE
.
818
15.1.7.2
LIGHT
FASTNESS
.
819
15.1.7.3
WEATHER
FASTNESS
.
820
15.1.7.4
MIGRATION
.
820
15.1.7.5
ABRASION
.
821
15.1.7.6
PLATE-OUT
.
821
15.1.7.7
CHALKING
.
821
15.1.7.8
EFFECT
ON
RHEOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
.
821
15.1.7.9
WARPING
.
821
15.2
COLORANTS
.
822
15.2.1
INTRODUCTION
.
822
15.2.2
COLOR
INDEX
.
822
15.2.3
WHITE
COLORANTS
.
822
15.2.3.1
TITANIUM
DIOXIDE
.
822
15.2.3.2
OTHER
WHITE
PIGMENTS
.
823
CONTENT
XXVII
15.2.4
BLACK
COLORANTS
.
823
15.2.4.1
CARBON
BLACK
.
823
15.2.4.2
IRON
OXIDE
.
823
15.2.4.3
MIXED
METAL
OXIDES
.
823
15.2.4.4
ORGANIC
BLACK
COLORANTS
.
823
15.2.5
COLORED
INORGANIC
PIGMENTS
.
823
15.2.5.1
INTRODUCTION
.
823
15.2.5.2
YELLOW
PIGMENTS
.
824
15.2.5.3
ORANGE
PIGMENTS
.
824
15.2.5.4
BROWN
PIGMENTS
.
824
15.2.5.5
RED
PIGMENTS
.
825
15.2.5.6
VIOLET
PIGMENTS
.
825
15.2.5.7
BLUE
PIGMENTS
.
825
15.2.5.8
GREEN
PIGMENTS
.
825
15.2.6
ORGANIC
COLORANTS
.
826
15.2.6.1
ANTHRAQUINONE,
ANTHANTHRONE
.
826
15.2.6.2
AZO,
MONOAZO,
ARYLAMIDE
.
827
15.2.6.3
BENZIMIDAZOLONE
.
828
15.2.6.4
BONA
LAKES
.
828
15.2.6.5
DIKETOPYRROLO-PYRROLE
.
829
15.2.6.6
DIOXAZINE
.
829
15.2.6.7
DISAZO
CONDENSATION
.
829
15.2.6.8
DISAZO,
DIARYLIDE
.
830
15.2.6.9
FLAVANTHRONE,
INDANTHRONE
.
831
15.2.6.10
ISOINDOLINONE
AND
ISOINDOLINE
.
831
15.2.6.11
METAL
COMPLEXES
.
832
15.2.6.12
MONOAZO
SALTS
(LAKED
PIGMENTS)
.
832
15.2.6.13
NAPHTHOLS,
B-NAPHTHOLS
.
832
15.2.6.14
NAPHTHOIAS
.
833
15.2.6.15
NAPHTHOL
LAKES
.
833
15.2.6.16
PERYLENE,
PERINONE
.
833
15.2.6.17
PHTHALOCYANINE
.
834
15.2.6.18
PYRANTHRONE
.
835
15.2.6.19
QUINACRIDONES
.
835
15.2.6.20
QUINOPHTHALONE
.
835
15.2.7
EFFECT
PIGMENTS
.
835
15.2.7.1
POWDERED
METAL
PIGMENTS
.
835
15.2.7.2
PERLESCENT
PIGMENTS
.
835
15.2.7.3
FLUORESCENT
PIGMENTS
.
836
15.2.8
PRINCIPAL
PIGMENTS
AND
DYES
USED
IN
PLASTICS
COLORATION
.
836
15.3
COLORANT
INCORPORATION
.
851
15.3.1
DISPERSION
.
851
15.3.1.1
PREMIXING
.
852
XXVIII
CONTENT
15.3.1.2
AGGLOMERATE
BREAK
DOWN
.
852
15.3.1.3
COMPACTION
.
853
15.3.1.4
WETTING
.
853
15.3.2
DISTRIBUTION
AND
HOMOGENIZATION
.
853
15.3.3
DISPERSION
TECHNOLOGIES
.
853
15.4
COLORANT
SELECTION
CRITERIA
.
853
15.5
DISPERSION-RELATED
PROBLEMS
.
855
15.6
FORMS
OF
SUPPLY
.
856
15.6.1
SINGLE
PIGMENTS
.
856
15.6.2
LOW
DUST,
FREE-FLOWING
PIGMENTS
.
856
15.6.3
PIGMENT
MIXTURES
.
856
15.6.4
SOLID
COLOR
CONCENTRATES
.
857
15.6.5
LIQUID
COLOR
CONCENTRATES
.
858
15.7
COLORATION
OF
PVC
.
859
15.7.1
PIGMENTS
AND
PIGMENT
FORMS
.
861
15.7.2
INTERACTIONS
WITH
COMPOUND
INGREDIENTS
.
861
15.7.3
PROCESSING
.
862
15.7.3.1
PREMIXING/COMPOUNDING
.
862
15.7.3.2
CALENDERING
.
862
15.7.3.3
COATING,
CASTING
AND
ROTATIONAL
MOLDING
OF
PVC
PLASTISOLS
AND
ORGANOSOLS
.
863
15.7.3.4
EXTRUSION
AND
INJECTION
MOLDING
.
863
15.7.4
APPLICATION
REQUIREMENTS
AND
TESTING
CONDITIONS
.
864
15.7.4.1
WEATHERABILITY
.
864
15.7.4.2
CHEMICAL
RESISTANCE
.
865
15.8
COLORATION
OF
POLYOLEFINS
.
865
15.8.1
PIGMENTS
AND
PIGMENT
FORMS
.
866
15.8.2
INTERACTIONS
WITH
POLYMERS
AND
POLYMER
ADDITIVES
.
867
15.8.3
PROCESSING
.
868
15.8.3.1
INJECTION
MOLDING
.
868
15.8.3.2
FIBER
AND
FILM
EXTRUSION
.
868
15.8.3.3
ROTATIONAL
MOLDING
.
869
15.8.4
APPLICATIONS
AND
TESTING
.
870
15.8.4.1
WEATHER-RESISTANT
COLORATION
OF
POLYOLEFINS
.
870
15.8.4.2
FOODSTUFF
PACKAGING,
CONSUMER
GOODS
AND
TOYS
.
871
15.9
COLORATION
OF
STYRENIC
AND
AERY
HE
POLYMERS
.
871
15.9.1
COLORATION
CRITERIA
.
871
15.9.2
COLORANTS
FOR
POLYSTYRENE,
PMMA,
AND
SAN
.
872
15.9.3
COLORANTS
FOR
ABS
AND
ASA
.
872
15.10
POLYAMIDES
AND
POLYCARBONATE
.
872
15.11
POLYURETHANE
874
15.12
THERMOPLASTIC
POLYESTERS
AND
OTHER
ENGINEERING
PLASTICS
.
874
15.13
TEST
METHODS
.
875
CONTENT
XXIX
15.14
TRENDS
AND
FUTURE
PROSPECTS
.
876
15.15
LIST
OF
COLORANT
SUPPLIERS
.
877
15.16
REFERENCES
.
881
16
FLUORESCENT
WHITENING
AGENTS
ALFRED
G.
OERTLI,
CIBA
SPECIALTY
CHEMICALS
INC.,
BASEL,
SWITZERLAND
16.1
INTRODUCTION
.
883
16.2
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
OF
WHITENING
MECHANISMS
.
883
16.3
SELECTION
AND
TECHNICAL
REQUIREMENTS
OF
OPTICAL
BRIGHTENERS
.
885
16.4
STRUCTURE
OF
OPTICAL
BRIGHTENERS
.
887
16.5
INCORPORATION
OF
OPTICAL
BRIGHTENERS
INTO
POLYMERS
.
887
16.6
TESTING
OF
OPTICAL
BRIGHTENERS
IN
POLYMERS
.
888
16.6.1
MIGRATION
AND
EXUDATION
.
888
16.6.2
WHITENING
EFFECT
.
888
16.6.3
LIGHT-FASTNESS
.
889
16.7
PERFORMANCE
DATA
OF
OPTICAL
BRIGHTENERS
IN
VARIOUS
SUBSTRATES
.
890
16.7.1
POLYVINYLCHLORIDE
.
890
16.7.2
POLYSTYRENE
AND
STYRENE
COPOLYMERS
.
891
16.7.3
POLYCARBONATE
.
893
16.7.4
POLYURETHANE
.
894
16.7.5
POLYOLEFINS
.
895
16.7.6
POLY(METHYLMETHACIYLATE)
.
895
16.7.7
UNSATURATED
POLYESTERS
.
896
16.7.8
POLYETHYLENE
TEREPHTHALATE
FIBERS
(PET)
.
897
16.7.9
POLYAMIDE
FIBERS
.
897
16.8
TECHNOLOGICAL
TRENDS
.
898
16.9
INDEX
OF
TRADE
NAMES,
MANUFACTURERS
AND
SUPPLIERS
.
899
16.10
REFERENCES
.
899
17
FILLERS
AND
REINFORCEMENTS
/
COUPLING
AGENTS
WALTER
HOHENBERGER,
VILLACH,
AUSTRIA
17.1
INTRODUCTION
.
901
17.1.1
DEFINITION
.
901
17.1.2
ECONOMICS
.
902
17.2
PRINCIPLE
MECHANISMS
IN
POLYMERS
.
902
17.2.1
THEORY
.
902
17.2.2
APPLICATION
CRITERIA
.
903
17.2.3
PROPERTIES
OF
FILLED
PLASTICS
.
903
17.2.3.1
DENSITY
.
903
17.2.3.2
TENSILE
PROPERTIES
.
904
17.2.3.3
IMPACT
PROPERTIES
.
904
XXX
CONTENT
17.2.3.4
THERMAL
PROPERTIES
.
904
17.2.3.5
TRIBOLOGICAL
AND
SURFACE
PROPERTIES
.
905
17.2.3.6
ELECTRICAL
PROPERTIES
.
905
17.2.3.7
OPTICAL
PROPERTIES
.
905
17.2.3.8
ACOUSTIC
PROPERTIES
.
906
17.2.3.9
STABILITY
.
907
17.2.3.10
VISCOSITY
.
907
17.2.3.11
ORGANOLEPTIC
PROPERTIES
.
907
17.2.3.12
PERMEABILITY
.
908
17.2.3.13
FLAMMABILITY
.
908
17.3
PROPERTIES
OF
FILLERS
AND
GUIDING
SELECTION
.
908
17.3.1
INTRODUCTION
.
908
17.3.2
CLASSIFICATION
OF
FILLERS
.
909
17.3.3
DENSITY
.
909
17.3.4
PARTICLE
SIZE
AND
SHAPE
.
909
17.3.5
SPECIFIC
SURFACE
AREA
.
910
17.3.6
MAXIMUM
PACKING
FRACTION
.
910
17.3.7
PARTICLE
GEOMETRY
.
911
17.3.8
OPTICAL
PROPERTIES
.
912
17.3.9
HARDNESS
AND
ABRASIVENESS
.
912
17.3.10
ELECTRICAL
AND
MAGNETIC
PROPERTIES
.
913
17.3.11
ACID
SOLUBILITY
.
913
17.3.12
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
.
913
17.3.13
LOSS
ON
IGNITION
.
914
17.3.14
PH
.
914
17.3.15
MOISTURE
CONTENT
.
914
17.4
CHARACTERIZATION
OF
FILLERS
.
914
17.4.1
CUBIC
AND
SPHEROIDAL
FILLERS
.
915
17.4.1.1
NATURAL
CALCIUM
CARBONATE
.
915
17.4.1.2
PRECIPITATED
CALCIUM
CARBONATE
(PCC)
.
916
17.4.1.3
DOLOMITE
.
917
17.4.1.4
MAGNESIUM
CARBONATE
.
917
17.4.1.5
CALCIUM
SULFATE
.
918
17.4.1.6
BARIUM
SULFATE
.
919
17.4.1.7
GLASS
BEADS
AND
CERAMIC
BEADS
.
919
17.4.1.8
SYNTHETIC
SILICA
.
921
17.4.1.9
NATURAL
SILICA
.
922
17.4.1.10
FELDSPAR
AND
NEPHELINE-SYENITE
.
922
17.4.1.11
ALUMINIUM
TRIHYDROXIDE
AND
MAGNESIUM
HYDROXIDE
.
923
17.4.1.12
CARBON
BLACK
.
924
17.4.1.13
WOOD
FLOUR
.
924
17.4.2
PLATY
FILLERS
.
926
17.4.2.1
TALC
.
926
CONTENT
XXXI
17.4.2.2
MICA
.
928
17.4.2.3
KAOLIN
AND
CLAY
.
929
17.4.2.4
GRAPHITE
.
930
17.4.3
ACICULAR
AND
FIBROUS
FILLERS
.
930
17.4.3.1
WOLLASTONITE
.
930
17.4.3.2
WHISKERS
.
931
17.4.3.3
GLASS
FIBERS
(CHOPPED
STRAND)
.
931
17.4.3.4
ARAMID
FIBERS
.
932
.
17.4.3.5
CARBON
FIBERS
.
933
17.4.4
OTHER
FILLERS
.
934
17.4.4.1
CONDUCTIVE
FILLERS
.
934
17.4.4.2
LUBRICANT
FILLERS
.
934
17.4.4.3
ORGANIC
FILLERS
.
934
17.4.4.4
NANOFILLERS
.
935
17.5
PROCESSING
.
935
17.5.1
PRINCIPLES
.
935
17.5.2
MIXING
AND
COMPOUNDING:
DISPERSION
.
935
17.6
PERFORMANCE
IN
THERMOPLASTIC
POLYMERS
.
936
17.6.1
VINYL
POLYMERS
.
936
17.6.2
POLYOLEFINS
.
936
17.6.3
ENGINEERING
PLASTICS
.
937
17.6.4
POLYSTYRENES
.
937
17.7
COUPLING
AGENTS
.
939
17.7.1
PRINCIPLES
.
939
17.7.2
SIZING
.
940
17.7.3
FATTY
ACIDS
.
940
17.7.4
SILANES
.
940
17.7.5
TITANATES
AND
ZIRCONATES
.
941
17.7.6
ANHYDRIDES
AND
UNSATURATED
POLYMERIC
ACIDS
.
942
17.8
TRENDS
.
942
17.9
INDEX
OF
TRADE
NAMES
AND
MANUFACTURERS
.
943
17.10
REFERENCES
.
948
18
NUCLEATING
AGENTS
FOR
SEMI-CRYSTALLINE
POLYMERS
JENCI
KURJA,
MILLIKEN
CHEMICAL,
DIVISION
OF
MILLIKEN
EUROPE
N.
V.,
BELGIUM
DR.
NATHAN
A.
MEHL,
MILLIKEN
CHEMICAL,
DIVISION
OF
MILLIKEN
&
COMPANY,
USA
18.1
INTRODUCTION
.
949
18.2
CRYSTALLIZATION
AND
NUCLEATION
OF
SEMI-CRYSTALLINE
POLYMERS
.
949
18.2.1
CRYSTALLIZATION
OF
SEMI-CRYSTALLINE
POLYMERS
.
949
18.2.2
NUCLEATION
OF
SEMI-CRYSTALLINE
POLYMERS
.
952
18.2.3
CRYSTAL
GROWTH
OF
SEMI-CRYSTALLINE
POLYMERS
.
955
XXXII
CONTENT
18.2.4
CRYSTALLIZATION
RATE
OF
SEMI-CRYSTALLINE
POLYMERS
.
955
18.2.5
THE
USE
OF
NUCLEATING
AGENTS
IN
THE
MELT-PROCESSING
OF
SEMI-CRYSTALLINE
POLYMERS
.
956
18.2.5.1
NUCLEATING
AGENTS
.
956
18.2.5.2
CHARACTERIZATION
OF
NUCLEATING
AGENT
EFFICIENCY
.
957
18.2.5.3
EFFECT
OF
NUCLEATING
AGENTS
ON
THE
PROPERTIES
OF
SEMI-CRYSTALLINE
POLYMERS
.
958
18.3
NUCLEATION
OF
POLYOLEFINS
.
960
18.3.1
POLYETHYLENE
(PE)
.
960
18.3.2
POLYPROPYLENE
(PP)
.
960
18.4
NUCLEATION
OF
ENGINEERING
PLASTICS
.
965
18.4.1
THERMOPLASTIC
POLYESTERS
.
965
18.4.2
POLYAMIDES
.
966
18.5
NUCLEATION
OF
OTHER
SEMI-CRYSTALLINE
POLYMERS
.
966
18.6
FUTURE
TRENDS
.
968
18.7
LIST
OF
CHEMICAL
DESIGNATIONS,
TRADE
NAMES
AND
SUPPLIERS
.
968
18.8
REFERENCES
.
969
19
ADDITIVES
FOR
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
OF
PLASTICS
RUDOLF
PFAENDNER,
CIBA
SPECIALTY
CHEMICALS
INC.,
LAMPERTHEIM,
GERMANY
19.1
INTRODUCTION
.
973
19.1.1
THE
POTENTIAL
FOR
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
OF
PLASTICS
.
973
19.1.2
RECYCLING
TARGETS
SET
BY
LEGISLATION
.
974
19.1.3
USE
OF
RECYCLATES
IN
FOOD
CONTACT
APPLICATIONS
.
975
19.2
DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN
VIRGIN
MATERIALS
AND
RECYCLATES
.
975
19.2.1
STRUCTURAL
INHOMOGENEITIES
AND
IMPURITIES
IN
RECYCLATES
.
975
19.2.2
INFLUENCE
OF
ADDITIVE
CONTENT
ON
THE
QUALITY
OF
RECYCLATES
.
978
19.3
UPGRADING
RECYCLED
PLASTICS
.
979
19.4
RESTABILIZATION
.
981
19.4.1
POLYPROPYLENE
(PP)
.
982
19.4.1.1
PP
FILMS
(CLOSED
LOOP)
.
983
19.4.1.2
PP
CRATES
(CLOSED
LOOP)
.
983
19.4.1.3
PP
CRATES
(NEW
APPLICATION)
.
984
19.4.1.4
PP
CONTAINING
FILLER
(STADIUM
SEATS)
.
984
19.4.2
PP
COPOLYMERS
.
985
19.4.2.1
PP/PE
BATTERY
CASES
(CLOSED
LOOP)
.
985
19.4.2.2
PP/EPDM
BUMPERS
(CLOSED
LOOP)
.
986
19.4.3
POLYETHYLENE
(PE)
.
987
19.4.3.1
LDPE/LLDPE
FILMS
(CLOSED
LOOP)
.
987
19.4.3.2
LDPE/LLDPE
FILMS
(INTO
PIPES)
.
988
19.4.3.3
HDPE
CRATES
(CLOSED
LOOP)
.
988
19.4.3.4
HDPE
CONTAINERS
(CLOSED
LOOP)
.
990
CONTENT
XXXIII
19.4.3.5
HDPE
WASTE
BINS
(CLOSED
LOOP)
.
991
19.4.4
POLYOLEFIN
BLENDS
.
992
19.4.4.1
HDPE/PP
BOTTLES
.
992
19.4.4.2
HDPE/LDPE
FOR
PIPES
.
994
19.4.4.3
HDPE/LDPE/PP
FOR
PALLETS
.
994
19.4.5
POLYSTYRENES
.
996
19.4.5.1
IPS
.
996
19.4.5.2
EPS
.
996
19.4.5.3
ABS
.
997
19.4.6
PVC
.
997
19.4.6.1
RIGID
PVC
(WINDOW
PROFILES)
.
998
19.4.6.2
RIGID
PVC
(PIPES)
.
998
19.4.6.3
PLASTICIZED
PVC
(ROOFING
SHEETS,
CABLE)
.
998
19.4.6.4
PVDC-CONTAINING
PO
.
999
19.4.7
POLYAMIDES
.
999
19.4.8
POLYESTERS/POLYCARBONATES
.
999
19.4.8.1
PET
BOTTLES
.
999
19.4.8.2
POLYCARBONATE
.
1000
19.4.8.3
PBT/PC
BUMPERS
.
1000
19.4.8.4
OTHER
ENGINEERING
PLASTICS
.
1001
19.4.9
MIXED
PLASTICS
.
1001
19.5
COMPATIBILIZATION
.
1002
19.5.1
EXAMPLES
OF
COMPATIBILIZATION
.
1002
19.5.2
POTENTIAL
COMPLICATIONS
ARISING
FROM
COMPATIBILIZATION
OF
RECY
ELATES
.
1004
19.6
OTHER
ADDITIVES
.
1005
19.6.1
REPAIR
OF
PREDEGRADATION
.
1005
19.6.2
RHEOLOGY
MODIFICATION
.
1005
19.6.3
OTHER
CONDITIONS
.
1006
19.7
TROUBLESHOOTING
POST
CONSUMER
RECYCLATES
.
1007
19.8
CONCLUSIONS
.
1009
19.9
ABBREVIATIONS
OF
PRODUCTS
.
1009
19.10
TEST
PROCEDURE
MENTIONED
IN
CHAPTER
19
.
1010
19.11
REFERENCES
.
1010
20
THE PHYSICAL
BEHAVIOR
OF
POLYMER
ADDITIVES
N
C
BILLINGHAM,
SCHOOL
OF
CHEMISTRY,
PHYSICS,
AND
ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE
UNIVERSITY
OF
SUSSEX,
BRIGHTON,
UK
20.1
INTRODUCTION
.
1019
20.2
SOLUBILITY
OF
ADDITIVES
IN
POLYMERS
.
1020
20.2.1
THEORY
OF
SOLUBILITY
.
1020
20.2.2 SOLUBILITY
IN
PRACTICE
.
1022
XXXIV
CONTENT
20.3
DIFFUSION
OF
ADDITIVES
IN
POLYMERS
.
1028
20.3.1
FICK
'
S
LAWS
AND
THE
DIFFUSION
COEFFICIENT
.
1028
20.3.2
EFFECTS
OF
POLYMER
MORPHOLOGY
.
1030
20.3.3
EFFECT
OF
TEMPERATURE
.
1031
20.3.4
EFFECT
OF
POLYMER
TYPE
.
1031
20.3.5
EFFECTS
OF
DIFFUSANT
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
.
1034
20.4
PHYSICAL
STATE
OF
ADDITIVES
IN
POLYMERS
.
1035
20.5
ADDITIVE
LOSS
FROM
POLYMERS
.
1038
20.5.1
EVAPORATIVE
LOSS
INTO
AIR
.
1038
20.5.2
SOLVENT
LEACHING
OF
ADDITIVES
.
1041
20.5.3
BLOOMING
OF
ADDITIVES
.
1043
20.6
ADDITIVE
DESIGN
FOR
PERMANENCE
.
1043
20.7
PHYSICAL
EFFECTS
IN
AGING
TESTS
.
1044
20.8
CONCLUSIONS
.
1045
20.9
REFERENCES
.
1046
21
ANALYTICS
PIERRE
BATAILLARD,
LEONARD
EVANGELISTA,
CIBA
SPECIALTY
CHEMICALS
INC.,
ADDITIVES
DIVISION,
BASEL,
SWITZERLAND
MARK
THOMAS,
CIBA
SPECIALTY
CHEMICALS
COR.,
ADDITIVES
DIVISION,
TARRYTOWN,
NEW
YORK,
USA
21.1
INTRODUCTION
.
1047
21.2
CHROMATOGRAPHY
.
1047
21.2.1
THIN-LAYER
CHROMATOGRAPHY
.
1048
21.2.1.1
APPLICATION
OVERVIEW
.
1048
21.2.1.2
TLC
TEST
CONDITIONS
.
1049
21.2.2
LIQUID
CHROMATOGRAPHY
.
1052
21.2.2.1
APPLICATION
OVERVIEW
.
1052
21.2.2.2
TYPICAL
LC
CONDITIONS
.
1052
21.2.3
GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY
.
1057
21.2.3.1
APPLICATION
OVERVIEW
.
1057
21.2.3.2
TYPICAL
GC
CONDITIONS
.
1058
21.2.3.3
PYROLYSIS
GC
.
1059
21.2.4
SUPERCRITICAL
FLUID
CHROMATOGRAPHY
.
1060
21.2.4.1
APPLICATION
OVERVIEW
.
1060
21.2.4.2
TYPICAL
SFC
CONDITIONS
.
1060
21.3
SPECTROSCOPY
.
1062
21.3.1
ULTRAVIOLET
SPECTROSCOPY
.
1062
21.3.2
INFRARED
SPECTROSCOPY
.
1062
21.3.3
MASS
SPECTROSCOPY
.
1063
21.3.4
NUCLEAR
MAGNETIC
RESONANCE
.
1065
21.4
ANALYTICS
AND
QUALITY
CONTROL
IN
A
PRODUCTION
ENVIRONMENT
.
1066
CONTENT
XXXV
21.5
EXTRACTION
AND
SAMPLE
PREPARATION
.
1067
21.5.1
EXTRACTION
TECHNIQUES
.
1067
21.5.1.1
EXTRACTION
BY
DISSOLUTION
FOLLOWED
BY
PRECIPITATION
.
1067
21.5.1.2
SUPERCRITICAL
FLUID
EXTRACTION
.
1069
21.5.1.3
MICROWAVE
EXTRACTION
.
1070
21.5.1.4
HIGH
PRESSURE
SOLVENT
EXTRACTION
.
1070
21.5.2
EXTRACTION
DIFFICULTIES
.
1070
21.5.2.1
INCOMPLETE
EXTRACTION
.
1071
21.5.2.2
TRANSFORMATION
OF
THE
STABILIZER
.
1072
21.6
ANALYTICAL
CHALLENGES
.
1073
21.6.1
COLOR
BODY
ANALYSIS
.
1074
21.6.2
EXPOSED
SAMPLES
.
1074
21.6.3
RECYCLED
SAMPLES
.
1077
21.7
MIGRATION
STUDIES
FOR
INDIRECT
FOOD
CONTACT
.
1077
21.8
VALIDATION
.
1079
21.9
ABBREVIATION
OF
PRODUCTS
.
1079
21.10
REFERENCES
.
1081
22
ASPECTS
OF
PLASTIC
ADDITIVES
RELATED
TO
HEALTH,
SAFETY
AND
ENVIRONMENT
22.1
PRODUCT
SAFETY
ASPECTS
.
1085
22.1.1
INTRODUCTION
.
1085
22.1.2
TOXICOLOGY
.
1086
22.1.2.1
ACUTE
TOXICITY
TESTS
.
1087
22.1.2.2
SKIN
AND
EYE
IRRITATION
.
1087
22.1.2.3
SKIN
SENSITIZATION
.
1087
22.1.2.4
REPEATED-DOSE
TOXICITY
.
1088
22.1.2.5
MUTAGENICITY
TESTING
.
1088
22.1.2.6
CHRONIC
TOXICITY/CARCINOGENICITY
STUDIES
.
1089
22.1.2.7
TESTS
ON
REPRODUCTIVE
PERFORMANCE
.
1089
22.1.2.8
ADSORPTION,
DISTRIBUTION,
METABOLISM,
EXCRETION
.
1089
22.1.3
ECOTOXICOLOGY
.
1090
22.1.3.1
ACUTE
TOXICITY
STUDIES
IN
AQUATIC
ORGANISMS
.
1090
22.1.3.2
BIODEGRADATION
.
1090
22.1.3.3
PROLONGED
TOXICITY
IN
AQUATIC
ORGANISMS
.
1091
22.1.3.4
BIO-ACCUMULATION
IN
FISH
.
1092
22.1.3.5
SOIL
ABSORPTION
/
DESORPTION
.
1092
22.1.3.6
PHYTOTOXICITY
AND
TOXICITY
TO
EARTHWORMS
.
1092
22.1.3.7
EARLY
LIFE
CYCLE
STUDY
IN
FISH
.
1092
22.1.3.8
ACUTE-/SUB-CHRONIC
TOXICITY
IN
BIRDS
.
1092
22.1.4
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
.
1092
22.1.5
RISK
ASSESSMENT,
RESPONSIBLE
CARE,
PRODUCT
STEWARDSHIP
.
1093
22.1.5.1
RISK
ASSESSMENT
.
1093
XXXVI
CONTENT
22.1.5.2
RESPONSIBLE
CARE
.
1094
22.1.5.3
PRODUCT
STEWARDSHIP
.
1095
22.1.6
SAFETY
DATA
SHEET
(SDS)
.
1096
22.1.7
RECOMMENDED
LITERATURE
FOR
CHAPTER
22.1
.
1096
22.2
REGULATORY
ASPECTS
.
1097
22.2.1
CHEMICAL
CONTROL
SCHEMES
.
1097
22.2.2
THE
REGULATION
OF
THE
PRODUCTION
AND
MARKETING
OF
ADDITIVES
AS
CHEMICAL
SUBSTANCES
.
1097
22.2.2.1
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
OF
CHEMICAL
CONTROL
LEGISLATION
.
1097
22.2.2.2
NOTIFICATION
OF
NEW
CHEMICAL
SUBSTANCES
.
1098
22.2.2.3
SAFETY
DATA
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
EXISTING
SUBSTANCES
.
1102
22.2.3
LEGAL
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
ADDITIVES
INTENDED
FOR
USE
IN
FOOD
CONTACT
APPLICATIONS
.
1104
22.2.3.1
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
.
1104
22.2.3.2
EU
REQUIREMENTS
.
1104
22.2.3.3
FOOD
ADDITIVES
REGULATION
IN
THE
USA:
THE
FOOD,
DRUG
AND
COSMETIC
ACT
.
1108
22.2.3.4
REGULATIONS
ON
FOOD
CONTACT
ADDITIVES
IN
OTHER
COUNTRIES
.
1110
22.2.4
REFERENCES
FOR
CHAPTER
22.2
.
1111
22.3
HANDLING
OF
SOLID
ADDITIVES
.
1112
22.3.1
INTRODUCTION
.
1112
22.3.2
ADDITIVE
HANDLING
METHODS
.
1112
22.3.2.1
PROCESS
CONSIDERATIONS
.
1112
22.3.2.2
COMMON
ADDITIVE
HANDLING
METHODS
.
1113
22.3.3
SOURCES
OF
HAZARDS
.
1117
22.3.3.1
WORKER
EXPOSURE
.
1117
22.3.3.2
FIRE
AND
EXPLOSION
.
1117
22.3.3.3
ELECTROSTATIC
DISCHARGE
.
1117
22.3.4
PRACTICAL
COUNTERMEASURES
AGAINST
FIRE
AND
EXPLOSIONS
.
1119
22.3.4.1
PREVENTION:
SOLVENT-FREE
SYSTEMS
.
'1119
22.3.4.2
PREVENTION:
SYSTEMS
WITH
SOLVENTS
.
1120
22.3.4.3
PROTECTION
.
1121
22.3.4.4
PRODUCT
FORM
AND
HOUSEKEEPING
CONSIDERATIONS
.
1121
22.3.5
CONCLUSION
.
1122
22.3.6
REFERENCES
FOR
CHAPTER
22.3
.
1122 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV013345914 |
| classification_rvk | UV 9000 ZM 5230 |
| classification_tum | CIT 719f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)247816837 (DE-599)BVBBV013345914 |
| discipline | Physik Werkstoffwissenschaften Chemie-Ingenieurwesen Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik |
| edition | 5. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV013345914 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-03-11T04:00:34Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3446195793 156990295X |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009101647 |
| oclc_num | 247816837 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-861 DE-1102 DE-1046 DE-29T DE-Aug7 DE-1051 DE-92 DE-1050 DE-12 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-526 DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-861 DE-1102 DE-1046 DE-29T DE-Aug7 DE-1051 DE-92 DE-1050 DE-12 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-526 DE-83 |
| physical | XXXVI, 1148 S. graph. Darst. : 21 cm |
| publishDate | 2001 |
| publishDateSearch | 2001 |
| publishDateSort | 2001 |
| publisher | Hanser Hanser Gardner |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Plastics additives handbook Kunststoffadditiv Kunststoffadditiv (DE-588)4166053-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4166053-5 |
| title | Plastics additives handbook |
| title_auth | Plastics additives handbook |
| title_exact_search | Plastics additives handbook |
| title_full | Plastics additives handbook ed. by Hans Zweifel |
| title_fullStr | Plastics additives handbook ed. by Hans Zweifel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plastics additives handbook ed. by Hans Zweifel |
| title_short | Plastics additives handbook |
| title_sort | plastics additives handbook |
| topic | Kunststoffadditiv Kunststoffadditiv (DE-588)4166053-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kunststoffadditiv |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009101647&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zweifelhans plasticsadditiveshandbook |
Inhaltsverzeichnis
THWS Würzburg Zentralbibliothek Lesesaal
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1000 UV 9000 Z97(5)st |
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| Exemplar 1 | ausleihbar Verfügbar Bestellen |
THWS Würzburg Teilbibliothek Röntgenring - KV, Raum C.2.05
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1300 UV 9000 Z97(5)st |
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| Exemplar 1 | nicht ausleihbar Verfügbar Bestellen |