Sustainable agricultural development in the humid tropics of Southeast Asia: a case study of changing land use in a rural area of West-Sumatra, Indonesia
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Giessen
Tropeninst.
2000
|
| Schriftenreihe: | [Giessener Beiträge zur Entwicklungsforschung / 2]
12 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zugl. Diss.. - Zsfassung in dt. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | IX, 206 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 3924829330 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: Sustainable agricultural development in the humid tropics of Southeast Asia
Autor: Brauns, Thorsten
Jahr: 2000
Table of Content
Sustainable Agricultural Development in the Humid Tropics of Southeast Asia
A case study of changing land use in a rural area
of West-Sumatra, Indonesia
I. Acknowledgement i
II. Table of Content iii
III. List of Tables vi
IV. List of Figures vii
V. List of Maps viii
VI. List of Photographs viii
VII. Abbreviations and Glossary ix
II. Table of Content
Part I: Introduction and Theory
1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background and Scope of the Study.................................................................................. 1
1.2 The Structure of the Dissertation........................................................................................4
2 AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE HUMID TROPICS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA
AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT - TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE LAND USE?.......5
2.1 Shifting Cultivation..........................................................................................................S
2.1.1 The System of Shifting Cultivation............................................................................... 6
2.1.2 Definition of Shifting Cultivation....................................................................................6
2.1.3 Shifting Cultivation and Deforestation: Fanners as Agents of Destruction?...................8
2.1.4 Intensification of Shifting Cultivation........................................................................... 10
2.1.4.1 Intensification and Degradation..............................................................................11
2.1.4.2 Intensification and Transformation: The Innovation of Shifting Cultivation............. 13
2.2 Wet Rice Cultivation...................................................................................................... 17
2.2 1 Development of Wet Rice Production in Indonesia..................................................... 17
2 2.2 The Innovations in Wet Rice Cultivation and the Green Revolution in Indonesia......... 18
2.2.3 Threatening Sustainability: Ecological Consequences of Pesticides and Fertilizer.......20
2.3 Tree Crop Cultivation.....................................................................................................22
2.3.1 Agroforestry.............................................................................................................. 22
2.3.2 Smallholder Tree Crop Plantations............................................................................. 23
2.3.3 Estates..................................................................................................................... 27
2.4 Permanent Dryfieid Agriculture.....................................................................................29
2.4 1 The Problem of Permanent Dryfieid Cultivation in the Humid Tropics......................... 29
2.4 2 Subsistence Orientated Permanent Dryfieid Cultivation on Java.................................29
2.4.3 Commercial Permanent Dryfieid Cultivation in Thailand............................................. 30
2.4.4 Permanent Dryfieid Cultivation by Transmigrants on Sumatra.................................... 31
Table of Content
Part II: Case Study: Pasaman - The Region and the Research 33
3 THE NATURAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT IN PASAMAN.......................... 33
3.1. Location and Physiography of Pasaman.....................................................................33
3.1.1 Location of the Area....................................................................................................33
3.1.2 Physiography..............................................................................................................37
3.1.2.1 Classification of Physiographic Units..................................................................... 37
3.1.2.2 Climate................................................................................................................. 38
3.1.2.3 Main Soils............................................................................................................. 42
3.1.2.4 Vegetation and Land Use...................................................................................... 45
3.2. History of Settlement and Land Use............................................................................47
3.2.1 Darek and Rantau.......................................................................................................47
3.2.2 Early Commercial Activities........................................................................................ 47
3.2.3 The Impact of the Acehnese and the VOC..................................................................48
3.2.4 The Colonial Period.................................................................................................... 49
3.2.5 The Post-Colonial and Post-War Years.......................................................................52
3.2.6 The Situation in 1971.................................................................................................. 52
3.3. Population..................................................................................................................... 55
3.3.1 Population Pattern...................................................................................................... 55
3.3.2 increase in Population................................................................................................ 58
3.3 3 Migration.................................................................................................................. 59
3.4 Ethnic Groups and their Social Organization.............................................................. 6Z
3.4.1. The Minangkabau................................................................................................... 62
3.4.2. The Mandahiling Batak............................................................................................. 63
3.4.3. The Javanese.......................................................................................................... 63
3.5. Transport Infrastructure............................................................................................... 64
3.5.1 The Road Problems in 1971.................................................................................... 64
3.5.2 The Road Network in 1991 .....................................................................................S4
3.5.3 Transport Infrastructure, Land Use and Deforestation: Roads to Destruction?.............66
3.6. Development Projects in Pasaman.............................................................................. 6*
3.6.1 The Area Development Project (ADP)............................................................... 68
3.6.2 Nucleus Estate and Smallholder Plantation (NESP) Ophir........................................ 68
3 6.3 The West Pasaman Connection Road................................................................ 6S
4 METHODOLOGICAL CONCEPT.......................................................................................... 69
4.1 Selection of the Study Area................................................................................69
4.2 The Fieldwork Methods.................................................................................. 69
4.3 Reid Surveys....................................................................................................... 70
4.4 Data Processing and Map Compilation.................................................................. 73
4.5 Secondary Data...................................................................................................... 73
Table of Content
Part III: Results and Discussion 74
5 CHANGES OF AGRICULTURAL LAND USE 1971-1991 IN PASAMAN............................... 74
5.1. General Development of Agricultural Land Use 1971-1991........................................ 74
5.2. Changes according to Type of Land Use.................................................................... 77
5.3. Shifting Cultivation (Ladang berpindah pindah).........................................................81
5.3.1 Changes in Total and Cultivated Area.........................................................................81
5.3.2 Spatial Distribution of Shifting Cultivation................................................................... 85
5.3.3 Location for New Shifting Plots................................................................................... 85
5.3.4 Main Crops................................................................................................................ 86
5.3.5 Cultivation and Fallow Periods....................................................................................86
5.3.6 Initial Shifting Cultivation............................................................................................ 87
5.3.7 Application of Fertilizer and Pesticides........................................................................87
• 5.3.8 Main Problems of Shifting Cultivation....................................................................... 87
5.4. Excursus: Shifting Cultivation in East Rao................................................................. 88
5.4.1 Location of the Area and Classification of Agro-ecological Zones............................... 88
5.4.2 Present Land Use...................................................................................................... 90
5.4.2.1 Shifting Cultivation................................................................................................ 91
5.4.2.2 Spontaneous Intensification of Shifting Cultivation............................................... 91
5.4.2.3 The Emerging Shortage of Upland Rice Land........................................................ 92
5.4.2.4 The Response to Land Shortage........................................................................... 94
5.4.2.5 Production Techniques and Labour Demand........................................................ 98
5.4.2.6 Cropping Pattern................................................................................................ 100
5.4.2.7 Cultivation of Perennial Crops............................................................................. 102
5.4.2.8 Forest............................................................................................................... 106
5.4.3 Land Tenure System............................................................................................... 108
5.5. Wet Rice Cultivation (Sawah)..................................................................................... 111
5.5.1 Spatial Distribution of Wet Rice Cultivation.............................................................. 112
5.5.2 Types of Wet Rice Cultivation and Changes in Cultivated Area................................ 112
5.5.3 Cropping Index and Multiple Cropping...................................................................... 116
5.5.4 Seed Varieties and Yields........................................................................................ 118
5.5.5 The Cultivation Cycle and the Economics of Wet Rice Cultivation........................... 120
5.5.6 Household Income. Profit and Consumption............................................................ 125
5.5.7 Main Problems of Wet Rice Cultivation................................................................... 127
5.6. Tree Crop Cultivation (Kebun)................................................................................... 128
5.6.1 Spatial Distribution of Perennial Crops and Changes in Cultivated Area................... 128
5.6.1.1 Rubber............................................................................................................. 131
5.6.1.2 Coffee............................................................................................................. 133
5.6.1.3 Cinnamon......................................................................................................... 134
5.6.1.4 Cacao, Nilam, Cloves...................................................................................... 134
5.6.1.5 Other Perennial Crops...................................................................................... 135
5.6.2 Locations for New Smallholder Plantations.............................................................. 135
5.6.3 Main Problems of Tree crop Cultivation.................................................................... 136
Table of Content
5.7 Permanent Dryfield Agriculture (Tegalan).................................................................. 137
5.7.1 Spatial Distribution of Tegalan and Changes in Cultivated Area............................... 137
5.7.2 Cultivated and Fallow Area....................................................................................... 140
5.7.3 Main Crops............................................................................................................... 141
5.7.4 Crop Rotation and Mixed Cropping........................................................................... 141
5.7.5 Application of Fertilizer and Pesticides..................................................................... 141
5.7.6 The Economics of Tegalan Cultivation..................................................................... 142
5.7.7 Main Problems of Permanent Dryfield Agriculture.................................................... 143
5.8 Forest, Alang Alang and Swamps.............................................................................. 144
5.8.1 Forest and Deforestation.......................................................................................... 144
5.8.2 Alang-Alang and Rehabilitation of Critical Lands...................................................... 147
5.8.3 The Swamps............................................................................................................ 150
5.9. Agricultural Potential................................................................................................. 151
5.9.1 Potential Land Reserves for Agricultural Utilization.................................................. 151
5.9.2 Possibilities of Intensification.................................................................................... 155
5.10. Landuse Systems in Pasaman................................................................................. 157
5.10.1 Development of Farmsize...................................................................................... 157
5.10.2 Composition of Farmland....................................................................................... 158
5.10.3 The Agro-ecological Zones and their prevailing Landuse Systems.......................... 161
6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS....................................................................................... 166
7 GERMAN SUMMARY......................................................................................................... 174
8 REFERENCES................................................................................................................. 186
III. List of Tables
1. USDA Soil Taxonomy / FAO Unesco Soil Classification Correlation 43
2. Population and Population Density 1971 -1991 55
3 Migration in Pasaman (1985 -1990) 59
4. Transport Costs in the village Silayang before and after Road Connection S6
5. Transport Costs in Pasaman (Average for all Goods and Villages in Rp/tkm) 66
6. Development of Land Use Areas 75
7 Arable Land per Person 1971 and 1991 76
8. Changes of Agricultural Land Use 1971-1991 in ha and percent 77
9 Development of Land Use by Type and Share on Total Land Use Area 79
10. Shifting Cultivation Areas 82
11 Location for new Shifting Cultivation Plots 85
12. Landuse in East Rao 90
13. Development of Population 1971-1994 in East Rao 89
14. Development of Landuse in East Rao 1971-1994 92
15. Composition of Farmland and average Farmsize 1971 and 1994 93
Table of Content
16. Labour Demand for one Shifting Cultivation Season 98
17. Income from Rubber Tapping 104
18. Types of Wet Rice Cultivation and Changes in Cultivated Area 111
19. Types of Wet Rice Cultivation and Changes Proportion on Total Area 112
20. Fallow and Cultivated Wet Rice Areas in Pasaman 116
21. Change of Number of Harvest 1971-1991 and Cropping Index 117
22. Yields (per Season) in Wet Rice Cultivation 119
23. Labour Use, Labour Productivity and Costs in Wet Rice Cultivation 120
24. Labour Use and Costs in Percent 121
25. Application of Fertilizer per Hectare and Season 122
26. Economics of Wet Rice Cultivation in Different Time Periods 125
27. Development of Main Tree Crops and Proportion on Total Tree Crop Area 127
28. Total and Productive Areas of the Main Tree Crops 131
29. Location for new Smallholder Tree Crop Plantations 136
30. Tegalan: Cultivated and Fallow Areas 140
31. Application of Fertilizer and Pesticides 142
32. Labour and Capital Input, Labour Productivity and Costs in Peanut Cultivation 142
33. Forest, Alang Alang, Swamp and Settlement Areas 144
34. Forests in Pasaman 146
35. Forests 1971 and 1991 147
36. Use of Alang Alang Areas in Pasaman 149
37. Potential Land Use Areas 152
38. Farmsize 1971 and 1991 157
39. Composition of Farmland and Proportion on total Farmsize 1971 and 1991 159
40. Changes in Composition of Farmland 159
41. Productivity and Profit of different Land Use Types in Pasaman 168
IV. List of Figures
I. Road Connection and Land Use Change 26
2 Climate Graph of Sukamenanti 40
3. Increase in Population (1971 -1991 per Sub-District) 58
4. Migration in Pasaman (1985 -1990) 60
5 Extension of Arable Land (1971 - 1991 per Kecamatan) 75
6. Arable Land per Person in 1971 and 1991 76
7. Share of Land Use Types on Total Arable Land 80
8. The Lottery Forest System 95
9. Labour Demand for one Shifting Cultivation Season 100
10 Cropping Calendar for Shifting Cultivation in East Rao 101
II. Average Labour Demand for Wet Rice Cultivation (marxJays/ ha) by Task 123
12 Average Costs of Wet Rice Cultivation in Rice-Units (kg/ha) by Task 124
13. Tegalan: Cultivated and Fallow Areas 140
14. The Impacts of the West Pasaman Connection Road 171
Table of Content
V. List of Maps
1. Location of West Sumatra and Pasaman 34
2. Topographic Map of Pasaman 35
3. The Pasaman District - Administration: Sub-Districts (Kecamatan) 36
and Village Communities (Nagaris)
4. Natural Regions of Pasaman 39
5. Pasaman - Mean Annual Rainfall 41
6. Soil Map of Pasaman 44
7. Pasaman - Population Distribution 57
8. Pasaman-Shifting Cultivation. Fallow and Cultivated Area 1971 83
9. Pasaman-Shifting Cultivation: Fallow and Cultivated Area 1991 84
10. Location of East Rao 88
11. Topographic Map of East Rao 89
12. Pasaman-Types and Intensity of Wet Rice Cultivation 1971 113
13. Pasaman-Types and Intensity of Wet Rice Cultivation 1991 114
14. Pasaman - Distribution of the Main Tree Crops/Perennials 1971 129
15. Pasaman - Distribution of the Main Tree Crops/Perennials 1991 130
16. Pasaman - Permanent Dryfield Agriculture: Fallow and Cultivated Area 1971 138
17. Pasaman - Permanent Dryfield Agriculture: Fallow and Cultivated Area 1991 139
18. Cultivated and Potential Areas in Pasaman 154
19. Pasaman - Farmsize and Composition of Farmland 1991 158
20. Pasaman - Land Use Systems 160
VI. List of Photographs
1. Transport of Agricultural Products by Bicycle
2. Transport of Agricultural Products by Horse
3. Typical Shifting Cultivation Area in East Rao
4. Initial Shifting Cultivation Area in the Malintang Mountain Range
5. Planting of Upland Rice
6. Agro-ecological Zones and Landuse in a Village of East Rao
7. Mixed Cropping of Peanuts and Rubber on a Tegalan Field
8. Mixed Cropping of Peanuts and Bananas on a Tegalan Field
9 New Oilpalm Plantation on former Tegalan Field
10 Secondary Forest and Bushland in the western Foothills
11 Alang Alang Area in East Rao
12. Land Use in the LubuK Sikaping Valley
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| series2 | [Giessener Beiträge zur Entwicklungsforschung / 2] |
| spelling | Brauns, Thorsten Verfasser aut Sustainable agricultural development in the humid tropics of Southeast Asia a case study of changing land use in a rural area of West-Sumatra, Indonesia Thorsten Brauns Agricultural development in West Sumatra, Indonesia Agricultural development in West-Sumatra, Indonesia Giessen Tropeninst. 2000 IX, 206 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier [Giessener Beiträge zur Entwicklungsforschung / 2] 12 Zugl. Diss.. - Zsfassung in dt. Sprache Land use, Rural Indonesia Sumatera Barat Sustainable agriculture Indonesia Sumatera Barat Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd rswk-swf Umweltverträglichkeit (DE-588)4061655-1 gnd rswk-swf Westsumatra (DE-588)4065827-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Westsumatra (DE-588)4065827-2 g Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 s Umweltverträglichkeit (DE-588)4061655-1 s DE-604 2] [Giessener Beiträge zur Entwicklungsforschung 12 (DE-604)BV005871018 12 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009096553&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Brauns, Thorsten Sustainable agricultural development in the humid tropics of Southeast Asia a case study of changing land use in a rural area of West-Sumatra, Indonesia Land use, Rural Indonesia Sumatera Barat Sustainable agriculture Indonesia Sumatera Barat Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd Umweltverträglichkeit (DE-588)4061655-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4034402-2 (DE-588)4061655-1 (DE-588)4065827-2 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Sustainable agricultural development in the humid tropics of Southeast Asia a case study of changing land use in a rural area of West-Sumatra, Indonesia |
| title_alt | Agricultural development in West Sumatra, Indonesia Agricultural development in West-Sumatra, Indonesia |
| title_auth | Sustainable agricultural development in the humid tropics of Southeast Asia a case study of changing land use in a rural area of West-Sumatra, Indonesia |
| title_exact_search | Sustainable agricultural development in the humid tropics of Southeast Asia a case study of changing land use in a rural area of West-Sumatra, Indonesia |
| title_full | Sustainable agricultural development in the humid tropics of Southeast Asia a case study of changing land use in a rural area of West-Sumatra, Indonesia Thorsten Brauns |
| title_fullStr | Sustainable agricultural development in the humid tropics of Southeast Asia a case study of changing land use in a rural area of West-Sumatra, Indonesia Thorsten Brauns |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sustainable agricultural development in the humid tropics of Southeast Asia a case study of changing land use in a rural area of West-Sumatra, Indonesia Thorsten Brauns |
| title_short | Sustainable agricultural development in the humid tropics of Southeast Asia |
| title_sort | sustainable agricultural development in the humid tropics of southeast asia a case study of changing land use in a rural area of west sumatra indonesia |
| title_sub | a case study of changing land use in a rural area of West-Sumatra, Indonesia |
| topic | Land use, Rural Indonesia Sumatera Barat Sustainable agriculture Indonesia Sumatera Barat Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd Umweltverträglichkeit (DE-588)4061655-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Land use, Rural Indonesia Sumatera Barat Sustainable agriculture Indonesia Sumatera Barat Landwirtschaft Umweltverträglichkeit Westsumatra Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009096553&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV005871018 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT braunsthorsten sustainableagriculturaldevelopmentinthehumidtropicsofsoutheastasiaacasestudyofchanginglanduseinaruralareaofwestsumatraindonesia AT braunsthorsten agriculturaldevelopmentinwestsumatraindonesia |