Ecology: theories and applications
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Upper Saddle River, NJ
Prentice Hall
1999
|
| Ausgabe: | 3. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 638 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0139156534 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | ECOLOGY
ano Application;)
Third Edition
Peter Stiling
University of South Florida
Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Brief Contents
SECTION ONE: Introduction 1
CHAPTER i Why and How to Study Ecology 4
SECTION TWO: Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Biology 27
CHAPTER 2 The Diversity of Life 30
CHAPTER 3 Natural Selection, Speciation, and Species Loss 66
SECTION THREE: Behavioral Ecology 101
CHAPTER 4 Group Selection and Individual Selection 104
CHAPTER 5 Life History Variation 123
SECTION FOUR: Population Ecology 147
CHAPTER 6 Vopulation Growth 149
CHAPTER 7 Abiotic Factors 181
CHAPTER 8 Mutualism 228
CHAPTER 9 Competition and Coexistence 240
CHAPTER io Vredation 267
CHAPTER ii Herbivory 292
CHAPTER 12 Parasitism 315
CHAPTER 13 Evaluating the Relative Strengths of Mortalities 329
SECTION FIVE: Community Ecology 367
CHAPTER 14 The Main Types of Communities 369
CHAPTER i s Species Richness 399
CHAPTER i6 Species Diversity 429
CHAPTER 17 Stability, Equilibrium, and Nonequilibrium 460
CHAPTER i s Succession 479
CHAPTER 19 Island Biogeography 495
SECTION six: Ecosystems Ecology 515
CHAPTER 20 Trophic Structure 518
CHAPTER 21 Energy Flow 540
CHAPTER 22 Nutrient Cycles 557
Glossary 573
Literature Cited 581
Index 415
IV
Contents
Vreface
SECTION ONE: Introduction
CHAPTER i Why and How to Study Ecology
1 1 Ecology and Diversity
The Value of Diversity
1 2 Scientific Methods
1 3 Experiments
Null Hypotheses
1 4 The Effects of Scale
APPLIED ECOLOGY:
The Value of the World s Natural Services
ECOLOGY IN PRACTICE:
Brian Walker, CSIRO, Australia
SECTION TWO: Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Biology
CHAPTER 2 The Diversity of Life
2 1 Historical Background
Lamarck
Darwin
Wallace
Mendel
2 2 How Variation Originates
Voint Mutations
Chromosomal Mutations
2 3 How Variation is Maintained
How Variation Is Maintained without Selection
The Hardy-Weinberg Theorem
Environmental Variance
How Variation Is Maintained with Selection
xvi
vi Contents
2 4 How Much Variation Exists in Nature? 45
Measuring Genetic Variation 49
DNA Sequencing and PCR 50
Amount of Genetic Variation 50
2 5 Reduction in Variation 54
Inbreeding 55
Genetic Drift 60
Neighborhoods 62
Bottlenecks 64
APPLIED ECOLOGY:
Can Cloning Help Save Endangered Species? 52
CHAPTER 3 Natural Selection, Speciation, and Species Loss 66
3 1 Natural Selection 66
Industrial Melanism: The Case oftheVeppered
Moth 66
Balanced Polymorphism 70
3 2 Speciation 72
Species Definitions 72
Allopatric Speciation 75
Sympatric Speciation 78
3 3 Rates of Formation of New Species and Extinction
of Old Ones 79
3 4 Causes of Recent Extinctions 83
Species Life Histories and Correlates
with Extinction 83
The Causes of Extinction 85
Threatened Species 88
APPLIED ECOLOGY:
Hybridization and Extinction 76
SECTION THREE: Behavioral Ecology 101
CHAPTER 4 Group Selection and Individual Selection 104
Contents Vll
4 1 Altruism
Altruism between Relatives
Altruism between Unrelated Individuals
Castes
Sex
4 2 Living in Groups
Increased Vigilance
Dilution Effect
Spacing
Group Tredation
APPLIED ECOLOGY:
The Tragedy of the Commons
CHAPTER 5 Life History Variation
5 1 Reproductive Strategies
5 2 Population Age Structure
5 3 Mating Systems
Sex Ratios
Polygyny
Polyandry
s 4 Habitat Selection
Game Theory
5 5 Dispersal
56r and K Selection
APPLIED ECOLOGY:
The Effects of Exotic Species
SECTION FOUR:
CHAPTER 6
Population Ecology
Population Growth
6 1 Life Tables
Time Specific Life Tables
Age Specific Life Tables
Vlll Contents
6 2 Deterministic Models
Geometric Growth
Logistic Growth
Time Lags
6 3 Stochastic Models
APPLIED ECOLOGY:
Human Population Growth
ECOLOGY IN PRACTICE:
Tomo Royama, Canadian Forest Service
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 8
Abiotic Factors
7 1 Climate
7 2 Temperature
High Temperatures
Fires
7 3 Wind
7 4 Salt
7 5 pH
7 6 Nutrients
Soil
7 7 Light
7 8 Water
7 9 Environment and Abundance
7 10 Environment and Communities
7 11 Environment and Evolution
APPLIED ECOLOGY:
Global Warming
Mutualism
8 1 Pollination
8 2 Dispersal Systems
8 3 Other Examples of Mutualism
Mutualism and Parasitism
Mutualism and Resource Availability
Contents IX
Mutualism and Herbivory
Obligatory Mutualism
Mutualism and Community Processes
8 4 Commensalism
APPLIED ECOLOGY:
Humans in Mutualistic Relationships
ECOLOGY IN PRACTICE:
Judith Bronstein, University of Arizona
CHAPTER 9 Competition and Coexistence 240
9 1 Mathematical Models 240
Lotka-Volterra 240
9 2 Laboratory Studies of Competition 244
9 3 Competition in Nature 249
9 4 Coexistence 261
Theories Based on Morphology 261
Theories Based on Resource Use 263
APPLIED ECOLOGY:
The Effects of Exotic Competitors on Native Fauna 256
ECOLOGY IN PRACTICE:
ioe Connell, University of California, Santa Barbara 252
CHAPTER 10 Vredation 267
10 1 Strategies to Avoid Being Eaten: Evidence
for the Strength ofPredation as a Selective Force 268
10 2 Mathematical Models 271
10 3 Evidence from Experiments and Introductions 282
10 4 Reviews and Natural Systems 283
APPLIED ECOLOGY:
The Optimal Yield Problem 278
ECOLOGY IN PRACTICE:
Rick Karban, University of California, Davis 272
AndySih, University of Kentucky 289
Contents
CHAPTER 11
CHAPTER 12
Herbivory
11 1 Plant Defenses
Types of Defensive Reactions
Induced Defenses
11 2 Mathematical Models
11 3 The Field Frequency of Herbivory
Beneficial Herbivory?
n 4 The Effects of Plants on Herbivores
APPLIED ECOLOGY:
Host Plant Resistance
Parasitism
CHAPTER 13
12 1 Defenses Against Parasites
12 2 The Spread of Disease
12 3 The Effects of Parasites on Host Populations
12 4 Parasites and Biological Control
APPLIED ECOLOGY:
The Pesticide Treadmill
ECOLOGY IN PRACTICE:
Janice Moore, Colorado State University
Evaluating the Relative Strengths
of Mortalities
13 1 Equilibrium
13 2 Comparing Strengths of Mortality Factors
Key-Factor Analysis
13 3 Density Dependence
Density Vagueness
13 4 Metapopulations
13 5 Conceptual Models
Population Regulation
Top-down Effects
Middle Ground
Contents XI
13 6 Indirect Effects
Indirect Effects Compared to Direct Effects
Detecting Indirect Effects
APPLIED ECOLOGY:
Metapopulations and Endangered Species
ECOLOGY IN PRACTICE:
Peter Turchin, University of Connecticut
Susan Harrison, University of California, Davis
Mark Hunter, University of Georgia
Pedro Barbosa, University of Maryland
SECTION FIVE: Community Ecology 367
CHAPTER 14 The Main Types of Communities
14 1 The History of Community Ecology
14 2 Paleocommunities
14 3 Community Classification
14 4 Terrestrial Community Types
Tropical Forest
Temperate Forest
Deserts
Grassland
Taiga
Tundra
Other Communities
14 5 Aquatic Communities
Marine Communities
Freshwater Communities
APPLIED ECOLOGY:
The Causes and Amounts of Tropical Deforestation
Water Pollution
ECOLOGY IN PRACTICE:
RobertP Mclntosh, Notre Dame University
Xll Contents
CHAPTER i s Species Richness
CHAPTER 16
15 1 Richness Gradients 403
Biotic Explanations 403
Abiotic Explanations 405
15 2 Community Structure 409
15 3 BodySize 416
15 4 Total Global Species Richness 418
15 5 Preserving Species Richness 420
APPLIED ECOLOGY:
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Processes 422
ECOLOGY IN PRACTICE:
ShahidNaeem, University of Minnesota 426
Species Diversity 429
16 1 Rarefaction 429
16 2 Diversity Indices 432
Dominance Indices 433
Information Statistic Indices 434
16 3 Jackknifing 436
16 4 Ranked Abundance Diagrams 440
16 5 Community Similarity 446
Similarity Coefficients 446
16 6 Cluster Analysis 449
Single Linkage Clustering 450
Complete Linkage Clustering 450
Average Linkage Clustering 452
16 7 Ordination 452
APPLIED ECOLOGY:
Weighing Biodiversity Indices: The Use of Ordinal
Indices 438
CHAPTER 17 Stability, Equilibrium, and Nonequilibrium 460
i7 i Evidence for Stability 461
Contents xiu
17 2 Multiple Stable States
17 3 Diversity and Stability
Evidence for a Link between Stability
and Diversity
Evidence against a Link between Stability
and Diversity
Experimental Tests of Links between Stability
and Diversity
17 4 Disturbance and Nonequilibrium
17 5 The Intermediate-Disturbance Hypothesis
APPLIED ECOLOGY:
Community Recovery after Oil Spills
ECOLOGY IN PRACTICE:
Sir Robert May, Oxford University
CHAPTER is Succession
i8i Facilitation
18 2 Enablement
18 3 Inhibition
18 4 Tolerance
18 5 Biotic Interactions
18 6 Succession as a Markov Process
APPLIED ECOLOGY:
Restoration Ecology
CHAPTER 19 Island Biogeography
19 1 The Effects of Island Size and Distance from
Mainland
19 2 Area Effects
Oceanic Islands
Habitat Islands
Species As Islands
19 3 Extinction, Colonization, and Turnover
XIV Contents
APPLIED ECOLOGY:
The Theory of National Park Design 510
SECTION s ix: Ecosystems Ecology
CHAPTER 20 Trophic Structure
20 1 Food Web Patterns
20 2 Problems With Food Web Theory
20 3 Guilds
Why Study Guilds?
Guilds for Different Resources
Problems with Guild Theory
Patterns from Guild Analysis
20 4 Keystone Species
APPLIED ECOLOGY:
Food Webs and the Passage of Pesticides
ECOLOGY IN PRACTICE:
Tamar Dayan, Tel Aviv University, Israel
CHAPTER 21 Energy Flow 540
21 1 Primary Production 542
Efficiency Measures of Primary Production 545
The Limits to Primary Production 546
Aquatic Systems 549
21 2 Secondary Production 550
Efficiency Measures of Secondary Production 550
The Limits to Secondary Production 554
APPLIED ECOLOGY:
Biomass Fuels 544
Eutrophication 552
CHAPTER 22 Nutrient Cycles 557
22 1 Nutrient Cycling 558
Contents xv
22 2 The Phosphorus Cycle 561
22 3 The Carbon Cycle 562
22 4 The Nitrogen Cycle 564
Nitrogen Fixation 564
Nitrification 564
Assimilation 564
Ammonification 566
Dentriflcation 566
22 5 The Sulfur Cycle 568
APPLIED ECOLOGY:
Acid Rain 570
Glossary 573
Literature Cited 581
Index 615
|
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| spelling | Stiling, Peter D. Verfasser aut Ecology theories and applications Peter Stiling 3. ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall 1999 XVIII, 638 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Écologie Écologie ram Ökologie Ecology Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009091135&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Stiling, Peter D. Ecology theories and applications Écologie Écologie ram Ökologie Ecology Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd |
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| title | Ecology theories and applications |
| title_auth | Ecology theories and applications |
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| title_full | Ecology theories and applications Peter Stiling |
| title_fullStr | Ecology theories and applications Peter Stiling |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ecology theories and applications Peter Stiling |
| title_short | Ecology |
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| topic_facet | Écologie Ökologie Ecology Einführung |
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