Nutrition and productivity of milking cattle on a semi-arid rangeland in West Africa:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Stuttgart
Grauer
1999
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zugl.: Hohenheim, Univ., Diss., 1999 |
| Beschreibung: | X, 182 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3861862980 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Rath, Thomas |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Nutrition and productivity of milking cattle on a semi-arid rangeland in West Africa |c Thomas Rath |
| 264 | 1 | |a Stuttgart |b Grauer |c 1999 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: Nutrition and productivity of milking cattle on a semi-arid rangeland in West Africa
Autor: Rath, Thomas
Jahr: 1999
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 BACKGROUND
2.1 Primary Production in Sahelian rangelands
2.2 Feed quality on Sahelian rangelands
2.3 Milk production systems in Sahelian West Africa
2.4 Approaches to improve milk production
2.4.1 Breeding and health care
2.4.2 Supplementation of dairy cows
2.5 Milk processing
2.6 The socio economic framework of rural milk production in Sahelian
countries
3 MATERIALS
3.1 Location
3.2 Animals
3.3 Available feeds for supplementation
4 METHODS
4.1 Herd management and feeding
4 2 Estimation of feed availability from rangeland
4.2 1 Monitoring the grazing routes of the cattle
4.2.2 Estimation of herbaceous biomass on different rangeland types
4 2.3 Monitoring the feed quality of the herbaceous biomass
4.3 Estimation of feed intake of cattle on rangeland
4.3.1 Estimation of the quality of feed selected by cattle on rangeland 27
4.3.2 Estimation of faecal excretion by cattle on rangeland 27
4.3.3 Calculation of weighted means for feed intake of cattle on rangeland 28
4.4 Chemical and in vitro analyses 30
4.4.1 Quantitative analyses of vegetation, feed, oesophageal extrusa and
faecal samples 30
4.4.2 Qualitative analyses of milk samples 31
4.5 Monitoring milk production 32
4.6 Monitoring the body mass development of calves 33
4.7 Calving rate 32
4.8 Monitoring the body mass development of Zebu cows 33
4.9 Estimation of the body composition of Zebu cows 33
4.10 Survey on traditional practices in sedentary dairy farming 35
4.11 Survey on market prices of millet bran 35
4.12 Statistical analysis 35
5 RESULTS 36
5.1 Feed availability from rangeland 36
5.1.1 Grazing route of the cattle herd 36
5.1.2 Seasonal variations in the feed availability from rangeland 37
5.1.3 Feed quality of the rangeland vegetation 41
5.2 Feed quality and nutrient intake of grazing Zebu cows **
5.2.1 Quality of the supplementary feed ^4
5.2.2 Quality of the selected diet 45
5.2.3 Total organic matter intake of grazing Zebu cows 51
5.2.4 Variations in organic matter intake during the dry and rainy seasons
and in changing physiological states 56
5.2.5 Total intake of crude protein of grazing Zebu cows 58
5.2.6 Variations in crude protein intake of Zebu cows during the dry and
rainy seasons and in changing physiological states 63
5.2 7 Total intake of metabolisable energy of grazing Zebu cows 64
5.2.8 Variations in metabolisable energy intake of Zebu cows during
the dry and rainy seasons in changing physiological states 69
5.3 Milk production of Zebu cows 71
II
5.3.1 Milk offtake 71
5.3.2 Milk intake of calves 74
5.3.3 Milk quality 76
5.4 Body mass development of Zebu calves 78
5.5 Performance of Zebu cows 80
5.5.1 Calving interval 80
5.5.2 Body mass development of Zebu cows 81
5.5.3 Body composition and nutrient retention of Zebu cows
during lactation 85
5.5.4 Energy and protein balance of Zebu cows in the first 100 days of
lactation 89
5.6 Traditional practices in sedentary dairy farming 90
5.7 Price of millet bran on rural markets 92
6 DISCUSSION 94
6.1 Feed availability, feed quality and diet selection by Zebu cows 94
6.1.1 Feed availability and herd management 94
6.1.2 Feed quality and diet selection 95
6.2 Effects of supplementation on the feed and nutrient intake of grazing
Zebu cows 100
6.2.1 Evaluation of the polyamide marker technique 100
6.2.2 Effect of available biomass and supplements on intake of organic
matter, crude protein and metabolisable energy 101
6.3 Effects of supplementation on milk production and body performance of
Zebu cows 103
6.3.1 Supplementation and milk offtake 103
6.3.2 Supplementation and calving interval 105
6.3.3 Effects of supplementation on body performance of Zebu cows 106
6.3.4 Energy and protein balance of lactating Zebu cattle 108
6.4 Milk production and the growth of calves 113
6.5 Evaluation of the supplementation of milking cattle in rural dairy farming
systems 114
7 CONCLUSIONS 118
lit
8 SUMMARY 120
9 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 124
10 RESUME 128
11 REFERENCES 132
12 APPENDIX 141
IV
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Map of the Republic of Niger with agro-climatic zones and the location
ofChikal 17
Figure 2: Monthly precipitation and daily temperatures at the experimental site
during the study period 18
Figure 3: Scheme for recording the daily route of Zebu cattle grazing
different types of rangeland 24
Figure 4: Time when feed intake measurement were taken relative to pregnancy
and lactation of cow no. 28 29
Figure 5: Length of daily route of Zebu cattle grazing on different types of rangeland
during the rainy and the dry seasons 1995 -1996 37
Figure 6: Monthly variation of the standing and litter herbaceous mass on fallow land
and on natural pastures at the end of the dry season and during
the rainy season 1995 40
Figure 7: Monthly variation in the standing and litter herbaceous mass on fallows and
of millet stover and weeds on cropland during the dry season 1995 -1996 41
Figure 8: Monthly variation in the crude protein content of the feed selected
by grazing Zebu cows 46
Figure 9: The crude protein (CP) content of the oesophageal extrusa of grazing
Zebu cows collected in the morning, the afternoon and the night 47
Figure 10: Monthly variations in the digestible organic matter content of the feed
selected by grazing Zebu cows 48
Figure 11: Monthly variations in the metabolisable energy content of the feed
selected by grazing Zebu cows 48
Figure 12: Digestible organic matter (DOM) content in the oesophageal extrusa samples
collected from grazing Zebu cows in the morning, the afternoon and the night 49
Figure 13: The metabolisable energy (ME) content in the oesophageal extrusa samples
collected from grazing Zebu cows in the morning, the afternoon and the night 50
Figure 14: Monthly variation in the ratio of crude protein to metabolisable energy
(CPME) in the diet selected by grazing Zebu cows 50
Figure 15: Monthly variation in the ratio of crude protein to metabolisabte energy
(CP:ME) in the diet selected by grazing Zebu cows 51
Figure 16: Intake of organic matter of unsupplemented Zebu cows (C-94),
which calved either in the late dry or in the rainy seasons in 1994 57
Figure 17: Intake of organic matter (IOM) of unsupplemented Zebu cows (C-95),
which calved either during the late dry or during the rainy seasons in 1995
Figure 18: Intake of crude protein (ICP) of unsupplemented Zebu cows (C94),
which calved either during the late dry or during the rainy seasons in 1994
Figure 19: Intake of crude protein (ICP) of unsupplemented Zebu cows (C95),
which calved during the late dry and rainy seasons in 1995
Figure 20: Intake of metabolisable energy (IME) of unsupplemented Zebu cows (C-94),
which calved during the late dry or rainy season in 1994
Figure 21: Intake of metabolisable energy (IME) of unsupplemented Zebu cows (C-95),
which calved during the late dry or rainy seasons in 1995
Figure 22: Milk offtake of unsupplemented (C-94) and supplemented Zebu cows
(S-94) in 1994-1995
Figure 23: Milk offtake of unsupplemented (C-95) and supplemented Zebu cows
(S-95) in 1995-1996
Figure 24: Relationship between the age of calves from unsupplemented (C-95) and
supplemented Zebu cows (S-95) and the ration of milk intake and
total milk yield (milk offtake + milk intake of calf) in 1995 - 1996
Figure 25: Milk protein content of the milk offtake of unsupplemented (C-95)
and supplemented cows (S-95) in 1995 - 1996
Figure 26: Milk fat content of the milk offtake of unsupplemented (C-95) and
supplemented cows (S-95) in 1995 -1996
Figure 27: The body mass development of calves of unsupplemented (C-94) and
unsupplemented Zebu cows (S-94) in 1994 - 1995
Figure 28: The body mass development of calves of unsupplemented (C-95)
and supplementedZebu cows (S-95) in 1995 - 1996
Figure 29: Body mass development of unsupplemented (C-94) and supplemented
Zebu cows (S-94) during pregnancy and lactation in 1994-1995
Figure 30: Body mass development of unsupplemented (C-95) and supplemented
Zebu cows (S-95) during pregnancy and lactation in 1995-1996
Figure 31: Course of the price of millet bran on local markets in Chikal and
Filingue in 1994-1996
Figure 32: Crude protein content of herbaceous biomass from pasture, cropland and
fallow land compared to the crude protein content obtained from
oesophageal extrusa samples of free ranging Zebu cattle in 1995 - 1996
58
63
64
69
70
72
72
76
77
78
79
80
84
84
93
99
VI
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Feed availability on Sahelian rangelands 5
Table 2: The nutritive value of selected staple foods consumed in West Africa 14
Table 3: Supplementation periods of Zebu cows at the on farm site in Chikal 21
Table 4: Supplementation scheme with millet bran for milking Zebu cows after parturition 21
Table 5: Field studies of feed availability from rangeland near Chikal village, Niger 23
Table 6: Timetable of field determinations of feed intake of Zebu cows 26
Table 7: Seasonal variation of the availability of herbaceous biomass on different types
of rangeland around Chikal 39
Table 8: Crude protein content of different types of rangeland grazed by Zebu cattle
during the rainy and dry seasons in 1995 -1996 42
Table 9: Digestible organic matter content of the herbaceous mass on different types of
rangeland grazed by Zebu cattle during the rainy and dry seasons in 1995-1996 43
Table 10: Metabolisable energy content of the herbaceous mass on different types of
rangeland grazed by Zebu cattle during the rainy and dry seasons in 1995-1996 44
Table 11: Nutritional quality of the supplements offered during the whole study period 45
Table 12: Intake of organic matter of unsupplemented (C-94) and supplemented
Zebu cows (S-94)grazing Sahelian rangeland in 1994 -1995 54
Table 13: Intake of organic matter of unsupplemented (C-95) and supplemented
Zebu cows (S-95) grazing Sahelian rangeland in 1995 -1996 55
Table 14 Refusals of millet stover and bush hay offered ad libitum to Zebu cows 56
Table 15: Crude protein intake of unsupplemented (C-94) and supplemented
Zebu cows (S-94) grazing Sahelian rangeland in 1994 - 1995 60
Table 16: Crude protein intake of unsupplemented (C-95) and supplemented
Zebu cows (S-95) grazing Sahelian rangeland in 1995 - 1996 62
Table 17: Intake of metabolisable energy of unsupplemented (C-94) and
supplemented Zebu (S-94) grazing Sahelian rangeland in 1994 - 1995 66
Table 18: Intake of metabolisable energy of unsupplemented (C-95) and
supplemented Zebu cows (S-95) grazing Sahelian rangeland in 1995-1996 68
Table 19: Lactation length and milk offtake of unsupplemented (C-94, C-95)
and supplemented Zebu cows (S-94, S-95) in 1994-1995 and 1995-1996 73
Table 20: Milk intake of calves from unsupplemented (C-95) and supplemented
Zebu cows (S-95) in 1995-1996 75
Table 21: CaMng, lactation length and calving interval of unsupplemented (C-94, C-95)
and supplemented Zebu cows (S-94, S-95) during 1994 -1997 81
Table 22: Body mass development of unsupplemented (C-94; C-95) and supplemented
(C-94; C95) Zebu cows during 1994 - 1995 and 1995 - 1996 83
Table 23: Changes in the empty body mass of unsupplemented (C-94, C-95) and
supplemented Zebu cows (S-94, S-95) during the first 100 days of lactation 85
Table 24: Changes in the proportion of water in the empty body of unsupplemented
(C-94, C-95) and supplemented Zebu cows (S-94, S-95) during
the first 100 days of lactation 86
Table 25: Changes in the protein proportion in the empty body of
unsupplemented (C-94.C-95) and supplemented Zebu cows (S-94, S-95)
during the first 100 days of lactation 87
Table 26: The amount of protein in the empty body of unsupplemented (C-94, C-95) and
supplemented Zebu cows (S-94, S-95) during the first 100 days of lactation 87
Table 27: Changes in the proportion of fat in the empty body of unsupplemented
(C-94.C-95) and supplemented Zebu cows (S-94, S-95)
during the first 100 days of lactation ^
Table 28: The amount of fat in the empty body of unsupplemented (C-94, C-95) and
supplemented Zebu cows (S-94, S-95) during the first 100 days of lactation 89
Table 29: Protein and energy retention in the empty body of lactating Zebu cows
during the first 100 days of lactation ^°
Table 30: Energy balance of unsupplemented (C-95) and supplemented Zebu cows
(S-95) during the first 100 days of lactation in 1995 11 °
Table 31: Balance of metabolisable protein (MP) in unsupplemented (C-95) and
supplemented Zebu cows (S-95) during the first 100 days of lactation in 1995 112
Table 32: Partial gross margin analysis of the supplementation strategy for
milking Zebu cattle under on farm conditions in Chikal in 1994 - 1996 116
Vltt
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| spelling | Rath, Thomas Verfasser aut Nutrition and productivity of milking cattle on a semi-arid rangeland in West Africa Thomas Rath Stuttgart Grauer 1999 X, 182 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zugl.: Hohenheim, Univ., Diss., 1999 Milchvieh (DE-588)4138548-2 gnd rswk-swf Sahel (DE-588)4076953-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Sahel (DE-588)4076953-7 g Milchvieh (DE-588)4138548-2 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009038584&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Rath, Thomas Nutrition and productivity of milking cattle on a semi-arid rangeland in West Africa Milchvieh (DE-588)4138548-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4138548-2 (DE-588)4076953-7 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Nutrition and productivity of milking cattle on a semi-arid rangeland in West Africa |
| title_auth | Nutrition and productivity of milking cattle on a semi-arid rangeland in West Africa |
| title_exact_search | Nutrition and productivity of milking cattle on a semi-arid rangeland in West Africa |
| title_full | Nutrition and productivity of milking cattle on a semi-arid rangeland in West Africa Thomas Rath |
| title_fullStr | Nutrition and productivity of milking cattle on a semi-arid rangeland in West Africa Thomas Rath |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nutrition and productivity of milking cattle on a semi-arid rangeland in West Africa Thomas Rath |
| title_short | Nutrition and productivity of milking cattle on a semi-arid rangeland in West Africa |
| title_sort | nutrition and productivity of milking cattle on a semi arid rangeland in west africa |
| topic | Milchvieh (DE-588)4138548-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Milchvieh Sahel Hochschulschrift |
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