Building natural language generation systems:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge
Cambridge Univ. Press
2000
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Studies in natural language processing
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 248 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0521620368 9780521620369 9780521024518 052102451X |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804128016739074048 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Building Natural Language
Generation Systems
Ehud Reiter
University of Aberdeen
Robert Dale
Macquarie University
CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Contents
Figures
Preface
page xn
xvii
1 Introduction 1
1 1 The Research Perspective 2
111 Differences between NL Generation and
NL Understanding 2
112 Sharing Knowledge between Generation and Understanding 3
1 2 The Applications Perspective 4
121 Computer as Authoring Aid 5
122 Computer as Author 6
123 Uses of NLG Technology 6
1 3 Some Example NLG Systems 7
131 WEATHERREPORTER 8
3 2 FOG 9
3 3 IDAS 12
3 4 MODELEXPLAINER 14
3 5 PEBA 15
3 6 STOP 16
14A Short History of NLG 19
1 5 The Structure of This Book 20
1 6 Further Reading 21
National Language Generation in Practice 23
2 1 Introduction 23
2 2 When Are NLG Techniques Appropriate? 24
221 Text versus Graphics 25
222 Natural Language Generation versus Mail Merge 26
223 Natural Language Generation versus Human Authoring 28
vu
viii Contents
2 3 Using a Corpus to Determine User Requirements 30
231 Assembling an Initial Corpus of Output Texts 31
232 Analysing the Information Content of Corpus Texts 33
233 Creating a Target Text Corpus 35
2 4 Evaluating NLG Systems 37
2 5 Fielding NLG Systems 38
2 6 Further Reading 40
3 The Architecture of a Natural Language Generation System 41
3 1 Introduction 41
3 2 The Inputs and Outputs of Natural Language Generation 42
321 Language as Goal-Driven Communication 42
322 The Inputs to Natural Language Generation 43
323 The Output of Natural Language Generation 46
3 3 An Informal Characterisation of the Architecture 47
331 An Overview of the Architecture 47
332 Content Determination 50
333 Document Structuring 51
334 Lexicalisation 52
335 Referring Expression Generation 55
336 Aggregation 56
337 Linguistic Realisation 57
338 Structure Realisation 59
3 4 The Architecture and Its Representations 59
341 Broad Structure and Terminology 59
342 Messages 61
343 The Document Planner 63
344 Document Plans 64
345 Microplanning 65
346 Text Specifications 66
347 Phrase Specifications 67
348 Surface Realisation 71
3 5 Other Architectures 72
351 Different Representations and Modularisations 72
352 Different Architectures: Integrated Systems 76
3 6 Further Reading 77
4 Document Planning 79
4 1 Introduction 79
411 What Document Planning Is About 79
412 The Inputs and Outputs of Document Planning 80
413A WEATHERREPORTER Example 82
4 2 Representing Information in the Domain 83
Contents ix
421 What s in a Domain Model? 86
422 Domain Modelling for WEATHERREPORTER 87
423 Implementing Domain Models 88
424 Defining Messages 89
425 Determining the Degree of Abstraction in Messages 91
426A Methodology for Domain Modelling and Message
Definition 94
4 3 Content Determination 95
431 Aspects of Content Determination 96
432 Deriving Content Determination Rules 98
433 Implementing Content Determination 100
4 4 Document Structuring 101
441 Discourse Relations 102
442 Implementation: Schemas 104
443 Implementation: Bottom-up Techniques 107
444A Comparison of Approaches 109
445 Knowledge Acquisition 110
4 5 Document Planner Architecture 110
4 6 Further Reading 112
5 Microplanning 114
5 1 Introduction 115
511 Why Do We Need Microplanning? 115
512 What s Involved in Microplanning? 116
513 The Inputs and Outputs of Microplanning 117
514 The Architecture of a Microplanner 122
5 2 Lexicalisation 124
521 Simple Lexicalisation 124
522 Simple Lexical Choice 126
523 Contextual and Pragmatic Influences on Lexical Choice 128
524 Expressing Discourse Relations 129
525 Fine-Grained Lexicalisation 130
5 3 Aggregation 132
531 Mechanisms for Sentence Formation 133
532 Choosing between Possible Aggregations 140
533 Order of Presentation 142
534 Paragraph Formation 143
5 4 Generating Referring Expressions 144
541 The Nature of the Problem 144
542 Forms of Referring Expressions and Their Uses 145
543 Requirements for Referring Expression Generation 146
544 Generating Pronouns 149
545 Generating Subsequent References 152
x Contents
5 5 Limitations and Other Approaches 156
5 6 Further Reading 157
6 Surface Realisation 159
6 1 Introduction 159
6 2 Realising Text Specifications 162
6 3 Varieties of Phrase Specifications 164
631 Skeletal Propositions 165
632 Meaning Specifications 166
633 Lexicalised Case Frames 168
634 Abstract Syntactic Structures 168
635 Canned Text 169
636 Orthographic Strings 170
637 Summary 170
6 4 KPML 171
641 An Overview 171
642 The Input to KPML 171
643 Using Systemic Grammar for Linguistic Realisation 176
644 Summary 179
6 5 SURGE 179
651 An Overview 179
652 The Input to SURGE 180
653 Functional Unification Grammar 182
654 Linguistic Realisation via Unification 183
6 6 REALPRO 186
661 An Overview 186
662 The Input to REALPRO 187
663 Meaning-Text Theory 189
664 How REALPRO Works 190
665 Summary 191
6 7 Choosing a Realiser 192
6 8 Bidirectional Grammars 194
6 9 Further Reading 196
7 Beyond Text Generation 198
7 1 Introduction 198
7 2 Typography 201
721 The Uses of Typography 201
722 Typography in NLG Systems 203
723 Implementing Typographic Awareness 206
7 3 Integrating Text and Graphics 208
731 The Automatic Generation of Graphical Objects 209
732 Choosing a Medium 210
Contents xi
733 Commonalities between Text and Graphics 213
734 Implementing Text and Graphics Integration 214
7 4 Hypertext 216
741 Hypertext and Its Uses 216
742 Implementing Hypertext-based NLG Systems 219
7 5 Speech Output 221
751 The Benefits of Speech Output 221
752 Text-to-Speech Systems 222
753 Implementing Concept-to-Speech 225
7 6 Further Reading 227
Appendix: NLG Systems Mentioned in This Book 229
References 231
Index 243
|
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