A grammar of Chagatay:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
München
Lincom Europa
2001
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Languages of the world
Materials ; 155 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references (p. 411-417) |
| Beschreibung: | 437 S. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 389586563X |
Internformat
MARC
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| 020 | |a 389586563X |9 3-89586-563-X | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)48267330 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV013250222 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
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| 084 | |a EH 2380 |0 (DE-625)23642: |2 rvk | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Bodrogligeti, András J. E. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a A grammar of Chagatay |c András J. E. Bodrogligeti |
| 264 | 1 | |a München |b Lincom Europa |c 2001 | |
| 300 | |a 437 S. |c 24 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Languages of the world : Materials |v 155 | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. 411-417) | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Tsjagatai |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Grammatik | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Chagatai language |x Grammar | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Tschagataisch |0 (DE-588)4468439-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Grammatik |0 (DE-588)4021806-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 4 | |a Chagatai language -- Grammar | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Tschagataisch |0 (DE-588)4468439-3 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Grammatik |0 (DE-588)4021806-5 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 830 | 0 | |a Languages of the world |v Materials ; 155 |w (DE-604)BV009896757 |9 155 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Regensburg |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009030716&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804128012144214016 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | 418
Contents
Acknowledgments
1
Introduction
1
Abbreviations
9
The Arabic-Persian Alphabet
11
1.
Orthography
13
2.
Phonology
13
2.1.
Vowels
13
2.1.1.
Classification of Vowels
14
2.1.2.
The Distribution of Vowels
14
2.1.3.
Vowel Harmony
14
2.1.3.1.
Palato-alveolar Harmony
14
2.1.3.2.
Labial-illabial Harmony
15
2.2.
Consonants
16
2.2.1.
Classification of Consonants
16
3.
Morphology
17
3.1.
Nouns
17
3.1.1.
Number
18
3.1.1.1.
Turkish Plural
18
3.1.1.2.
Arabic Plural
18
3.1.2.
Status
18
3.1.2.1.
The Suffix
-ě:
Nouns in Particular Status
18
3.1.2.1.1
Subject
19
3.1.2.1.2.
Nominal Predicate
19
3.1.2.1.3.
Predicate Complement
19
3.1.2.1.4.
Direct Object
19
3.
ł
.2.1.5.
Adverbial of Time
20
3.1.2.2.
The Suffix
-Ї:
Nouns in Relative Status
20
3.1.2.3.
Definite Status
20
3.1.2.3.1.
Definite Status Indicated by the Suffix -V-i
20
3.1.2.3.2.
Definite Status Indicated by Articles
20
3.1.2.3.2.1.
The Demonstrative Pronoun bu
21
3.1.2.3.2.2
The Demonstrative Pronoun ol
21
3.1.2.3.3.
Definite Status Indicated by the Cardinal Number
bir
21
3.1.3.
Gender
21
3.1.4.
Nominal Inflection
21
3.1.4.1.
Bases
21
3.1.4.1.1.
Primary Bases
22
3.1.4.1.1.1.
Simple nouns
22
3.1.4.1.1.2.
Derivative Nouns
22
3.1.4.1.2.
Secondary Bases
22
419
3.1.4.2.
Case Forms
23
3.1.4.2.1.
The Nominative Case
23
3.1.4.2.2.
The Vocative Case
25
3.1.4.2.3.
Accusative Case
26
3.1.4.2.3.1.
Direct Objects Marked by -nij-ni
26
3.1.4.2.3.2.
Direct Objects Marked by -n
27
3.1.4.2.3.3.
Direct Object Marked by zero
28
3.1.4.2.3.4.
Direct Object Marked by -fiZ-ti
29
3.1.4.2.3.5.
Accusative Case Used with Passive Verbs
29
3.1.4.2.3.6.
Accusative
-nïZ-ni,
or -n in Dative Function
30
3.1.4.2.3.7.
Verbs Governing the Accusative Case
30
3.1.4.2.4.
Genitive Case
31
3.1.4.2.5.1.
The Genitive Case Marked by
-nïngZ-ning
31
3.1.4.2.5.2.
The Denitive Case Marked by
-nïZ-ni
32
3.1.4.2.5.3.
The Genitive Case Marked by -n
32
3.1.4.2.5.4.
The Genitive Case Marked by
-ïngZ-ing
32
3.1.4.2.5.5.
The Genitive Case is not Marked
32
3.1.4.2.5.6.
The Genitive Case Used Alone
33
3.1.4.2.5.
Dative Case
33
3.1.4.2.5.1.
Dative Case Marked by -qaZ-ga,
-käZ-gä 33
3.1.4.2.5.2.
Dative Case Marked by
-aZ-äZ
34
3.1.4.2.5.3.
Dative Case with bar
35
3.1.4.2.5.4.
Dative to Express the Agent
35
3.1.4.2.5.5.
Dative Case with Arabic Participles
35
3.1.4.2.5.5.1.
With intransitive verbs
35
3.1.4.2.5.5.2.
With transitive verbs
35
3.1.4.2.5.6.
Verbs Governing the Dative Case
35
3.1.4.2.5.8.
Adjectives Governing the Dative Case
38
3.1.4.2.5.9.
Postpositions Governing the Dative Case
39
3.1.4.2.6.
Locative Case
39
3.1.4.2.6.1.
Locative Case Marked by
-daZ-dä 39
3.1.4.2.6.2.
Locative Case Marked by
-taZ-tä 40
3.1.4.2.6.3.
Locative Case Marked After Possessive Suffixes
40
3.1.4.2.6.3.1.
With a connective [pronominal] -n-
40
3.1.4.2.6.3.2.
Without a connective -n-
41
3.1.4.2.6.4.
Verbs Governing the Locative Case
41
3.1.4.2.7.
Ablative Case 42
3.1.4.2.7.1.
The Ablative Case Marked by -dmZ-din
42
3.1.4.2.7.2.
The Ablative Case Marked by
-tünZ-tin 43
3.1.4.2.7.3.
The Ablative Case Marked by
-danZ-dän 44
3.1.4.2.7.4.
The Ablative Case Marked by
-tanZ-tän 44
3.1.4.2.7.5.
The Ablative Case After
3d
Sing. Possessive Suffixes
44
420
3.1.4.2.7.5.1.
With a connective [pronominal] -n-
44
3.1.4.2.7.5.2.
Without a connective [pronominal] -n-
44
3.1.4.2.7.6.
Verbs Governing the Ablative Case
45
3.1.4.2.7.7.
The Ablative Case with Postpositions
46
3.1.4.2.7.8.
The Ablative Case to Express the Superlative Degree
46
3.1.4.2.7.9.
The Ablative Case to Express the Comparative Degree
46
3.1.4.2.8.
Instrumental Case
47
3.1.4.2.8.1.
The Instrumental Case Formed by
-unA-ün, -üV-in,
or -n
47
3.1.4.2.8.2.
The Instrumental Case formed by -la
47
3.1.4.2.9.
Privative Case
48
3.1.4.2.10.
Equative Case
48
3.1.4.2.10.1.
Equative Case Marked with
-čaAča
49
3.1.4.2.10.1.1.
After the
3d
person singular possessive suffix
49
3.1.4.2.10.1.1.1.
Without pronominal -n-
49
3.1.4.2.10.1.1.2.
With pronominal -n-
49
3.1.4.2.10.2.
The Equative Case Marked with -laynV-layin
50
3.1.4.2.11.
Comparative Case
50
3.1.4.2.12.
Terminative Case
51
3.1.4.3.
Inflection for Possession
51
3.1.4.3.1.
Possessive suffixes
51
3.1.4.3.1.1.
Short Possessive Suffixes
51
3.1.4.3.1.2.
Expanded Possessive Suffixes
52
3.1.4.3.2.
Case Forms of Possessed Nouns
52
3.1.4.3.3.
Nouns with
1st
and
2nd
Person Sing. Possessive Suffixes
52
3.1.4.3.4.
Nouns with Third Person Singular Possessive Suffixes
53
3.1.4.3.4.1.
Without a Pronominal -n-
54
3.1.4.3.4.2.
With a Pronominal -n-
54
3.1.4.4.
Persian Inflectional Elements
55
3.1.4.4.1.
The Izafat Marker
-i/-ï_
55
3.1.4.4.2.
The Vocative Marker -a
55
3.1.4.4.3.
The
Prosodie
Expletives -a, a
56
3.1.4.4.4.
The Relative
-Ї
56
3.1.4.4.5.
The Suffix
-rã
in Dative Function
57
3.1.4.4.6.
The Indefinite Suffix -e
57
3.1.5.
Formation of Nouns
58
3.1.5.1.
Formation by Suffixes
58
3.1.5.1.1.
The Suffix
-čaAča
58
3.1.5.1.2.
The Suffix
-caq/^äk
58
3.1.5.1.3.
The Suffix
-či/-či
58
3.1.5.1.4.
The Suffix
-cúV-čil
59
3.1.5.1.5.
The Suffix
-cůV-čin
59
3.1.5.1.6.
The Suffix -cuqAcuk
59
421
3.1.5.1.7.
The Suffix
-dašAdäš
60
3.1.5.1.8.
The Suffix
-laqAläk
60
3.1.5.1.9.
The Suffix
-іаушАШуіп
60
3.1.5.1.10.
The Suffix
-ПУ-іі
60
3.1.5.1.11.
The Suffix
-lïgV-lig,
-lugV-iüg 61
3.1.5.1.12.
The Suffix -liqAlik,
-luqAlük
62
3.1.5.1.13.
The Suffix -m
62
3.1.5.1.14.
The Suffix
-таДта
63
3.1.5.1.15.
The Suffix
-mačAmäč
63
3.1.5.1.15.
The Suffix
-maqAmäk
63
3.1.5.1.16.
The Suffix
-maiV-män
64
3.1.5.1.17.
The Suffix
-misïAmisi
64
3.1.5.1.17.
The
Suffix -mtulAmtül, ïmtuV-imtül, -umtuV-ümtül
64
3.1.5.1.18.
The Suffix
-n,
-an
65
3.1.5.1.19.
The Suffix
-nč, -anč, -ínčAinč, -unčAunč
65
3.1.5.1.20.
The Suffix -ng
65
3.1.5.1.21.
The Suffix
-raqAräk
66
3.1.5.1.21.
The Suffix
-saqAsäk
66
3.1.5.1.22.
The
Suffix -sïAsi
66
3.1.5.1.23.
The
Suffix -sïzAsiz
66
3.1.5.1.24.
The
Suffix -sïzïnAsizin
67
3.1.5.1.25.
The Suffix -suqAsiik
67
3.1.5.1.26.
The Suffix
-š
67
3.1.5.1.27.
The Suffix
-síAši [-šuAšii]
68
3.1.5.1.28.
The Suffix
-t,
-utAüt
68
3.1.5.1.29.
The Suffix -z
69
3.1.5.1.30.
The
Suffix -vul,
-avul
69
3.1.5.1.31.
The Suffix
-saAsä 69
3.1.5.2.
Formation by Prefixes
69
3.1.5.2.1.
The Prefix ham-
70
3.1.5.2.2.
The Prefix
sar-
70
3.1.5.2.3.The
Prefix
šah-, šah
70
3.1.5.3.
Formation of Nouns by Composition
70
3.1.5.3.1.
Determinative Compounds
71
3.1.5.3.2.
Possessive [Bahuvrihi] Compounds
71
3.1.5.3.2.1.
The first element is a noun, the second, and adjective
71
3.1.5.3.2.2.
Both elements are nouns
71
3.1.5.3.2.3.
The first element is an adjective, the second, a noun
71
3.2.
Postpositions
72
3.2.1.
Primary Postpositions
72
3.2.1.1.
With the Nominative Case
72
3.2.1.1.1.
The Postposition
ara
into, with
72
422
3.2.1.1.2.
The postposition
bigin
like
72
3.2.1.1.3.
The postposition
bilă,
bilan
with, together with
73
3.2.1.1.4.
The Postposition
birla, birlan
with, together with
73
3.2.1.1.5.
The Postposition
dek
exactly like
73
3.2.1.1.6.
The Postposition
ičrä
in, within, into
74
3.2.1.1.7.
The Postpositions
ilä, ilän
with, together with; and
75
3.2.1.1.8.
The Postpositions kebi,
käbi, kabin
like , as
75
3.2.1.1.9.
The Postposition
san
toward
76
3.2.1.1.10.
The Postposition
şifat
like
77
3.2.1.1.11.
The Postposition
tapa
facing; in the direction of
77
3.2.1.1.12.
The Postposition teg like
77
3.2.1.1.13.
The Postposition
ixčirn
for, for the sake of
78
3.2.1.1.14.
The Postposition
äza
on, upon
78
3.2.1.1.15.
The Postposition
üzrä
on, upon
79
3.2.1.1.16.
The Postposition
yangľíg, yangľíq
like, similar to
79
3.2.1.2.
With the Genitive Case
80
3.2.1.3.
With the Ablative Case
80
3.2.1.3.1.
The Postposition
burna
before
80
3.2.1.3.2.
The Postposition
buran
before
80
3.2.1.3.3.
The Postposition
cuda
separated from
80
3.2.1.3.4.
The Postposition
öng
before
81
3.2.1.3.5.
The Postposition
öngin
other than; except
81
3.2.1.3.6.
The Postposition
özgä
other than
81
3.2.1.3.7.
The Postposition song after
82
3.2.1.3.8.
The Postposition
songra
after
82
3.2.1.1.9.
The Postposition
taš
Outside of
82
3.2.1.4.
With the Dative Case
83
3.2.1.4.1.
The Postposition
ohšaš
like, similar to
83
3.2.1.4.2.
The Postposition
qaršu,
qarsi Opposite to; toward
83
3.2.1.4.3.
The postposition tegrii until
83
3.2.1.5.
With the Locative Case
83
3.2.1.6.1.
The Postposition kedin after
83
3.2.1.6.2.
The Postposition
öng
before
84
3.2.1.6.3.
The Postposition song
84
3.2.2.
Secondary
Postpostions
84
3.2.2.1.
The Postposition
aluda
in front of, at the head of
84
3.2.2.2.
The Postposition
affidïn
from, from the presence of
85
3.2.2.3.
The Postposition
arasï(n)da
among; between
85
3.2.2.4.
The Postposition
dargahïnga
to the presence of
85
3.2.2.5.
The Postposition
dargahïnda
in the presence of
86
3.2.2.6.
The Postposition eli(n)din because
86
3.2.2.7.
The Postposition
haqqï
for he sake of
86
423
3.2.2.8.
The Postposition
haqqï(n)da
in reference to, regarding
86
3.2.2.9.
The Postposition
haqqïna
in the interest of, toward
87
3.2.2.10.
The Postposition
iči(n)dä
in, within, inside
87
3.2.2.11.
The Postposition
iči(n)dä
in, within, inside
87
3.2.2.12.
The Postposition hidmatf(n)da in the presence of
88
3.2.2.13.
The Postposition
käyninä
after
88
3.2.2.14.
The Postposition
käynidä in
the wake of
88
3.2.2.15.
The Postposition
ornïna, ornïnga
in the place of, for
88
3.2.2.16.
The Postposition
qašma,
qasïga
to the presence of; to
88
3.2.2.17.
The Postposition qasi(n)da in the presence of, at
89
3.2.2.18.
The Postposition
qasïdïn
from the presence of, from
89
3.2.2.19.
The Postposition qafma to the side of, to
89
3.2.2.20.
The Postposition qatinda at the side of, by, with
90
3.2.2.21.
The Postposition
qaťi(n)ďin, qaťí(n)dan
from
90
3.2.2.22.
The Postposition
üsti(n)dä
upon; over
90
3.2.2.23.
The Postposition
üstinä
onto, upon
91
3.3.
Adjectives
91
3.3.1.
Syntactic Function of Adjectives
91
3.3.1.1.
Adjectives in Attributive Position
91
3.3.1.2.
Adjectives in Predicative Position
92
3.3.1.3.
Adjectives Modified by Adverbs
92
3.3.1.4.
Adjectives Allow Formation of Degrees
92
3.3.1.5.
Adjectives Occur as Appositions
_ 92
3.3.1.6.
Adjectives Occur as Modifiers in Izafat Structures
93
3.3.1.7.
Adjectives as Bases for Word Formation by Derivation
93
3.3.1.8.
Adjectives Substantivized
93
3.3.1.9.
Adjectives Modified by Measures
93
3.3.1.9.
Adjectives with Complements in Case Forms
94
3.3.1.10.
Adjectives Used as Verbless Clauses
94
3.3.2.
Classification of Adjectives
94
3.3.2.1.
Semantic Classification
94
3.3.2.1.1.
Qualitative Adjectives
94
3.3.2.1.2.
Relative Adjectives
94
3.3.2.1.2.
Gradable and Nongradable Adjectives
95
3.3.2.1.2.1.
The Positive Degree
95
3.3.2.1.2.2.
The Comparative Degree
95
3.3.2.1.2.3.
The Superlative Degree
96
3.3.2.1.2.4.
Intensive Forms of Adjectives
96
3.3.2.2.
Substantivization of Adjectives
98
3.3.2.3.
A List of Most Commonly Used Adjectives
99
3.3.2.4.
Formation of Adjectives
101
3.3.2.4.1.
Formation by Suffixes
101
424
3.3.2.4.1.1.
Turkish
Suffixes
101
3.3.2.4.1.1.1.
The Suffix
-daW-däki 101
3.3.2.4.1.1.2.
The Suffix -lity-lik
102
3.3.2.4.1.1.3.
The Suffix -lig/-lig
102
3.3.2.4.1.1.4.
The Suffix -luMii,
-ЇІ/-ІІ
103
3.3.2.4.1.1.5.
The
Suffix -mängiz
like
104
3.3.2.4.1.1.6.
The Suffix
-şifat, -şifat
105
3.3.2.4.1.1.7.
The Suffix -kz/siz without
105
3.3.2.4.1.2.
Persian Suffixes
106
3.3.2.4.1.2.1.
The Suffix
-ãud
106
3.3.2.4.1.2.2.
The Suffix -ana
106
3.3.2.4.1.2.3.
The Suffix -m
107
3.3.2.4.1.2.4.
The Suffix
-nãk
108
3.3.2.4.1.2.5.
The Suffix
-vir
108
3.3.2.4.1.2.6.
The Suffix-iriy
109
3.3.2.4.1.2.7.
The Suffix -imez
109
3.3.2.4.1.2.8.
The Suffix -angez
109
3.3.2.4.1.2.9.
The Suffix -bar
110
3.3.2.4.1.2.10.
The Suffix-biz
110
3.3.2.4.1.2.11.
The Suffix-band
110
3.3.2.4.1.2.12.
The Suffix-bos 111
3.3.2.4.1.2.13.
The Suffix -coy 111
3.3.2.4.1.2.14.
The
Suffix-dir
111
3.3.2.4.1.2.15.
The Suffix
-doz
112
3.3.2.4.1.2.16.
The Suffix
-gir
112
3.3.2.4.1.2.17.
The Suffix -hwan
112
3.3.2.4.1.2.18.
The Suffix -hwah
113
3.3.2.4.1.2.19.
The Suffix-naviz
113
3.3.2.4.1.2.20.
The Suffix
-piš
_ 113
3.3.2.4.1.2.21.
The Suffix -paymaty]
113
3.3.2.4.1.2.22.
The Suffix
-poš
114
3.3.2.4.1.2.23.
The Suffix
-ras
114
3.3.2.4.1.2.24.
The Suffix
-rez
114
3.3.2.4.1.2.25.
The Sufffix
-atroz
115
3.3.2.4.1.2.26.
The Suffix
-saz
115
3.3.2.4.1.2.27.
The Suffix
-sõz
115
3.3.2.4.2.
Formation by Prefixes
116
3.3.2.4.2.1.
Formation by Persian Prefixes
116
3.3.2.4.2.1.1.
The Prefix bi-
116
3.3.2.4.2.1.2.
The
Prefix ba
116
3.3.2.4.2.1.3.
The Prefix bar
117
3.3.2.4.2.1.4.
The Prefix be-
117
425
3.3.2.4.2.1.5.
The Prefix gayr-
П8
3.3.2.4.2.1.6.
The Prefix
hwaš-
118
3.3.2.4.2.1.7.
The Prefix na-
119
3.3.2.4.2.1.8.
The Prefix
sahib- II9
3.4
Pronouns
120
3.4.1.
Personal Pronouns
120
3.4.2.
Reflexive Pronouns
124
3.4.2.1.
The Pronoun
öz
self
124
3.4.2.2.
The Pronoun hwad self
126
3.4.2.3.
The Pronoun
kändü, kändi, kändü özi
self
126
3.4.3.
Reciprocal Pronouns
127
3.4.4.
Possessive Pronouns
128
3.4.5.
Demonstrative Pronouns
129
3.4.5.1.
The Demonstrative Pronouns bu this and ol that
129
3.4.5.2.
The Demonstrative Pronouns
bol
this , sol this, that
132
3.4.6.
Deictic Pronouns
133
3.4.6.1.
The Pronouns
ušbu, ušol
or
usai
133
3.4.6.2.
The Pronouns
în
this , in that
134
3.4.6.3.
The Pronouns
hamïn
this very , haman that very
134
3.4.6.4.
The Pronouns with the Particles
oq/ök
indeed, verily
134
3.4.7.
Interrogative Pronouns
135
3.4.7.1.
The Pronoun kirn who
135
3.4.7.2.
The Pronoun
ne
what
135
3.4.7.3.
The Pronouns Based on the Stem qa-
136
3.4.8.
Indefinite Pronouns
139
3.4.8.1.
Nouns in the Function of Pronouns
139
3.4.8.2.
Adjectives in the Function of Pronouns
140
3.4.8.3.
Numerals in the Function of Pronouns
141
3.4.8.4.
Pronouns with Possessive
-Ї/-І
141
3.4.8.5.
Pronominal Phrases with
bir
141
3.4.9.
Universal Pronouns
142
3.4.10.
Collective Pronouns
143
3.4.11.
Assertive Pronouns
144
3.4.11.1.
Multai
Assertive Pronouns
144
3.4.11.2.
Paucal Assertive Pronouns
144
3.4.12.
Negative Pronouns
145
3.4.12.1.
Based on
hěč
145
3.4.13.
Relative Pronouns
145
3.5.
Numerals
145
3.5.1.
Cardinal Numbers
145
3.5.1.1.
Simple numbers
146
3.5.1.2.
Compound numbers
146
426
3.5.1.3.
Approximate numbers
147
3.5.1.4.
Dates
147
3.5.1.5.
Fractions
148
3.5.2.
Ordinal Numbers
148
3.5.3.
Collective Numbers
150
3.5.4.
Distributive Numbers
152
3.5.4.1. Suffixal
derivation
152
3.5.4.2.
Instrumental case forms of cardinal numbers
152
3.5.4.3.
Cardinal numbers repeated
152
3.5.5.
Multiplicative Numbers
153
3.5.6.
Indefinite Numbers
154
3.5.7.
Numeratives
155
3.5.7.1.
baš
head
155
3.5.7.2.
batman batman
155
3.5.7.3.
para piece
155
3.5.7.4.
parca
piece
155
3.5.7.5.
qirba waterbag
155
3.5.7.6.
rak(at rak at; prayer-unit
155
3.5.7.7.
tiš
clove
155
3.5.7.8.
zarr an atom
155
3.5.7.9.
zarra
an atom
155
3.6.
Verbs
155
3.6.1.
Morphological Elements of Verbs
155
3.6.2.
Verbal Stems
156
3.6.2.1.
Basic Stems
157
3.6.2.1.1.
Improductive
Derivations
159
3.6.2.1.2.
Foreign Stems
159
3.6.2.1.3.
Augmented Stems
159
3.6.2.2.
Grammatical Derivations
160
3.6.2.2.1.
Negative Stems
160
3.6.2.2.2.
Passive Stems
160
3.6.2.2.2.1.
Stems in
-1,
-ЯМІ,
-uV-iil
160
3.6.2.2.2.2.
Stems in -n, -m/-ins -unMin
161
3.6.2.2.3.
Reflexive Stems
162
3.6.2.2.4.
Intensive Stems
163
3.6.2.2.5.
Frequentative Stems
163
3.6.2.2.6.
Reciprocal Stems
163
3.6.2.2.7.
Cooperative Stems
164
3.6.2.2.8.
Similative Stems
165
3.6.2.2.9.
Desiderative
Stems
165
3.6.2.2.10.
Causative Stems
165
3.6.2.2.10.1.
Causative Stems in -a^-ar
165
427
3.6.2.2.10.2.
Causative Stems in
-durZ-dür
166
3.6.2.2.10.3.
Causative Stems in
-qarAkär; -garAgär 167
3.6.2.2.10.4.
Causative Stems in -urAur
167
3.6.2.2.10.5.
Causative Stems in
-guzAgüz
168
3.6.2.2.10.6.
Causative Stems in -qurAkiir, -gurAgiir
168
3.6.2.2.10.7.
Causative Stems in -t
168
3.6.2.2.10.8.
Causative Stems in -turAtur
169
3.6.3.
Substantive verbs
170
3.6.3.1.
The Substantive Verb
bol-
to be
170
3.6.3.2.
The Substantive Verb ol- to be
170
3.6.3.3.
The Substantive Verb
yürii-
to walk
170
3.6.3.4.
The Substantive Verb
tuš-
to fall
171
3.6.3.5.
The Substantive Verb
kel-
to come
171
3.6.4.
Defective verbs
171
3.6.5.
Finite forms
172
3.6.5.1.
The Voluntative Mood
172
3.6.5.2.
The Injunctive Mood
175
3.6.5.3.
The Imperative Mood
175
3.6.5.3.1.
The Second Person
175
3.6.5.3.1.1.
The Second Person Singular
176
3.6.5.3.1.1.1.
The Stem Form
176
3.6.5.3.1.1.2.
Forms in -giV-gil
177
3.6.5.3.1.1.3.
Forms in -guV-gin
179
3.6.5.3.1.1.4.
Forms in
-u/ü
180
3.6.5.3.1.1.5.
Forms in
-dek
181
3.6.5.3.1.1.6.
Forms in
-Ї/-І
181
3.6.5.3.1.2.
The Second Person Plural
181
3.6.5.3.1.2.1.
Forms in -ng,
-ïngZ-ing,
-ungŢ-iing
181
3.6.5.3.1.2.2.
Forms in -ngiW-ngiz, -mgizf-ingiz,
-ungizAüngiz
182
3.6.5.3.1.2.3.
Forms in
-nglarA-nglär, -mglarZ-inglär 183
3.6.5.3.1.2.4.
Forms in
-ngizlarA-ngizlär,
-ïngizlarZ-ingizlar
183
3.6.5.3.2.
The Third Person
184
3.6.5.3.2.1.
The Third Person Singular
184
3.6.5.3.2.1.1.
Forms in -sunZ-siin
184
3.6.5.3.2.1.2.
The form in
-U/-Ü
185
3.6.5.3.2.2.
The Third Person Plural
185
3.6.5.3.2.2.1.
Forms in
-sunlarAsünlär 185
3.6.5.3.2.2.2.
The form in
-ularZ-ülär 186
3.6.5.3.2.2.3.
The form in
-deklär 186
3.6.5.4.
The Definite Past Tense
186
3.6.5.5.1116
Conditional Mood
190
3.6.5.5.1.
The Present Conditional
190
428
3.6.5.5.2.
The Past Conditional
194
3.6.5.5.
The Optative Mood
196
3.6.5.5.1.
Future Tense of the Optative
196
3.6.5.5.2.
Past Tense of the Optative Mood
201
3.6.5.6.
The
Aorist 203
3.6.5.6.1.
The Present Tense of the
Aorist 203
3.6.5.6.2.
The Past Tense of the
Aorist 207
3.6.5.6.3.
The Indirect Past Tense of the
Aorist 209
3.6.5.6.4.
The Conditional of the
Aorist 210
3.6.5.6.5.
The Optative of the
Aorist 213
3.6.5.7.
The Indirect Past Tense
214
3.6.5.7.1.
The Conditional of the Indirect Past Tense
217
3.6.5.7.2.
The Optative of the Indirect Past Tense
218
3.6.5.7.3.
The Past Perfect Tense
219
3.6.5.8.
The Progressive Mood
220
3.6.5.8.1.
The Present Tense of the Progressive Mood
220
3.6.5.8.2.
The Past Tense of the Progressive Mood
221
3.6.5.9.
The Perfective Mood
222
3.6.5.9.1.
The Present Perfect Tense
223
3.6.5.9.2.
The Indirect Present Perfect Tense
225
3.6.5.9.3.
The Past Perfect Tense
226
3.6.5.9.4.
The Conditional of the Present Perfect Tense
227
3.6.5.9.5.
The Future Perfect Tense
228
3.6.5.10.
The Categorical Tenses
229
3.6.5.10.1.
The Categorical Future
230
3.6.5.10.2.
The Categorical Future in the Past
232
3.6.5.10.3.
The Conditional of the Categorical Future
234
3.6.5.11.
Necessitative Verbs
235
3.6.5.11.1.
Necessitative Verbs with a Mandatory Aspect
235
3.6.5.11.2.
Necessitative Verbs with Inevitability Aspect
236
3.6.5.12.
The
Durative
Tenses
237
3.6.5.12.1.
The
Durative
Present Tense
237
3.6.5.12.2.
The Past
Durative
Tense
240
3.6.5.13.
The Perfect Tenses
241
3.6.5.13.1.
The Present Perfect Tenses
241
3.6.5.13.2.
The Past Perfect Tense
244
3.6.5.14.
The Present Continuous Tense
247
3.6.5.15.1.
The auxiliary
er- >
e-
to be
247
3.6.5.15.1.1.
Present tense of the
Aorist 247
3.6.5.15.1.2.
The Definite Past Tense
248
3.6.5.15.1.3.
The Indefinite Past Tense
248
3.6.5.15.1.4.
The Conditional Mood
248
429
3.6.5.15.2.
The Auxiliary
dur
to stand, stay, stop
249
3.6.6.
Verbal Nouns
249
3.6.6.1.
Verbal Nouns in
-maA-rnä 249
3.6.6.2.
Verbal Nouns in
-maqAmäk
250
3.6.6.2.1.
The Verbal Nouns in
-maqA-mäk
in Oblique Case Forms
250
3.6.6.2.1.1.
In the Dative Case
250
3.6.6.2.1.2.
In the Ablative Case
251
3.6.6.2.2.
The Verbal Nouns in
-maqAmäk
with Postpositions
251
3.6.6.2.3.
The Verbal Nouns in
-maqA-mäk
with Possessive Suffixes
251
3.6.6.3.
Verbal Nouns in
-maqliqAmäklik
252
3.6.6.4.
Verbal Nouns in
-maqdaAmäkdä
253
3.6.6.5.
Verbal Nouns in -r
253
3.6.6.5.1.
Action Nouns
254
3.6.6.5.1.1.
Action Nouns in -r in Oblique Case Forms
254
3.6.6.5.1.1.1.
Action Nouns in -r in the Dative Case
254
3.6.6.5.1.1.2.
Action nouns in -r in the Locative case
255
3.6.6.5.1.1.3.
Action Nouns in -r in the Accusative Case
255
3.6.6.5.2.
Agent nouns
255
3.6.6.5.3.
Agent Nouns in -r in Passive Use
256
3.6.6.6.
Verbal Nouns in
-masA-mäs 256
3.6.6.6.1.
Verbal Nouns in
-masA-mäs
Used as Action Nouns
256
3.6.6.6.2.
Verbal Nouns in
-masA-mäs
Used as Agent Nouns
257
3.6.6.7.
Verbal Nouns in
-mišV-miš
257
3.6.6.7.1.
Verbal Nouns in
-imšA-miš
Used as Action Nouns
257
3.6.6.7.2.
Verbal Nouns in
-misA-miš
Used as Agent Nouns
258
3.6.6.8.
Verbal Nouns in
-š
258
3.6.6.9.
Verbal Nouns in
-guA-gü 259
3.6.6.10.
Verbal Nouns in
-guciZ-guči
260
3.6.6.11.
Verbal Nouns in
-gudekZ-güdek 261
3.6.6.12.
Verbal Nouns in
-guluqAgülük 261
3.6.6.13.
Verbal Nouns in
-gusízA-güsiz
262
3.6.7.
Gerunds
262
3.6.7.1.
Gerund in -p
262
3.6.7.1.1.
Gerund in -p in Adverbial Function
263
3.6.7.1.2.
Gerund in -p in Copulative Function
263
3.6.7.1.3.
Gerund in -p in Predicative Function
264
3.6.7.2.
Gerund
in-baiV-bän 265
3.6.7.2.1.
Gerund
in-banZ-bän in
Adverbial Function
265
3.6.7.2.2.
Gerund
in-banAbän in
Copulative Function
266
3.6.7.2.3.
Gerund in -banA-ban in Predicative Function
266
3.6.7.2.4.
Gerund
in-banZ-bän
in Idioms
266
3.6.7.3.
Gerund
in-aAä
267
430
3.6.7.3.1.
Gerund
in -af- a in Predicative Function
267
3.6.7.3.2.
Gerund in
-al-ä
in Adverbial Function
267
3.6.7.3.3.
Gerund in
-al-ä
in Doublets
268
3.6.7.3.4.
Gerund in -al- a in Idioms
268
3.6.7.4.
Gerund in
-gandaAgändä 269
3.6.7.5.
Gerund in -V-i
270
3.6.7.6.
Gerund in -icaqAicak
270
3.6.7.7.
Gerund
in-uAü 271
3.6.7.7.1.
Gerund
in-uAü
used in Doublets
271
3.6.7.7.2.
Gerund
in-uAü Lexicalized
as Adverbs or Postpositions
271
3.6.7.8.
Gerund in
-mayAmäy 272
3.6.7.8.1.
Gerund in
-mayAmäy in
Predicative Use
272
3.6.7.8.2.
Gerund in -mayA-may in Adverbial Use
272
3.6.7.8.3.
Gerund in
-mayAmäy in
Copulative Function
773
3.6.7.9.
Gerund in
-maymZ-mäyin
273
3.6.7.10.
Gerund in
-quicV-kincä
274
3.6.7.10.1.
The
Terminative use
of Gerund in -qincaAkinca
274
3.6.7.10.2.
The
Durative Use
of the Gerund in
-атсаАкіпса
275
3.6.7.10.3.
The Preferential Use of the Gerund in -qmcaZ-kinca
275
3.6.7.10.4.
Gerund in
-qínčaZ-kinčä
in Idioms
275
3.6.7.11.
Gerund in
-gančaZ-ganča
276
3.6.7.11.1.
The Gerund in
-gančaZ-gänčä
in Idioms
276
3.6.7.12.
Gerund in
-gačV-gäč
276
3.6.7.13.
The Gerund in
-gaľiZ-gäli
277
3.6.7.13.1.
The Gerund in
-galiV-gäli
Indicates the Purpose
277
3.6.7.13.2.
The Gerund in
-galïZ-gali
Indicates the Starting Point
278
3.6.8.
Participles [Verbal Adjectives]
278
3.6.8.1.
Participles in
-ganZ-gän, -qanZ-kän
278
3.6.8.1.1.
Participles in
-ganZ-gän,
-qanZ-kän
as Action Nouns
278
3.6.8.1.2.
Participles in
-ganZ-gän, -qanZ-kän
as Agent Nouns
279
3.6.8.1.3.
Participles in
-ganZ-gän, -qanZ-kän
with Passive Meaning
280
3.6.8.2.
Participle in
-asV-äsi
280
3.6.8.2.1.
The Participle in
-asiZ-äsi in
Adjectival Function
281
3.6.8.2.2.
The Participle in
-asiV-äsi in
Predicative Use
281
3.6.8.3.
Participles in
-ïgW-igli
281
3.6.8.3.1.
Participles in
-ïgW-igli
in Adjectival Use
281
3.6.8.3.2.
Participles in
-ïgüV-igli
Used as Agent Nouns
281
3.6.8.3.3.
Participles in
-ïguy-igli
with the Particle
käräk
282
3.6.9.
Descriptive Verbs
282
3.6.9.1.
Descriptive Verbs with Gerunds in
-aAä
283
3.6.9.1.1.
Al-
to take
283
3.6.9.1.2.
Baq- to try, attempt
284
431
3.6.9.1.3.
Bašla-
to begin
284
3.6.9.1.4.
Ber-
to give
284
3.6.9.1.5.
Bil-
to know
285
3.6.9.1.6.
Bol-
to be
285
3.6.9.1.7.
Kel-
to come
285
3.6.9.1.8. Kör-
to see
286
3.6.9.1.9.
Qal- to remain
286
3.6.9.1.10.
Tur-
to stand
286
3.6.9.1.11.
Tuš-
to fall
287
3.6.9.2.
Descriptive Verbs with Gerunds in -p
287
3.6.9.2.1.
Al-
to take, to receive
287
3.6.9.2.2.
Bar- to go
287
3.6.9.2.3.
Ber-
to give
287
3.6.9.2.4.
Bol-
to be
287
3.6.9.2.5.
Číq-
to go/come out, leave
288
3.6.9.2.6.
Kel-
to come
288
3.6.9.2.7.
Ket-
to go away
288
3.6.9.2.8.
Qal- to remain, stay
288
3.6.9.2.9.
Tur-
to stand
289
3.6.9.2.10.
Yüri-
to walk
289
3.6.10.
Verb Formation
289
3.6.10.1.
Verb Formation by Suffixes
289
3.6.10.1.1.
The
Sufffix-aAä
289
3.6.10.1.2.
The Suffix
-Ї/-І
290
3.6.10.1.3.
The Suffix
-U/-Ü
290
3.6.10.1.4.
The
Suffix-ayAäy 290
3.6.10.1.5.
The Suffix
-daf-aä 290
3.6.10.1.6.
The Suffix
-gaAgä
290
3.6.10.1.7.
The Suffix-qarfgar
291
3.6.10.1.8.
The Suffix
-1,
-al/äl,
-U1/-U1
291
3.6.10.1.9.
The Suffix
-W-lä
291
3.6.10.1.10.
The Suffix
-
/-k, -iqAik, -uqAiik
292
3.6.10.1.10.
The Suffix
-
/-k, -iqAik, -uqAuk
292
3.6.10.1.11.
The Suffix
-г,-агАаг
292
3.6.10.1.12.
The
Suffix -raArä 292
3.6.10.1.13.
The Suffix
-rgV-rgä, -ürgV-irgä, -urgV-ürgä 292
3.6.10.1.14.
The Suffix
-saAsä 292
3.6.10.2.
Verb Formation by Derivative Auxiliaries
292
3.6.10.2.1.
Bas-
to press
293
3.6.10.2.2.
Ber-
to give
293
3.6.10.2.3.
Bol- tobe,
become
294
3.6.10.2.4.
Ček-
to pull
295
432
3.6.10.2.5.
Et-
to make, do
295
3.6.10.2.6.
Kel-
1.
to come ;
2.
to seem
296
3.6.10.2.7. Kätür-
to perform, carry out
297
3.6.10.2.8. Kör- 1.
regard as ;
2.
to experience, perceive
297
3.6.10.2.9. Körgüz-
to show, demonstrate, manifest
298
3.6.10.2.10.
Kötär-
1.
to raise ;
2.
[lift up and] carry
299
3.6.10.2.11.
Qïl-
to make, do
299
3.6.10.2.12.
Qol- to ask for, to request
300
3.6.10.2.13.
Qoy-
1.
to put down ;
2
to turn in the direction of
301
3.6.10.2.14.
Sal- to throw, cast
301
3.6.10.2.15.
Tap- to find
302
3.6.10.2.16.
Tart- to draw, drag
303
3.6.10.2.17.
Tut- to hold, keep
303
3.6.10.2.18.
Ur- to beat
304
3.6.10.2.19.
Ye- to eat
305
3.6.10.2.20.
Yut- to swallow
306
3.7.
Adverbs
306
3.7.1.
Primary Adverbs
307
3.7.2.
Adjectives in the Role of Adverbs
307
3.7.3.
Nouns in the Role of Adverbs
308
3.7.3.1.
Nouns in the Nominative Case
308
3.8.3.2.
Nouns Specified by Pronouns, Quantifiers, Particles
or by a Possessive Suffix
309
3.7.3.3.
Nouns with Persian Indefinite -e Used as Adverbs
309
3.7.3.4.
Nouns in the Locative Case
310
3.7.3.5.
Nouns in the Dative Case
311
3.7.3.6.
Nouns in the Ablative Case
311
3.7.3.7.
Nouns in the Equative Case
311
3.7.3.8.
Nouns in the
Terminative Case
312
3.7.3.9.
Nouns in the Instrumental Case
312
3.7.3.9.1.
With Suffix
-laf-lä 312
3.7.3.9.2.
With the Suffix -n,
-ші/чіп,
-ünZ-in 313
3.7.3.10.
Nouns in the Privative Case
313
3.7.4.
Gerunds Lexicalized as Adverbs
314
3.7.4.1.
Gerunds in
-al- à
314
3.7.4.2.
Gerunds in
-mayAmäy 314
3.7.4.3.
Gerunds in
-ρ
315
3.7.4.4.
Gerunds in
-banAban
315
3.7.4.5.
Gerund in-uZ-u
316
3.7.5.
Coordinated Nouns
316
3.7.5.
Repetition of Adjectives or Nouns
317
3.7.6.
Arabic Accusative Case Forms Used as Adverbs
318
433
3.7.7.
Arabic Verbal
Nouns
318
3.7.8.
Arabic
Phrases Used as Adverbs
319
3.7.9.
Persian Phrases Used as Adverbs
319
3.7.10.
Semantic Classification
320
3.7.10.1.
Adverbs of Time
320
3.7.10.2.
Adverbiais
of Manner
321
3.7.10.3.
Adverbiais
of Quantity
323
3.7.10.4.
Adverbiais
of Place
323
3.8.
Conjunctions
324
3.8.1.
Coordinating Conjunctions
324
3.8.2.
Subordinating Conjunctions
325
3.9.
Particles
327
3.9.1.
Particles of Specification
327
3.9.2.
Particles of Intensification
327
3.9.2.1.
The Corroborative Particle oq/
ök
327
3.9.3.
Deictic Particles
327
3.9.4.
Interrogative Particles
328
3.9.5.
Subjective [Modal] Particles
328
3.9.6.
Morphologic-Syntactic Particles
329
3.9.6.1.
Coordinative
Particles
329
3.9.6.2.
Additive Particles
330
3.9.6.3.
Restrictive Particles
330
3.9.6.4.
Particles of Negation
331
3.9.6.5.
Particles of Affirmation
331
3.9.6.6.
Particles of Comparison
332
3.9.7.
Emphatic Particles
332
3.9.8.
Quasi Particles
332
3.9.8.1.
Sentence Modifiers
333
3.9.8.2.
Predicative Particles
333
3.10.
Interjections
334
3.11.
Preposition
335
3.11.1.
Primary Prepositions
335
3.11.1.1.
The Preposition ba with
335
3.11.1.2.
The Preposition ba to
336
3.11.1.3.
The Preposition bar upon
336
3.11.1.3.
The Preposition cuz other
337
3.11.2.
Secondary Prepositions
337
3.11.2.1.
The Preposition cayn-i exactly like, same
337
3.11.2.2.
The Preposition ^zm-i setting out to
337
3.11.2.3.
The Preposition gayr-i other than, nothing but; without
338
3.11.2.4.
The Preposition Paf4 contrary to
338
3.11.2.5.
The Preposition mahz-i only because of
338
434
3.11.2.6.
The Preposition
mişl-i
such as; like, exactly as
338
3.11.2.7.
The Preposition qadr-i to the extent of
338
3.11.3.
Prepositional phrases
339
3.11.3.1.
The Prepositional Phrase ba qadr-i in the measure of
339
3.11.3.2.
The Prepositional Phrase ba cuz except
339
3.11.3.3.
The Prepositional Phrase bar hasb-i according to
339
3.12.
Onomatopoetic Words
339
4.
Syntax
340
4.1.
Syntactic Structures
340
4.1.1.
Nouns Connected by Juxtaposition
340
4.1.2.
Coordinated Words
341
4.1.3.
Nouns Modified by Other Nouns
342
4.1.3.1.
Nouns Without Markers [noun adjuncts]
342
4.1.3.1.1.
Attributive Relationship
342
4.1.3.1.2.
Possessive Relationship
343
4.1.3.2.
With Possessive Suffix on the Head [Reference Structures]
343
4.1.3.3.
Oblique Case Forms of Nouns Used as Modifiers
344
4.1.3.3.1.
Nouns in the Genitive Case
344
4.1.3.3.2.
Nouns in the Dative Case
345
4.1.3.3.3.
Nouns in the Locative Case
345
4.1.3.3.4.
Nouns with the Equative Case
346
4.1.4.
Bahuvrihi Compounds
346
4.1.5.
Predicative Compounds
347
4.1.6.
Izafat Structures
347
4.1.6.1.
Adjectival Izafat structures
348
4.1.6.2.
Possessive Izafat Structures
348
4.1.7.
Arabic Izafat Structures
348
4.2.
Government
350
4.2.1.
Government by Verbs
350
4.2.1.1.
Accusative Case
350
4.2.1.1.1.
Verbs Governing the Accusative Case
351
4.2.1.1.1.2.
With Marked Accusative Case Forms
351
4.2.1.1.1.2.
With Unmarked Accusative Case Form
351
4.2.1.2.
Dative Case
352
4.2.1.2.1.
Verbs Governing the Dative Case
352
4.2.1.2.2.
Adjectives Governing the Dative Case
353
4.2.1.3.
Locative Case
353
4.2.1.4.
Ablative case
354
4.2.1.4.1.
Verbs Governing the Ablative Case
354
4.2.1.4.2.
Adjectives Governing the Ablative Case
355
4.3.
The sentence
355
4.3.1.
Classification According to Function
356
435
4.3.1.1.
Declarative
Sentences
356
4.3.1.2. Interrogative
Sentences
356
4.3.1.2.1.
By the yes-or-no particle mu/mii
356
4.3.1.2.2.
By Interrogative Pronouns
357
4.3.1.3.
Imperative Sentences
357
4.3.1.4.
Exclamatory Sentences
357
4.3.2.
Classification According to Status
358
4.3.2.1.
Affirmative Sentences
358
4.3.2.2.
Negative Sentences
358
4.3.2.2.1.
By Negative Verbs
358
4.3.2.2.2.
By the Negative Particle yoq
_ 359
4.3.2.2.3.
By the Negative Conjunction
ne-ne, ne-ne
neither...nor
359
4.3.2.2.4.
By the Negative Particles
dägül
and
emäs 359
4.3.2.3.
Conditional Sentences
359
4.3.2.4.
Possibilitive Sentences
359
4.3.2.5.
Impossibilitive Sentences
360
4.3.2.6.
Desiderative
Sentences
360
4.3.3.
Classification According to Structure
360
4.3.3.1.
Simple Sentences
360
4.3.3.1.1.
Bare Sentences
360
4.3.3.1.2.
Elliptical Sentences
360
4.3.3.1.3.
Expanded Sentences
361
4.3.3.2.
Secondary Elements of the Sentence
361
4.3.3.2.1.
Subject Complements
361
4.3.3.2.2.
Direct Objects
362
4.3.3.2.3.
Predicate Complements
362
4.3.3.2.4.
Indirect Objects
363
4.3.3.2.5.
Adverbiais
363
4.3.3.2.5.1.
Adverbiais
of Place
364
4.3.3.2.5.2.
Adverbiais
of Time
364
4.3.3.2.5.3.
Adverbiais
of Manner
364
4.3.3.3.
Compound Sentences
365
4.3.3.3.1.
Copulative Sentences
365
4.3.3.3.1.1.
Copulative Sentences with a Conjunction
365
4.3.3.3.1.2.
Copulative Sentences without Conjunction
365
4.3.3.3.2.
Adversative Compound Sentences
366
4.3.3.3.3.
Disjunctive Compound Sentences
368
4.3.3.3.4.
Conclusive Compound Sentences
368
4.3.3.3.5.
Explicative Compound Sentences
369
4.3.3.4.
Complex Sentences
369
4.3.3.4.1.
Complex Sentences with a Subject Clause
369
4.3.3.4.2.
Complex Sentences with a Predicate Clause
370
436
4.3.3.4.3.
Complex
Sentences
with an Object Clause
371
4.3.3.4.4.
Complex Sentences with an Attributive Clause
372
4.3.3.4.5.
Complex Sentences with a Clause of Time
373
4.3.3.4.5.1.
Simultaneous Actions
373
4.3.3.4.5.2.
The Action of the Subordinate Clause Occurs Before
the Action of the Main Clause. (Case of Anteriority).
374
4.3.3.4.5.3.
The Action of the Subordinate Clause Occurs After
the Action of the Main Clause. (Case of Posteriority).
374
4.3.3.4.6.
Complex Sentences with a Clause of Place [Local
Clause]
375
4.3.3.4.7.
Complex Sentences with a Clause of Manner [Modal
Clause]
375
4.3.3.4.8.
Complex Sentences with a Clause of Degree
376
4.3.3.4.9.
Complex Sentences with a Clause of Cause [Causal
Clause]
377
4.3.3.4.10.
Complex Sentences with a Clause of Result
[Consecutive Clause]
379
4.3.3.4.11.
Complex Sentences with a Clause of Comparison
[Comparative Clause]
379
4.3.3.4.12.
Complex Sentences with a Clause of Purpose
[Final clause]
380
4.3.3.4.13.
Complex Sentences with a Clause of Condition
381
4.3.3.4.13.1.
Complex Conditional Sentences with Real Conditions
382
4.3.3.4.13.2.
Complex Conditional Sentences with Potential
Conditions
382
4.3.3.4.13.2.
Complex Conditional Sentences with Unreal
Conditions
384
4.3.3.4.14.
Complex Sentences with a Concessive Clause
384
4.3.3.4.15.
Complex Sentences with a Universal Concessive Clause
387
4.4.
The Word Order
387
4.4.1.
Direct Word Order
387
4.4.2.
Inversion
387
4.4.3.
Word Order of Phrasal Verbs
388
5.
Lexicon
389
5.1.
Sample Vocabulary
389
5.2.
Phraseology [Idioms, Set Expressions]
396
5.3.
Loan Translations
401
5.4.
Proverbs
403
6.
Style
403
7.
Sample Texts
404
7.1.
Poems
404
437
7.1.1.
Šicr
[poetry]
404
8.1.2.
Nazm
[versified didactic works]
405
8.2.
Prose^nasr]
405
8.2.1.
Learned Didactic Prose
405
8.2.2.
Narrative Prose
407
8.2.3.
Translation Prose
409
BIBLIOGRAPHY
411
CONTENTS
418
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Bodrogligeti, András J. E. |
| author_facet | Bodrogligeti, András J. E. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Bodrogligeti, András J. E. |
| author_variant | a j e b aje ajeb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV013250222 |
| callnumber-first | P - Language and Literature |
| callnumber-label | PL53 |
| callnumber-raw | PL53.1 |
| callnumber-search | PL53.1 |
| callnumber-sort | PL 253.1 |
| callnumber-subject | PL - Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania |
| classification_rvk | EH 2220 EH 2380 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)48267330 (DE-599)BVBBV013250222 |
| discipline | Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen Literaturwissenschaft |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Chagatai language -- Grammar |
| geographic_facet | Chagatai language -- Grammar |
| id | DE-604.BV013250222 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:42:28Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 389586563X |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009030716 |
| oclc_num | 48267330 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-188 |
| physical | 437 S. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2001 |
| publishDateSearch | 2001 |
| publishDateSort | 2001 |
| publisher | Lincom Europa |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Languages of the world |
| series2 | Languages of the world : Materials |
| spelling | Bodrogligeti, András J. E. Verfasser aut A grammar of Chagatay András J. E. Bodrogligeti München Lincom Europa 2001 437 S. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Languages of the world : Materials 155 Includes bibliographical references (p. 411-417) Tsjagatai gtt Grammatik Chagatai language Grammar Tschagataisch (DE-588)4468439-3 gnd rswk-swf Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd rswk-swf Chagatai language -- Grammar Tschagataisch (DE-588)4468439-3 s Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 s DE-604 Languages of the world Materials ; 155 (DE-604)BV009896757 155 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009030716&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Bodrogligeti, András J. E. A grammar of Chagatay Languages of the world Tsjagatai gtt Grammatik Chagatai language Grammar Tschagataisch (DE-588)4468439-3 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4468439-3 (DE-588)4021806-5 |
| title | A grammar of Chagatay |
| title_auth | A grammar of Chagatay |
| title_exact_search | A grammar of Chagatay |
| title_full | A grammar of Chagatay András J. E. Bodrogligeti |
| title_fullStr | A grammar of Chagatay András J. E. Bodrogligeti |
| title_full_unstemmed | A grammar of Chagatay András J. E. Bodrogligeti |
| title_short | A grammar of Chagatay |
| title_sort | a grammar of chagatay |
| topic | Tsjagatai gtt Grammatik Chagatai language Grammar Tschagataisch (DE-588)4468439-3 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Tsjagatai Grammatik Chagatai language Grammar Tschagataisch Chagatai language -- Grammar |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009030716&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV009896757 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bodrogligetiandrasje agrammarofchagatay |