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King Croesus' gold: excavations at Sardis and the history of gold refining

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Bibliographic Details
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	London British Museum Press [u.a.] 2000
Edition:	1. publ.
Series:	[Archaeological exploration of Sardis / Monograph] 11
Subjects:	Geschichte 1000 v. Chr.-1500 Kroisos; Krösus Kroisos; Lyder Archeologische vindplaatsen Ausgrabung Geschichte Goud Gouden munten Metaalbewerking Opgravingen Gold > Turkey > Sardis (Extinct city) > Refining > History Goldfund Metallverarbeitung Raffination Gold Türkei Sardes Lydien Aufsatzsammlung
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext
Physical Description:	272 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., kt.
ISBN:	071410888X 0674503708

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Record in the Search Index

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adam_text	Contents Contributors Acknowledgements Prologue A. Ramage and PT. Craddock Excavation of the gold refinery at Sardis 10 The process of gold refining 10 Summary of the historical evidence 11 10 14 Golden Sardis A. Ramage Sardis in context 14 Lydian metallurgy and the beginnings of coinage 17 Sources for the Ly dian gold 19 Value and quantity of gold 20 Storage and use 21 Digging at Sardis 23 Historical Survey of Gold Refining: 1 Surface Treatments and Refining Worldwide, and in Europe Prior to AD 1500 PT. Craddock 27 Surface enhancement of gold artefacts: the precursor to gold parting 27 The inception of gold parting 31 Literary evidence for cementation parting 32 Historical Survey of Gold Refining: 2 Post-medieval Europe P. T. Craddock 54 Renaissance Europe: Probierbüchlein, Biringuccio, Agricola and Ercker 54 Later history and descriptions 65 Gold refining bv sulphur, antimony and mineral acids 67 4 The Excavations and Finds A. Ramage 72 The goldworks 72 The altar 72 Details of the goldworking area 81 The two dumps 86 The finds 88 Chronology 94 Technical summary 96 5 Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Refractory Remains and the Gold N.D. Meeks 99 Introduction 99 Excavated Materials and Methods of Examination 99 Excavated material 99 Methods used to examine the materials 101 Examination of Refractory Sherds and Furnace Bricks 102 Description of sherds 102 Discussion 126 Examination of Gold Foils and Dust 145 Gold fragments from the Archaeological Museum at Manisa 145 The purified gold grains 151 Conclusions 151 6 Scientific Examination of Some Ceramic Materials and Samples of Litharge A.P. Middleton, D.R. Hook and M.S. Humphrey 157 Introduction 157 Materials and methods 157 Observations 158 Interpretation 166 Summary 168 6 Contents 7 Scientific Examination of the Lydian Precious Metal Coinages M.R. Cowell and K. Hyne 169 Introduction 169 Previous analyses 169 Electrum coins 172 Gold and silver coins 173 Platinum group element inclusions 173 Conclusions 173 8 Replication Experiments and the Chemistry of Gold Refining P. T. Craddock 175 Previous experiments and replications 175 Active agents in the salt cementation process 180 Chemistry of the salt cementation process 181 Physical chemistry of the parting process 182 9 Examination of the Sardis Gold and the Replication Experiments A.E. Geçkinli, H. Özbal, P.T. Craddock and N.D. Meeks 184 Examination of the Gold from Sardis 184 Gold samples selected for examination 184 Methods 184 Results and discussion 185 Scanning electron microscope study 185 Replication Experiments and Examination of the Experimentally Treated Metal 187 Form and examination of the test pieces 187 Mechanism of the removal of silver 187 Conclusions 188 10 Reconstruction of the Salt Cementation Process at the Sardis Refinery P.T. Craddock 200 Introduction 200 Source of the metal treated at the refinery 200 Parting vessels 202 Cementation furnaces 203 Cementation mixture 203 Evidence for graduation or quartation 205 Operating parameters of the process 205 Efficiency of the separation and gold recovery 207 Recovery of silver from the debris of the process 208 Summary 209 Epilogue: The Significance of the Sardis Refinery in the Classical World A. Ramage and P.T. Craddock 212 APPENDICES 1 Inventory and Descriptions of the Gold Samples Compiled from Sardis records by A. Ramage 215 2 Inventory and Descriptions of Finds of Equipment and Supplies A. Ramage 221 Bellows nozzles or tuyeres 223 Bread tray with vitrification 226 Bread tray without vitrification 227 Coarseware with vitrification 228 Coarseware without vitrification 229 Plainware 229 Brick 229 Brick: pieces of glazed surface 230 Vitrified materials 230 Crucible rim 231 Metal 231 Litharge cakes 231 Lead dribble 232 3 Early History of the Amalgamation Process P.T. Craddock 233 Gold extraction 233 Silver extraction 235 4 The Platinum Group Element Inclusions P.T. Craddock 238 Early references to PGE inclusions and their removal from gold 240 Implications of the survival of PGE inclusions for the interpretation of the Sardis process 242 5 Assaying in Antiquity P.T. Craddock 245 Specific gravity 245 Fire assay 246 Touchstone 247 Summary 249 6 Concordance between Sardis Excavation Codes/ Descriptions and British Museum Codes 251 Technical Glossary Bibliography Index 253 257 269 King Croesus Gold The fabulous wealth of the Lydians, derived from the gold of the river Pactolus in which King Midas bathed, may be the stuff of legend, but the essence of the stories is firmly founded on fact. Lydia, in what is now western Turkey, enjoyed enormous prosperity during the first millennium ВС, and in the late seventh century ВС the world s first precious metal coinage was made there. This was based on electrum, alluvial gold obtained from the Pactolus alloyed with additional silver. Soon after, during the reign of Croesus, the last king of Lydia, the art of separating and refining gold and silver was perfected and pure metal coins were minted. The ability to refine and assay precious metal is central to the whole concept of coinage, based as it is on the known and guaranteed purity of the metal. The continuing Archaeological Exploration of Sardis has excavated the remains of a gold refinery at the site, dating from the sixth century вс: at the very inception of bimetallic coinage. Here scrap gold, including old electrum coins, was treated together with freshly won impure gold from the Pactolus to produce pure gold and silver, thus making the refinery at Sardis the first - and perhaps the most famous - refinery in the world. This book gives a full account of the excavations of the furnaces and hearths which comprise the refinery and of the detailed scientific analysis carried out at the Department of Scientific Research in the British Museum which has made it possible to reconstruct the process. Also included are a scientific examination of the Lydian coinage and the first authoritative history of early gold refining and assaying technolog}· around the world, from its inception to the post-medieval period. Major appendices cover topics such as assaying in antiquity and ancient knowledge of the platinum group of metals. Drawing upon both familiar and not so familiar sources, augmented and newly reinterpreted in the light of modern scientific investigation, the result is a unique and comprehensive assessment of the true significance of King Croesus gold. With 40 colour and 200 black and white illustrations
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record_format	marc
series2	[Archaeological exploration of Sardis / Monograph]
spelling	King Croesus' gold excavations at Sardis and the history of gold refining Andrew Ramage and Paul Craddock 1. publ. London British Museum Press [u.a.] 2000 272 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier [Archaeological exploration of Sardis / Monograph] 11 Geschichte 1000 v. Chr.-1500 gnd rswk-swf Kroisos; Krösus Kroisos; Lyder Archeologische vindplaatsen gtt Ausgrabung Geschichte Goud gtt Gouden munten gtt Metaalbewerking gtt Opgravingen gtt Gold Turkey Sardis (Extinct city) Refining History Goldfund (DE-588)4157842-9 gnd rswk-swf Metallverarbeitung (DE-588)4122282-9 gnd rswk-swf Raffination (DE-588)4048288-1 gnd rswk-swf Gold (DE-588)4157819-3 gnd rswk-swf Türkei Sardes (DE-588)4077020-5 gnd rswk-swf Lydien (DE-588)4036743-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Gold (DE-2581)TH000007689 gbd Lydien [Barrington p. 56] (DE-2581)TH000012478 gbd Metallurgie (DE-2581)TH000007680 gbd Sardis in Lydien [56 G5] (DE-2581)TH000012495 gbd Sardes (DE-588)4077020-5 g Goldfund (DE-588)4157842-9 s DE-604 Lydien (DE-588)4036743-5 g Metallverarbeitung (DE-588)4122282-9 s Geschichte 1000 v. Chr.-1500 z Gold (DE-588)4157819-3 s Raffination (DE-588)4048288-1 s Ramage, Andrew Sonstige oth Craddock, Paul T. Sonstige oth Monograph] [Archaeological exploration of Sardis 11 (DE-604)BV001890072 11 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009019930&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009019930&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext
spellingShingle	King Croesus' gold excavations at Sardis and the history of gold refining Kroisos; Krösus Kroisos; Lyder Archeologische vindplaatsen gtt Ausgrabung Geschichte Goud gtt Gouden munten gtt Metaalbewerking gtt Opgravingen gtt Gold Turkey Sardis (Extinct city) Refining History Goldfund (DE-588)4157842-9 gnd Metallverarbeitung (DE-588)4122282-9 gnd Raffination (DE-588)4048288-1 gnd Gold (DE-588)4157819-3 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4157842-9 (DE-588)4122282-9 (DE-588)4048288-1 (DE-588)4157819-3 (DE-588)4077020-5 (DE-588)4036743-5 (DE-588)4143413-4
title	King Croesus' gold excavations at Sardis and the history of gold refining
title_auth	King Croesus' gold excavations at Sardis and the history of gold refining
title_exact_search	King Croesus' gold excavations at Sardis and the history of gold refining
title_full	King Croesus' gold excavations at Sardis and the history of gold refining Andrew Ramage and Paul Craddock
title_fullStr	King Croesus' gold excavations at Sardis and the history of gold refining Andrew Ramage and Paul Craddock
title_full_unstemmed	King Croesus' gold excavations at Sardis and the history of gold refining Andrew Ramage and Paul Craddock
title_short	King Croesus' gold
title_sort	king croesus gold excavations at sardis and the history of gold refining
title_sub	excavations at Sardis and the history of gold refining
topic	Kroisos; Krösus Kroisos; Lyder Archeologische vindplaatsen gtt Ausgrabung Geschichte Goud gtt Gouden munten gtt Metaalbewerking gtt Opgravingen gtt Gold Turkey Sardis (Extinct city) Refining History Goldfund (DE-588)4157842-9 gnd Metallverarbeitung (DE-588)4122282-9 gnd Raffination (DE-588)4048288-1 gnd Gold (DE-588)4157819-3 gnd
topic_facet	Kroisos; Krösus Kroisos; Lyder Archeologische vindplaatsen Ausgrabung Geschichte Goud Gouden munten Metaalbewerking Opgravingen Gold Turkey Sardis (Extinct city) Refining History Goldfund Metallverarbeitung Raffination Gold Türkei Sardes Lydien Aufsatzsammlung
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009019930&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009019930&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV001890072
work_keys_str_mv	AT ramageandrew kingcroesusgoldexcavationsatsardisandthehistoryofgoldrefining AT craddockpault kingcroesusgoldexcavationsatsardisandthehistoryofgoldrefining

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