King Croesus' gold: excavations at Sardis and the history of gold refining
Gespeichert in:
Format: | Buch |
---|---|
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
London
British Museum Press [u.a.]
2000
|
Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
Schriftenreihe: | [Archaeological exploration of Sardis / Monograph]
11 |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
Beschreibung: | 272 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., kt. |
ISBN: | 071410888X 0674503708 |
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245 | 1 | 0 | |a King Croesus' gold |b excavations at Sardis and the history of gold refining |c Andrew Ramage and Paul Craddock |
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490 | 1 | |a [Archaeological exploration of Sardis / Monograph] |v 11 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | Contents
Contributors
Acknowledgements
Prologue
A. Ramage
and PT. Craddock
Excavation of the gold refinery at Sardis
10
The process of gold refining
10
Summary of the historical evidence
11
10
14
Golden Sardis
A. Ramage
Sardis in context
14
Lydian metallurgy and the beginnings of coinage
17
Sources for the Ly
dian
gold
19
Value and quantity of gold
20
Storage and use
21
Digging at Sardis
23
Historical Survey of Gold Refining:
1
Surface Treatments and Refining
Worldwide, and in Europe Prior to
AD
1500
PT. Craddock
27
Surface enhancement of gold artefacts: the precursor
to gold parting
27
The inception of gold parting
31
Literary evidence for cementation parting
32
Historical Survey of Gold Refining:
2
Post-medieval Europe P. T. Craddock
54
Renaissance Europe:
Probierbüchlein, Biringuccio,
Agricola
and Ercker
54
Later history and descriptions
65
Gold refining bv sulphur, antimony and mineral
acids
67
4
The Excavations and Finds
A. Ramage
72
The goldworks
72
The altar
72
Details of the goldworking area
81
The two dumps
86
The finds
88
Chronology
94
Technical summary
96
5
Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Refractory
Remains and the Gold N.D. Meeks
99
Introduction
99
Excavated Materials and Methods of Examination
99
Excavated material
99
Methods used to examine the materials
101
Examination of Refractory Sherds and Furnace
Bricks
102
Description of sherds
102
Discussion
126
Examination of Gold Foils and Dust
145
Gold fragments from the Archaeological Museum
at Manisa
145
The purified gold grains
151
Conclusions
151
6
Scientific Examination of Some Ceramic
Materials and Samples of Litharge
A.P. Middleton, D.R. Hook and
M.S. Humphrey
157
Introduction
157
Materials and methods
157
Observations
158
Interpretation
166
Summary
168
6 Contents
7
Scientific Examination of the Lydian Precious
Metal Coinages M.R. Cowell and K.
Hyne
169
Introduction
169
Previous analyses
169
Electrum coins
172
Gold and silver coins
173
Platinum group element inclusions
173
Conclusions
173
8
Replication Experiments and the Chemistry
of Gold Refining P. T. Craddock
175
Previous experiments and replications
175
Active agents in the salt cementation process
180
Chemistry of the salt cementation process
181
Physical chemistry of the parting process
182
9
Examination of the Sardis Gold and the
Replication Experiments A.E.
Geçkinli,
H.
Özbal,
P.T.
Craddock and N.D. Meeks
184
Examination of the Gold from Sardis
184
Gold samples selected for examination
184
Methods
184
Results and discussion
185
Scanning electron microscope study
185
Replication Experiments and Examination of the
Experimentally Treated Metal
187
Form and examination of the test pieces
187
Mechanism of the removal of silver
187
Conclusions
188
10
Reconstruction of the Salt Cementation Process
at the Sardis Refinery P.T. Craddock
200
Introduction
200
Source of the metal treated at the refinery
200
Parting vessels
202
Cementation furnaces
203
Cementation mixture
203
Evidence for graduation or quartation
205
Operating parameters of the process
205
Efficiency of the separation and gold recovery
207
Recovery of silver from the debris of the
process
208
Summary
209
Epilogue: The Significance of the Sardis
Refinery in the Classical World
A. Ramage
and P.T. Craddock
212
APPENDICES
1
Inventory and Descriptions of the Gold Samples
Compiled from Sardis records by
A. Ramage
215
2
Inventory and Descriptions of Finds of
Equipment and Supplies
A. Ramage
221
Bellows nozzles or tuyeres
223
Bread tray with vitrification
226
Bread tray without vitrification
227
Coarseware with vitrification
228
Coarseware without vitrification
229
Plainware
229
Brick
229
Brick: pieces of glazed surface
230
Vitrified materials
230
Crucible rim
231
Metal
231
Litharge cakes
231
Lead dribble
232
3
Early History of the Amalgamation Process
P.T. Craddock
233
Gold extraction
233
Silver extraction
235
4
The Platinum Group Element Inclusions
P.T. Craddock
238
Early references to PGE inclusions and their removal
from gold
240
Implications of the survival of PGE inclusions for
the interpretation of the Sardis process
242
5
Assaying in Antiquity P.T. Craddock
245
Specific gravity
245
Fire assay
246
Touchstone
247
Summary
249
6
Concordance between Sardis Excavation Codes/
Descriptions and British Museum Codes
251
Technical Glossary
Bibliography
Index
253
257
269
King Croesus Gold
The fabulous wealth of the Lydians, derived from
the gold of the river Pactolus in which King Midas
bathed, may be the stuff of legend, but the essence
of the stories is firmly founded on fact.
Lydia, in
what is now western Turkey, enjoyed enormous
prosperity during the first millennium
ВС,
and in the
late seventh century
ВС
the world s first precious
metal coinage was made there. This was based on
electrum, alluvial gold obtained from the Pactolus
alloyed with additional silver. Soon after, during the
reign of Croesus, the last king of
Lydia,
the art of
separating and refining gold and silver was perfected
and pure metal coins were minted.
The ability to refine and assay precious metal is
central to the whole concept of coinage, based as it is
on the known and guaranteed purity of the metal.
The continuing Archaeological Exploration of Sardis
has excavated the remains of a gold refinery at the
site, dating from the sixth century
вс:
at the very
inception of bimetallic coinage. Here scrap gold,
including old electrum coins, was treated together
with freshly won impure gold from the Pactolus to
produce pure gold and silver, thus making the
refinery at Sardis the first
-
and perhaps the most
famous
-
refinery in the world.
This book gives a full account of the excavations of
the furnaces and hearths which comprise the refinery
and of the detailed scientific analysis carried out at
the Department of Scientific Research in the British
Museum which has made it possible to reconstruct
the process. Also included are a scientific
examination of the Lydian coinage and the first
authoritative history of early gold refining and
assaying
technolog}·
around the world, from its
inception to the post-medieval period. Major
appendices cover topics such as assaying in antiquity
and ancient knowledge of the platinum group of
metals. Drawing upon both familiar and not so
familiar sources, augmented and newly reinterpreted
in the light of modern scientific investigation, the
result is a unique and comprehensive assessment of
the true significance of King Croesus gold.
With
40
colour and
200
black and white illustrations
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV013236950 |
callnumber-first | T - Technology |
callnumber-label | TN761 |
callnumber-raw | TN761 |
callnumber-search | TN761 |
callnumber-sort | TN 3761 |
callnumber-subject | TN - Mining Engineering and Metallurgy |
classification_rvk | LF 3660 NH 5427 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)50662904 (DE-599)BVBBV013236950 |
dewey-full | 669/.22/093922 669.2209322 |
dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
dewey-ones | 669 - Metallurgy |
dewey-raw | 669/.22/093922 669.2209322 |
dewey-search | 669/.22/093922 669.2209322 |
dewey-sort | 3669 222 593922 |
dewey-tens | 660 - Chemical engineering |
discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Geschichte Klassische Archäologie |
edition | 1. publ. |
era | Geschichte 1000 v. Chr.-1500 gnd |
era_facet | Geschichte 1000 v. Chr.-1500 |
format | Book |
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genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
geographic | Türkei Sardes (DE-588)4077020-5 gnd Lydien (DE-588)4036743-5 gnd |
geographic_facet | Türkei Sardes Lydien |
id | DE-604.BV013236950 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:42:13Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 071410888X 0674503708 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009019930 |
oclc_num | 50662904 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 DE-384 DE-739 DE-29 DE-20 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
owner_facet | DE-12 DE-384 DE-739 DE-29 DE-20 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
physical | 272 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., kt. |
psigel | gbd_4 gbd_4_0711 gbd_4_0807 |
publishDate | 2000 |
publishDateSearch | 2000 |
publishDateSort | 2000 |
publisher | British Museum Press [u.a.] |
record_format | marc |
series2 | [Archaeological exploration of Sardis / Monograph] |
spelling | King Croesus' gold excavations at Sardis and the history of gold refining Andrew Ramage and Paul Craddock 1. publ. London British Museum Press [u.a.] 2000 272 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier [Archaeological exploration of Sardis / Monograph] 11 Geschichte 1000 v. Chr.-1500 gnd rswk-swf Kroisos; Krösus Kroisos; Lyder Archeologische vindplaatsen gtt Ausgrabung Geschichte Goud gtt Gouden munten gtt Metaalbewerking gtt Opgravingen gtt Gold Turkey Sardis (Extinct city) Refining History Goldfund (DE-588)4157842-9 gnd rswk-swf Metallverarbeitung (DE-588)4122282-9 gnd rswk-swf Raffination (DE-588)4048288-1 gnd rswk-swf Gold (DE-588)4157819-3 gnd rswk-swf Türkei Sardes (DE-588)4077020-5 gnd rswk-swf Lydien (DE-588)4036743-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Gold (DE-2581)TH000007689 gbd Lydien [Barrington p. 56] (DE-2581)TH000012478 gbd Metallurgie (DE-2581)TH000007680 gbd Sardis in Lydien [56 G5] (DE-2581)TH000012495 gbd Sardes (DE-588)4077020-5 g Goldfund (DE-588)4157842-9 s DE-604 Lydien (DE-588)4036743-5 g Metallverarbeitung (DE-588)4122282-9 s Geschichte 1000 v. Chr.-1500 z Gold (DE-588)4157819-3 s Raffination (DE-588)4048288-1 s Ramage, Andrew Sonstige oth Craddock, Paul T. Sonstige oth Monograph] [Archaeological exploration of Sardis 11 (DE-604)BV001890072 11 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009019930&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009019930&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
spellingShingle | King Croesus' gold excavations at Sardis and the history of gold refining Kroisos; Krösus Kroisos; Lyder Archeologische vindplaatsen gtt Ausgrabung Geschichte Goud gtt Gouden munten gtt Metaalbewerking gtt Opgravingen gtt Gold Turkey Sardis (Extinct city) Refining History Goldfund (DE-588)4157842-9 gnd Metallverarbeitung (DE-588)4122282-9 gnd Raffination (DE-588)4048288-1 gnd Gold (DE-588)4157819-3 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4157842-9 (DE-588)4122282-9 (DE-588)4048288-1 (DE-588)4157819-3 (DE-588)4077020-5 (DE-588)4036743-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
title | King Croesus' gold excavations at Sardis and the history of gold refining |
title_auth | King Croesus' gold excavations at Sardis and the history of gold refining |
title_exact_search | King Croesus' gold excavations at Sardis and the history of gold refining |
title_full | King Croesus' gold excavations at Sardis and the history of gold refining Andrew Ramage and Paul Craddock |
title_fullStr | King Croesus' gold excavations at Sardis and the history of gold refining Andrew Ramage and Paul Craddock |
title_full_unstemmed | King Croesus' gold excavations at Sardis and the history of gold refining Andrew Ramage and Paul Craddock |
title_short | King Croesus' gold |
title_sort | king croesus gold excavations at sardis and the history of gold refining |
title_sub | excavations at Sardis and the history of gold refining |
topic | Kroisos; Krösus Kroisos; Lyder Archeologische vindplaatsen gtt Ausgrabung Geschichte Goud gtt Gouden munten gtt Metaalbewerking gtt Opgravingen gtt Gold Turkey Sardis (Extinct city) Refining History Goldfund (DE-588)4157842-9 gnd Metallverarbeitung (DE-588)4122282-9 gnd Raffination (DE-588)4048288-1 gnd Gold (DE-588)4157819-3 gnd |
topic_facet | Kroisos; Krösus Kroisos; Lyder Archeologische vindplaatsen Ausgrabung Geschichte Goud Gouden munten Metaalbewerking Opgravingen Gold Turkey Sardis (Extinct city) Refining History Goldfund Metallverarbeitung Raffination Gold Türkei Sardes Lydien Aufsatzsammlung |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009019930&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009019930&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
volume_link | (DE-604)BV001890072 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT ramageandrew kingcroesusgoldexcavationsatsardisandthehistoryofgoldrefining AT craddockpault kingcroesusgoldexcavationsatsardisandthehistoryofgoldrefining |