Chinese commercial law:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
South Melbourne ; Oxford ; New York
Oxford University Press
2000
|
| Ausgabe: | First published 2000 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xlix, 326 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 0195508580 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Wang, Kui Hua |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Chinese commercial law |c Kui Hua Wang |
| 250 | |a First published 2000 | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a South Melbourne ; Oxford ; New York |b Oxford University Press |c 2000 | |
| 300 | |a xlix, 326 Seiten | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Commerce extérieur - Réglementation - Chine | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Commercial law - China | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Droit des affaires - Chine | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Handelsrecht |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Investissements étrangers - Droit - Chine | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Rechtsstelsels |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Vente - Droit - Chine | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Recht | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Business law |z China | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Foreign trade regulation |z China | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Investments, Foreign |x Law and legislation |z China | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sales |z China | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804127874712600576 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
PREFACE XXV
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XXVII
LIST OF LEGISLATION XXX
CHINA S LEGAL SYSTEM: YESTERDAY AND TODAY I
I.I LEGAL HISTORY I
1.1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1.2 THE PRIMITIVE SOCIETY 1
1. 1.2.1 THE PREVALENCE OF EQUALITY I
1. 1.2.2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SURPLUS AND CONSEQUENT INEQUALITY 2
1.1.3 LAW IN THE SLAVE SOCIETY 3
1. 1.3.1 INTRODUCTION 3
1. 1.3.2 THE FIVE PENALTIES SYSTEM 3
1. 1.3.3 THE LATE FIVE PENALTIES SYSTEM 3
1.1.3.4 THE LI SYSTEM 4
1.1.3.5 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM OF THE SLAVE SOCIETY 5
1.1.4 LAW IN FEUDAL SOCIETY 5
1. 1.4.1 INTRODUCTION 5
1. 1.4.2 FEUDAL SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT CONFUCIANISM, MOISM,
DAOISM AND LEGALISM 6
1.1.4.3 THE TANG CODE 7
1.1.5 SEMI-COLONIAL AND SEMI-FEUDAL SOCIETY: THE ORIGINS OF THE MODERN
CHINESE LEGAL SYSTEM 8
1. 1.5.1 THE BORROWING OF WESTERN LAWS VIA JAPAN 8
1. 1.5.2 THE CODIFICATION OF CHINESE LAWS 9
1.1.6 SOCIALIST SOCIETY: THE ORIGINS OF THE MODERN CHINESE LEGAL SYSTEM
9
1. 1.6.1 BORROWING FROM SOVIET OR USSR LAW 9
1. 1.6.2 THE MAIN ORIGINS OF MODERN CHINESE LAW 10
1. 1.6.3 LAW-MAKING DURING THE PEOPLE S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (PRC) I 0
I.! .6.4 THE FIRST PRC CONSTITUTION IN 1954 11
1. 1.6.5 THE VACUUM IN LAW-MAKING FROM THE LATE 1950S TO THE MID-1970S
11
I. I .6.6 THE RETURN TO LAW-MAKING: ECONOMIC AND LEGAL REFORMS FROM
THE LATE 1970S 12
VII
VIII CONTENTS
1.2 THE CURRENT CHINESE LEGAL SYSTEM
1.2.1 INTRODUCTION: THE HIERARCHICAL POLITICAL, LEGISLATIVE,
GOVERNMENTAL,
ADMINISTRATIVE, JUDICIAL AND PROSECUTORIAL STRUCTURE OF THE PRC 13
1.2.2 THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF CHINA (THE CPC)
1.2.2.1 INTRODUCTION *
I .2.2.2 THE CPC CONGRESSES AND BRANCHES
1.2.2.3 THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE CPC
5
1.2.2.4 THE CENTRAL COMMISSION FOR DISCIPLINARY INSPECTION OF THE PARTY
15
1.2.2.5 THE CPCS RELATIONSHIP WITH CHINESE GOVERNMENTAL, LEGISLATIVE
AND ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS (THE DOCTRINES OF SEPARATION OF
POWERS AND RULE OF LAW)
1.2.3 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW IN THE PRC
18
1.2.3.1 THE FOUR CONSTITUTIONS OF THE PRC BETWEEN 1954 AND 1982 18
1.2.3.2 THE PRC CONSTITUTION OF 1982 AND ITS AMENDMENTS
9
1.2.3.3 THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF THE 1999 CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT THAT
RECOGNISED PRIVATE PROPERTY.
1.2.4 THE NATIONAL PEOPLE S CONGRESS (NPC) AND ITS STANDING COMMITTEE 20
1.2.4.1 INTRODUCTION 20
1.2.4.2 LEGISLATIVE POWERS OF THE NPC
20
1.2.4.3 OTHER POWERS OF THE NPC
2
1.2.4.4 POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE STANDING COMMITTEE OF THE NPC 21
1.2.4.5 SPECIAL COMMITTEES OF THE NPC AND THEIR ROLES 22
1.2.4.6 HOW LEGISLATION IS MADE 23
1.2.5 THE STATE COUNCIL 23
1.2.5.1 INTRODUCTION 23
1.2.5.2 MEMBERSHIP AND TERM OF OFFICE 23
1.2.5.3 SUPERVISION AND ACCOUNTABILITY OF THE STATE COUNCIL 24
1.2.5.4 REFORM OF THE STATE COUNCIL AND ITS COMPONENT INSTITUTIONS 24
1.2.5.5 FUNCTIONS AND POWERS INCLUDING LEGISLATIVE ACTIVITIES 24
1.2.5.6 LEGISLATIVE PROCESSES 24
1.2.6 THE COURT HIERARCHY 25
1.2.6.1 THE FOUR COURT LEVELS 25
1.2.6.2 THE SUPREME PEOPLE S COURT 25
.,2.6.3 THE OTHER LEVELS OF THE PEOPLE S COURTS, THEIR JURISDICTION
AND DIVISIONS 26
1.2.6.4 SPECIALIST COURTS 26
1.2.6.5 ARE THE PEOPLE S COURTS REALLY INDEPENDENT? 2
1.2.7 THE PEOPLE S PROCURATORATE 27
1.2.7.1 FUNCTIONS, POWERS AND RESPONSIBILITIES GENERALLY 27
1.2.7.2 THE SUPREME PEOPLE S PROCURATORATE 28
1.2.7.3 OTHER SPECIAL PROCURATORATES 28
1.2.8 JUDGES IN CHINA 28
1.18.1 ELIGIBILITY 28
1.2.8.2 APPOINTMENT ELECTION AND REMOVAL 29
1.2.8,3 ACCOUNTABILITY AND JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE 29
1.2.8.4 CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY IN THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM 30
I .2.8.5 THE LAW OF JUDGES OF THE PRC (LAW OF JUDGES) AND ITS
JUDICIAL REFORMS 31
1.2.8.6 LEVELS OR GRADES OF JUDGES 31
CONTENTS IX
1.2.9 LAWYERS IN CHINA 31
1.2.9.1 THE LAWYERS LAW OF THE PRC (THE LAWYERS LAW) 31
1.2.9.2 LAWYERS OBLIGATIONS 32
1.2.9.3 SUPERVISION AND PROTECTION OF LEGAL PRACTICE 32
1.2.9.4 ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS 32
1.2.9.5 PRACTISING CERTIFICATES 32
1.2.9.6 DISQUALIFICATION FROM PRACTICE 33
1.2.9.7 PERMITTED ACTIVITIES 33
1.2.9.8 LAWYER-CLIENT RELATIONSHIPS 33
1.2.9.9 ESTABLISHMENT OF PRIVATE PRACTICES AND THE PRIVATISATION OF
LAW FIRMS 34
1.2.9.10 LEGAL WORK IN FOREIGN RELATED MATTERS 35
1.2.9.11 LEGAL FEES 35
1.2.9.12 FOREIGN LAW FIRMS IN CHINA: PERMITTED AND PROHIBITED ACTIVITIES
35
1.2.9.13 PROFESSIONAL BODIES 36
1.2.9.14 LEGAL AID 36
1.2.10 CHINESE ATTITUDES TO LAW 37
1.2.10.1 LAW HAS NO SPECIAL SANCTITY 37
1.2.10.2 THE LAW IS NOT THE MOST EFFECTIVE METHOD OF REGULATING SOCIAL
AFFAIRS 37
1.2.10.3 AS A MEANS OF RESOLVING DISPUTES, LITIGATION IS TO BE AVOIDED
AND
MEDIATION IS PREFERRED 37
1.2.10.4 LAW IS NOT SUPREME AS SOCIETY S NORMS ARE FAR MORE IMPORTANT
OR EFFECTIVE THAN THE LAW 38
1.2.10.5 A GENERAL MISTRUST OF THE LAW 38
1.2.10.6 LAW HAS A PRAGMATIC VALUE MORE THAN INHERENT QUALITIES 38
1.2.11 THEORETICAL OR JURISPRUDENTIAL ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY CHINESE LAW
39
1.2.11.1 INTRODUCTION 39
1.2.11.2 TRANSITION FROM THE RULE OF MAN ( RENZHI ) TO THE
RULE OF LAW ( FAZHI ) 39
1.2.11.3 CONFLICT BETWEEN THE RULE OF PARTY LEADERSHIP AND THE
SUPREMACY OF LAW 41
1.2.1 1.4 THE BASING OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM UPON A SOCIALIST MARKET ECONOMY
41
1.2.11.5 RIGHTS-BASED JURISPRUDENCE AND THE DIVISION OF LAW INTO
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE 41
1.2.11.6 CAN THE RULE OF LAW BE SUCCESSFULLY IMPLEMENTED IN
NON-DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES OR NON-MARKET BASED ECONOMIES? 42
1.2.11.7 IMPLEMENTATION OF A CAPITALIST WESTERN LEGAL INFRASTRUCTURE
ON CONTEMPORARY CHINESE SOCIETY 42
1.2.12 FUNCTIONS OF CHINESE LAW 43
1.2.12.1 LAW AS A NECESSARY PRECONDITION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
SOCIALIST MARKET ECONOMY 43
1.2.12.2 LAW AS A MEANS OF PREVENTING CORRUPTION 43
1.2.12.3 LAW AS PART OF ECONOMIC REFORM 44
1.2.12.4 LAW AS A MEANS OF IMPLEMENTING CPC POLICY 44
1.2.12.5 LAW AS THE SPECIFICATION OF THE NATIONAL POLICY 44
1.2.13 CRITICISMS OF THE CONTEMPORARY CHINESE LEGAL SYSTEM 44
1.2.13.1 LAW IS AN IDEOLOGICAL OR PROPAGANDIST STATEMENT RATHER THAN A
TRUE
REPRESENTATION OF SOCIAL, POLITICAL OR LEGAL REALITY 44
X CONTENTS
1.2.13.2 THERE IS HIGH RISK THAT NATIONAL POLICY AND THE RESULTING LAWS
WILL CHANGE FREQUENTLY
1.2.13.3 IT IS DIFFICULT TO ENFORCE COURT JUDGMENTS 45
1.2.13.4 THE LACK OF STARE DEASIS IN THE CHINESE LEGAL SYSTEM 45
1.2.13.5 THE CHINESE POPULATION GENERALLY LACKS AN AWARENESS OF THE LAW
45
1.2.13.6 CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY 46
1.2.13.7 THERE IS NO REAL RULE OF LAW 46
1.2.13.8 THE JUDICIARY AND THE COURTS GENERALLY ARE NOT INDEPENDENT
OR IMPARTIAL
1.2.13.9 THERE IS NO DOCTRINE OF SEPARATION OF POWERS 46
1.2.14 WHAT IS DIFFERENT ABOUT CURRENT CHINESE LAW? ^
1.3 FURTHER READING
THE LAW OF CONTRACT IN CHINA 50
2.1 THE FUNCTION OR ROLE OF CONTRACT LEGISLATION IN CHINA
50
2.1.1 DURING THE 1960S AND EARLY 1970S 50
2.1.2 DURING THE ECONOMIC REFORM ERA OF THE 1980S AND 1990S 50
2.2 THE EFFECT OF VARIATIONS IN PRC LAWS ON CONTRACTS MADE BEFORE,
ON AND AFTER I OCTOBER 1999
5I
2.3 PRC LEGISLATION ON CONTRACTS FORMED BEFORE I OCTOBER 1999 52
2.3.1 THE ECONOMIC CONTRACT LAW OF THE PRC (THE ECL)
52
2.3.1.1 LEGISLATIVE HISTORY AND SUBJECT COVERAGE 52
2.3.1.2 THE MEANING OF AN ECONOMIC CONTRACT 53
2.3.1.3 SCOPE OF THE ECL 53
2.3.2 THE FOREIGN ECONOMIC CONTRACT LAW OF THE PRC (THE FECL) 53
2.3.2.1 LEGISLATIVE HISTORY AND INTERPRETATION BY THE SUPREME PEOPLE S
COURT OF THE PRC 53
2.3.2.2 MEANING OF A FOREIGN ECONOMIC CONTRACT 53
2.3.2.3 SCOPE OF THE FECL 54
2.3.3 THE LAW OF THE PRC ON TECHNOLOGY CONTRACTS (THE TCL) 54
2.3.3.1 LEGISLATIVE HISTORY AND OBJECTIVES OF THE TCL 54
2.3.3.2 MEANING OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CONTRACTS 54
2.3.3.3 SCOPE OF THE TCL 54
2.3.4 THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL LAW OF THE PRC (THE GPCL) 55
2.3.5 UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON CONTRACTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL
SALES OF GOODS (THE VIENNA CONVENTION) 55
2.4 PRC LEGISLATION ON CONTRACTS FORMED AFTER 30 SEPTEMBER 1999 55
2.4.1 THE NEW CONTRACT LAW 55
14.1.1 EFFECT ON EXISTING LAWS, CONTRACTS AND LEGAL PERSONS 55
2.4.! .2 STRUCTURE AND CONTENT 57
2.4.1.3 FORMATION OF CONTRACT OFFER, ACCEPTANCE, INVITATION TO TREAT 58
2.4.1.3.1 MEANING OF OFFER 58
2.4.1.12 CONTENTS OF AN OFFER 58
2.4.I3.3 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN OFFER AND AN INVITATION TO TREAT 59
2.4. / .3.4 OREL AND WRITTEN OFFERS 59
CONTENTS XI
1.4.I.3.5 WITHDRAWAL OR REVOCATION OF AN OFFER 60
2.4.1.3.6 LAPSING OF AN OFFER 61
2.4 A.3.7 MEANING OF ACCEPTANCE 61
1.4.I.3.8 ACCEPTANCE, COUNTER-OFFER, STANDARD FORM CONTRACTS AND
SUBSTANTIAL MODIFICATIONS TO A CONTRACT 62
2.4.1.3.9 WHEN IS AN ACCEPTANCE EFFECTIVE? 62
2.4.1.3.10 WITHDRAWAL OF ACCEPTANCE 63
2.4.1.3.11 WHERE AND WHEN IS THE FORMATION OF A CONTRACT CONCLUDED? 63
2.4.1.3.12 LIABILITY FOR LOSSES RESULTING FROM THE NEGOTIATION OR
FORMATION PROCESS 64
2.4.1.4 VALIDITY OF A CONTRACT 65
2.4.1.4.1 THE MEANING OF VALIDITY OF CONTRACT 65
2.4.1.4.2 WHERE THE VALIDITY IS SUBJECT TO SOME PRIOR APPROVAL OR
REGISTRATION PROCESS 65
2.4.1.4.3 WHERE THE VALIDITY IS SUBJECT TO STATED TIME LIMITS AND
CERTAIN OTHER CONDITIONS 66
2.4.1.4.4 WHERE THE VALIDITY IS SUBJECT TO THE CAPACITY OR AGENCY OF A
CONTRACTING PARTY 66
2.4.1.4.5 GRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH A CONTRACT IS DEEMED TO BE VOID 67
2.4.1.4.6 EXEMPTION CLAUSES, DURESS, DECEIT DISPUTE RESOLUTION CLAUSES
67
2.4.1.5 PERFORMANCE OF A CONTRACT 68
2.4.1.5.1 INTRODUCTION 68
2.4.1.5.2 UNCERTAIN OR AMBIGUOUS TERMS IN THE CONTRACT 68
2.4.1.5.3 DEBTS OR OBLIGATIONS OWED TO CONTRACTING PARTIES AND
TO THIRD PARTIES 69
2.4.1.5.4 EARLY OR PARTIAL PERFORMANCE AND NON-PERFORMANCE 70
2.4.1.6 MODIFICATION AND ASSIGNMENT OF A CONTRACT 70
2.4.1.6.1 INTRODUCTION 70
2.4.1.6.2 MODIFICATION 70
2.4.1.6.3 ASSIGNMENT BY CREDITOR AND DEBTOR 70
2.4.1.6.4 THE EFFECT OF ASSIGNMENT 71
2.4.1.7 TERMINATION OF A CONTRACT 71
2.4.1.7.1 GROUNDS BY WHICH A CONTRACT IS TERMINATED 71
2.4.1.7.2 GROUNDS UPON WHICH A PARTY MAY DISCHARGE THE CONTRACT 72
2.4.1.7.3 NOTICE OF TERMINATION 72
2.4.1.7.4 THE EFFECT OF TERMINATION OF THE CONTRACT 72
2.4.1.8 LIABILITY FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT 73
2.4.1.8.1 MEANING OF LIABILITY FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT 73
2.4.1.8.2 MEANING AND TYPES OF BREACH 73
2.4.1.8.3 RIGHTS OF, AND OBLIGATIONS UPON, PARTIES ARISING FROM
THE BREACH 73
2.4.1.8.4 THE AMOUNT OF COMPENSATION OR DAMAGES 74
2.4.1.9 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 75
2.4.1.9.1 INTRODUCTION 75
2.4.1.9.2 ADVANTAGES 75
2.4.1.9.3 DISADVANTAGES 76
2.4.2 THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL LAW (GPCL) 77
2.4.2.1 THE LAW OF CONTRACT AND THE CIVIL CODE 77
2.4.2.2 THE MEANING OF THE TERM A CIVIL LEGAL ACT 77
XII CONTENTS
2.4.2.3 THE DEFINITION OF A CONTRACT IN THE GPCL AND THE CONTRACT LAW
78
2.4.2.4 CLARIFICATION OF AMBIGUITIES IN A CONTRACT UNDER THE GPCL 78
2.4.2.5 TRANSFER OF OBLIGATIONS OR RIGHTS UNDER THE GPCL 79
2.4.2.6 LIABILITY FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT UNDER THE GPCL 79
2.4.3 THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON CONTRACTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL
SALES OF GOODS (THE VIENNA CONVENTION) 80
2.5 FURTHER READING
8I
LAWS ON FOREIGN INVESTMENT: EQUITY JOINT VENTURES 83
3.1 FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN CHINA: AN INTRODUCTION **
3.1.1 OPEN DOOR POLICY AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI) IN CHINA 83
3.1.2 FDI AND CHINA S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 84
3.1.3 LAWS GOVERNING DOMESTIC BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS IN CHINA 86
3.1.3.1 REGULATION OF SOES
86
3.1.3.1.1 THE SOES LAW 86
3.1.3.2 REGULATION OF NON-SOES 87
3./.3.2./ THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL LAW (GPCL) 87
3.1.3.2.2 THE PROVISIONAL REGULATIONS OF THE PR.C ON PRIVATE ENTERPRISES
(PRIVATE ENTERPRISES REGULATIONS) 87
3.1.3.2.3 THE COMPANY LAW 88
3. / .3.2.4 THE PARTNERSHIP LAW 89
3.1.3.2.5 OTHER LOWS REGARDING NON-SOES 90
3.1.4 LAWS GOVERNING FOREIGN INVESTMENT ENTERPRISES (FIES) IN CHINA 90
3.1.4.1 INTRODUCTION: THE BASIC LEGISLATION ON FIES 90
3.1.4.2 REPRESENTATIVE OFFICES OF FIES 92
3.1.5 FOREIGN INVESTMENT POLICIES INCLUDING GOVERNMENTAL INCENTIVES
AND GUIDELINES 93
3.2 LAWS GOVERNING EQUITY JOINT VENTURES IN CHINA 94
3.2.1 THE LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK 94
3.2.2 DEFINITION AND CHARACTERISTICS 95
3.2.3 TASKS AND PURPOSES 96
3.2.4 DURATION 96
3.2.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF EQUITY JOINT VENTURES 97
3.3 ESTABLISHMENT OF AN EQUITY JOINT VENTURE 98
3.3.1 THE BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN EQUITY JOINT
VENTURE 98
3.3.1.1 LOCATING A JOINT VENTURE PARTNER 98
3.3.1.2 PROCEDURES FOR APPROVING THE PROJECT AND RELEVANT DOCUMENTATION
99
3.3.1.3 MEANING AND RELATIVE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE JOINT VENTURE
AGREEMENT
AND JOINT VENTURE CONTRACT 100
3.3.1.4 CONTENTS OF THE JOINT VENTURE CONTRACT I 00
3.3.1.5 MEANING AND CONTENTS OF THE ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION 101
3.3.1.6 CONTENTS OF THE FEASIBILITY STUDY 102
3.4 CAPITAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF AN EQUITY JOINT VENTURE 103
3.4.1 INTRODUCTION J03
3.4.2 REGISTERED CAPITAL AND TOTAL AMOUNT OF INVESTMENT 103
3.4.2.1 DEFINITIONS IQ3
CONTENTS XIII
3.4.2.2 AMOUNT OF, AND TIME FOR, PAYMENT OF CAPITAL CONTRIBUTIONS 103
3.4.2.3 REDUCTION IN, OR ASSIGNMENT OF, CAPITAL CONTRIBUTIONS 105
3.4.2.4 ADJUSTMENTS TO THE AMOUNT OF CAPITAL CONTRIBUTIONS I OS
3.4.3 METHODS OR FORMS OF CAPITAL CONTRIBUTION 106
3.4.3.1 GENERALLY 106
3.4.3.2 CASH AND MACHINERY 106
3.4.3.3 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 106
3.4.3.4 OTHER PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS 107
3.5 APPROVAL AND REGISTRATION OF AN EQUITY JOINT VENTURE 107
3.5.1 AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR EXAMINATION AND APPROVAL 107
3.5.2 COMPLIANCE 108
3.5.2.1 GENERAL 108
3.5.2.2 GROUNDS FOR NON-APPROVAL OF PROJECTS 108
3.5.2.3 TIME LIMITS FOR APPROVAL PROCESS 109
3.5.2.4 FOREIGN COMPANIES OPERATING IN THEIR OWN NAME IN CHINA 109
3.6 BOARD OF DIRECTORS 110
3.6.1 NUMBER TO BE APPOINTED 110
3.6.2 APPOINTMENT PROCESS 110
3.6.3 POWERS OF THE CHAIRPERSON 110
3.6.4 POWERS OF THE BOARD 111
3.6.5 BOARD MEETINGS 111
3.7 MANAGEMENT OFFICE 111
3.8 BALANCE OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE 112
3.9 DISSOLUTION AND LIQUIDATION 113
3.10 FURTHER READING 114
LAWS ON FOREIGN INVESTMENT: COOPERATIVE JOINT VENTURES
AND WHOLLY FOREIGN OWNED ENTERPRISES 115
4.1 COOPERATIVE JOINT VENTURES: INTRODUCTORY ASPECTS (IS
4.1.1 THE MAJOR LAWS GOVERNING COOPERATIVE JOINT VENTURES IN CHINA 115
4.1.2 DEFINITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF A COOPERATIVE JOINT VENTURE 115
4.1.2.1 GENERALLY 115
4.1.2.2 COOPERATIVE JOINT VENTURES WITH THE STATUS OF A LEGAL PERSON I
16
4.1.2.3 COOPERATIVE JOINT VENTURES WITHOUT THE STATUS OF A LEGAL PERSON
I 16
4.1.24 PROPERTY RIGHTS 117
4.1.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF COOPERATIVE JOINT VENTURES 117
4.2 PROCEDURES FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A COOPERATIVE JOINT VENTURE 118
4.2.1 THE APPROVAL AGENCIES 118
4.2.2 GROUNDS FOR REJECTING THE APPLICATION TO ESTABLISH A COOPERATIVE
JOINT VENTURE 119
4.2.3 THE RELEVANT APPROVAL DOCUMENTATION 119
4.2.4 POST-APPROVAL PROCEDURES 120
4.3 CAPITAL CONTRIBUTION OF A COOPERATIVE JOINT VENTURE 120
4.3.1 WHERE THERE IS NO SEPARATE LEGAL PERSON STATUS 120
4.3.2 WHERE THERE IS SEPARATE LEGAL PERSON STATUS 121
XIV CONTENTS
4.3.3 THE FORM OF CAPITAL CONTRIBUTION MADE BY JOINT VENTURE PARTIES
121
4.3.4 TIME LIMITS FOR MAKING CONTRIBUTIONS J
4.3.5 VERIFICATION OF INVESTMENT CONTRIBUTION BY ACCOUNTANT
4.3.6 MANAGEMENT OF INVESTMENT FUNDS
4.4 PROFIT DISTRIBUTION AND INVESTMENT RETRIEVAL OF A COOPERATIVE JOINT
VENTURE 122
4.4.1 NEGOTIATION AND AGREEMENT ON METHODS OF DISTRIBUTION *
4.4.2 WITHDRAWAL, RETRIEVAL OR RECOVERY OF INVESTMENT CONTRIBUTIONS 122
4.5 THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND JOINT MANAGEMENT OFFICE: POWERS,
1X4
RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS
4.6 TERMINATION OF A COOPERATIVE JOINT VENTURE **
4.6.1 GROUNDS FOR TERMINATION ^
4.6.2 DETERMINATION OF OWNERSHIP OF VENTURE PROPERTY 5
4.6.3 TIME LIMITS FOR DURATION OF A COOPERATIVE JOINT VENTURE 1 *O
4.6.3.1 GENERALLY
126
4.6.3.2 EXTENSION OF DURATION OF THE COOPERATIVE JOINT VENTURE 26
4.7 COMPARISON BETWEEN AN EQUITY JOINT VENTURE AND A COOPERATIVE
JOINT VENTURE *
7
4.8 THE WHOLLY FOREIGN OWNED ENTERPRISES: INTRODUCTORY ASPECTS
2
*
4.8.1 LEGISLATION GOVERNING WHOLLY FOREIGN OWNED ENTERPRISES 28
4.8.2 DEFINITIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS ^
4.8.3 WHY FOREIGNERS PREFER WHOLLY FOREIGN OWNED ENTERPRISES TO JOINT
VENTURES 129
4.8.4 STATISTICS ON WHOLLY FOREIGN OWNED ENTERPRISES AND OTHER FORMS OF
FD1 131
4.9 ESTABLISHMENT OF A WHOLLY FOREIGN OWNED ENTERPRISE
3
4.9.1 INTRODUCTION 131
4.9.2 PRELIMINARY APPROVAL PROCEDURES 132
4.9.3 FORMAL APPROVAL PROCEDURES 132
4.9.4 TIME LIMITS FOR APPROVAL PROCEDURES 1
4.9.5 CRITERIA LIKELY TO IMPROVE INVESTORS CHANCES OF HAVING THE
ENTERPRISE APPROVED 133
4.9.6 POST APPROVAL PROCEDURES 134
4.10 RESTRICTIONS ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A WHOLLY FOREIGN OWNED
ENTERPRISE 134
4.10.1 GENERAL 134
4.10.2 INDUSTRIES OR SECTORS FROM WHICH WHOLLY FOREIGN OWNED ENTERPRISES
ARE PROHIBITED OR RESTRAINED IN SOME WAY FROM ENTERING 135
4.10.11 GENERALLY 135
4.10.2.2 PUBLISHING AND BROADCASTING 135
4.10.2.3 THE MEDICAL SECTOR 136
4.10.3 CRITERIA FOR REJECTING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF WHOLLY FOREIGN
OWNED ENTERPRISES 136
4.10.4 RECTIFYING IMBALANCES IN FOREIGN EXCHANGE 136
4.10.5 RESTRICTIONS ON HOW INSURANCE IS TAKEN OUT 137
4.10.6 REDUCTION, TRANSFER OR REORGANISATION OF CAPITAL 137
4.10.7 USE OF INTELLECTUAL OR INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY 137
4.10.8 OTHER RESTRICTIONS 138
CONTENTS XV
4.11 GROUNDS FOR TERMINATION OF WHOLLY FOREIGN OWNED ENTERPRISES 138
4.12 LIQUIDATION OF WHOLLY FOREIGN OWNED ENTERPRISES (39
4.13 FURTHER READING 139
CHINA S LAW ON FOREIGN TRADE 141
5.1 INTRODUCTION 141
5.2 CHINA S FOREIGN TRADE POLICIES 142
5.2.1 STATE CONTROL OF FOREIGN TRADE 142
5.2.2 EQUALITY AND MUTUAL BENEFIT 143
5.2.3 SELF-RELIANCE 144
5.2.4 FOREIGN TRADE BASED UPON DEVELOPMENT OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTION 144
5.2.5 ADJUSTMENT OF DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF
FOREIGN TRADE 145
5.2.6 CHINA S PROTECTIVE FOREIGN TRADE POLICIES 145
5.2.7 CHINA AND THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO) 146
5.2.7.1 WHAT CHINA MUST DO IF IT IS TO JOIN THE WTO 146
5.2.7.2 NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN CHINA AND THE WTO 146
5.3 DECENTRALISATION AND REFORM OF CHINA S FOREIGN TRADE SYSTEM 147
5.3.1 CESSATION OF FOREIGN TRADE MONOPOLY AND GRANTING OF
DIRECT TRADING RIGHTS TO BRANCHES OF NATIONAL TRADE
CORPORATIONS AND OTHER TRADING ORGANISATIONS 147
5.3.2 GREATER TRANSPARENCY IN FOREIGN TRADE POLICY 148
5.3.3 RELAXATION OF STATE CONTROL OVER PRICING OF PRODUCTS 149
5.3.4 UNIFORMITY IN FOREIGN TRADE REGULATIONS BETWEEN VARIOUS LEVELS
OR REGIONS OF GOVERNMENT 149
5.3.5 REDUCTION OF VARIOUS FORMS OF TRADE RESTRICTIONS 150
5.3.5.1 ABOLITION OR RELAXATION OF IMPORT LICENCES, QUOTAS AND LICENCES
FOR SOME ITEMS 150
5.3.5.2 TARIFF REDUCTIONS AND MARKET ACCESS REFORMS 150
5.3.6 FOREIGN EXCHANGE AND CURRENCY REFORMS 151
5.4 THE FOREIGN TRADE LAW 151
5.4.1 PROMULGATION OF THE FOREIGN TRADE LAW 151
5.4.2 CONTENTS OF THE FOREIGN TRADE LAW 152
5.4.2.1 OVERVIEW 152
5.4.2.2 MEANING OF THE TERM FOREIGN TRADE 152
5.4.2.3 WHO MAY CONDUCT FOREIGN TRADE IN THE PRC AND THE USE OF AGENCY
RELATIONSHIPS? 153
5.5 REGULATION OF VARIOUS PRACTICES IN CHINA S FOREIGN TRADE 153
5.5.1 IMPORT AND EXPORT OF GOODS AND TECHNOLOGY: LICENSING SYSTEMS,
QUOTAS AND CONTROLS 153
5.5.1.1 THE MAIN LEGISLATIVE SOURCES 153
5.5.1.2 THE IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION OF GOODS AND TECHNOLOGY 154
5.5.1.2.1 THE CATALOGUE SYSTEM 154
TVI CONTENTS
5.5.1.2.2 GENERAL GUIDELINES ON IMPORT AND EXPORT RESTRICTIONS 154
1.5.I.2.3 BASIC CRITERIA FOR RESTRICTING THE IMPORT AND EXPORT OF
GOODS AND TECHNOLOGY: ARTICLE 16 OF THE
FOREIGN TRADE LAW
5.5. / .2.4 CRITERIA FOR PROHIBITING THE IMPORT OR EXPORT OF VARIOUS
GOODS AND TECHNOLOGIES: ARTICLE 17 OF THE
FOREIGN TRADE LAW -
5.5.1.3 LICENSING AND QUOTAS
5.5.13.1 REDUCTION IN THE NUMBER OF GOODS SUBJECT TO IMPORT
QUOTAS AND LICENCES -^
5.5.1.3.2 EXPORT LICENSING CONTROLS
56
5.5.1.3.3 THE ONE LICENCE FOR ONE BOTCH EXPORT SYSTEM
5.5.1.3.4 THE EXPORT QUOTA SYSTEM
5.5.1.3.5 REGULATION OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS BY FOREIGN
INVESTMENT ENTERPRISES -
1
5.5.1.3.6 THE FUTURE OF THE PRC IMPORT AND EXPORT LICENSING SYSTEM 59
5.5.2 COMMODITY INSPECTION IN FOREIGN TRADE ^9
5.5.2.1 MEANING OF COMMODITY INSPECTION *
5.5.2.2 LEGISLATION ON COMMODITY INSPECTION -
5.5.2.3 SANCTIONS FOR BREACHES OF COMMODITY INSPECTION LEGISLATION 60
5.5.2.4 GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR COMMODITY INSPECTION
5.5.2.5 THE PROCESS OR PROCEDURES OF COMMODITY INSPECTION GENERALLY 61
5.5.2.6 GOODS SUBJECT TO MANDATORY INSPECTION
5.5.2.7 GOODS EXEMPT FROM INSPECTION
5.5.3 TRADE PROTECTION AND ANTI-DUMPING *
5.5.3.1 OVERVIEW
L62
5.5.3.2 EXPORTING AT A LOWER-THAN-NORMAL PRICE 3
5.5.3.3 DUMPING OF FOREIGN PRODUCTS IN CHINA AND
ANTI-DUMPING INVESTIGATIONS
5.5.4 BREACHES OF THE FOREIGN TRADE LAW AND RESULTING LIABILITY !***
5.5.4.1 TYPES OF LIABILITY
L64
5.5.4.2 BREACHES OF THE FOREIGN TRADE LAW 164
5.5.4.3 THE AUGUST 1998 CIRCULAR ON SMUGGLING AND OTHER OFFENCES 165
5.6 CHINA S FOREIGN TRADE PERFORMANCE FOR THE PERIOD 1996-98: A
STATISTICAL VIEW 5
5.7 CHINA S INTERNATIONAL SERVICES TRADE
5.7.1 CATEGORIES OF INTERNATIONAL SERVICES TRADE 166
5.7.2 VOLUME OF CHINESE INTERNATIONAL SERVICES TRADE 166
5.7.3 RESTRICTIONS AND PROHIBITIONS ON CERTAIN CATEGORIES OF CHINA S
INTERNATIONAL SERVICES TRADE 167
5.8 PROMOTION OF CHINESE INTERNATIONAL TRADE 167
5.8.1 THE GUANGZHOU TRADE FAIR 167
5.8.2 FINANCING AND FUNDING OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRC INTERNATIONAL
TRADE 168
5.8.4 PROMOTION THROUGH THE INTERNET OR OTHER ELECTRONIC ON-LINE
SERVICES 168
5.8.5 OTHER PROMOTION MEASURES 169
5.9 THE FOREIGN TRADE LAW AND SINO-AUSTRALIAN TRADE 170
5.9.1 TRADE POLICIES BETWEEN AUSTRALIA AND CHINA 170
5.9.2 STATISTICS ON THE VOLUME OF SINO-AUSTRALIAN BILATERAL TRADE 170
5.9.3 MAIN COMMODITIES IN SINO-AUSTRALIAN BILATERAL TRADE 171
CONTENTS XVII
5.9.4 POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF CHINA S FOREIGN TRADE LAW ON SINO-AUSTRALIAN
BILATERAL TRADE 171
5.9.5 THE POSSIBLE FUTURE OF SINO-AUSTRALIAN BILATERAL TRADE 172
5.10 BRINGING THE CHINESE FOREIGN TRADE SYSTEM INTO LINE WITH
INTERNATIONAL
PRACTICES IN TRADE 172
5.11 FURTHER READING 174
INTELLECTUAL AND INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN CHINA 175
6.1 INTRODUCTION 175
6.2 TRADEMARK LAW 176
6.2.1 TRADEMARK LEGISLATION 176
6.2.1.1 THE TRADEMARK LAW OF THE PEOPLE S REPUBLIC OF CHINA 176
6.2.1.2 DETAILED RULES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TRADEMARK LAW
OF THE PEOPLE S REPUBLIC OF CHINA 177
6.2.1.3 THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL LAW (GPCL) 179
6.2.1.4 THE INTERIM PROVISIONS ON THE ESTABLISHMENT AND ADMINISTRATION
OF
WELL-KNOWN MARKS 179
6.2.2 TRADEMARK TREATIES TO WHICH CHINA HAS ACCEDED 179
6.2.2.1 PARIS CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY 179
6.2.2.2 THE MADRID AGREEMENT FOR THE INTERNATIONAL REGISTRATION
OF TRADEMARKS 180
6.2.3 TRADEMARK REGISTRATION IN CHINA 180
6.2.3.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES 180
6.2.3.2 REGISTRATION PROCEDURES 181
6.2.4 EXAMINATION, APPROVAL, PUBLICATION AND CANCELLATION OF TRADEMARKS
182
6.2.4.1 EXAMINATION OF TRADEMARK APPLICATION 182
6.2.4.2 APPROVAL OF TRADEMARK APPLICATION AND PUBLICATION OF
THE TRADEMARK 182
6.2.4.3 CANCELLATION OF TRADEMARKS 183
6.2.5 LICENSING AND ASSIGNMENT OF TRADEMARKS 183
6.2.5.1 INTRODUCTION 183
6.2.5.2 LICENSING OF TRADEMARKS 184
6.2.5.3 ASSIGNMENT OF TRADEMARKS 184
6.2.6 GROUNDS FOR INFRINGEMENT OF A TRADEMARK 184
6.2.7 REMEDIES 185
6.3 COPYRIGHT LAW 185
6.3.1 COPYRIGHT LEGISLATION AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES 185
6.3.2 PROTECTION OF FOREIGN COPYRIGHT IN CHINA 186
6.3.2.1 GROUNDS FOR PROTECTION OF FOREIGN COPYRIGHT 186
6.3.2.2 PROTECTION OF FOREIGN COPYRIGHT UNDER INTERNATIONAL TREATIES
AND CONVENTIONS 186
6.3.3 SUBJECT MATTER PROTECTED UNDER AND EXCLUDED FROM THE COPYRIGHT LAW
187
6.3.3.1 WORKS PROTECTED UNDER CHINESE COPYRIGHT LAW 187
6.3.3.2 RIGHTS PROTECTED UNDER CHINESE COPYRIGHT LAW 188
6.3.3.3 COPYRIGHT IN RELATION TO WORKS COMPLETED AS PART OF
ONE S EMPLOYMENT PROFESSIONAL WORK OR A COMMISSION 188
6.3.3.4 WORKS NOT PROTECTED UNDER CHINESE COPYRIGHT LAW 188
NIT CONTENTS
IRQ
6.3.4 DURATION OF COPYRIGHT
6.3.5 PROTECTION OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE IN CHINA
189
6.3.5.1 LEGISLATIVE BASIS FOR PROTECTION 89
6.3.5.2 SCOPE OF PROTECTION OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE *90
6.3.5.3 EFFECT OF THE BERNE CONVENTION 90
6.3.6 LICENSING AND ASSIGNMENT OF COPYRIGHT I L
6.3.6.1 LICENSING OF COPYRIGHT *
6.3.6.2 ASSIGNMENT OF COPYRIGHT 92
6.3.7 INFRINGEMENT AND REMEDIES 192
6.3.7.1 TYPES OF LIABILITY RESULTING FROM INFRINGEMENT 92
6.3.7.2 CERTAIN TYPES OF INFRINGEMENT INCUR ONLY CIVIL LIABILITY 192
6.3.7.3 CERTAIN TYPES OF INFRINGEMENT INCUR BOTH CIVIL LIABILITY
AND ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTIES
6.3.7.4 CERTAIN TYPES OF INFRINGEMENT INCUR ONLY CNMINAL LIABILITY AND
PENALTIES 193
.4 PATENT LAW **
6.4.1 PATENT LEGISLATION AND TREATIES 194
6.4.2 PROTECTION OF FOREIGN PATENTS 194
6.4.2.1 NATIONAL TREATMENT
L94
6.4.2.2 DOCUMENTATION REQUIRED FOR CLAIM OF RIGHT OF PRIORITY 95
6.4.2.3 THE NUMBER OF PATENT APPLICATIONS IN CHINA 195
6.4.3 PATENT CRITERIA AND NON-PATENTABLE INVENTIONS 196
6.4.3.1 DEFINRTIONS OF KEY CRITERIA OR REQUIREMENTS FOR PATENT
PROTECTION 196
6.4.3.2 THE FIRST TO FILE PRINCIPLE
196
6.4.3.3 NON-PATENTABLE ITEMS 197
6.4.4 EXAMINATION AND APPROVAL OF PATENT APPLICATIONS 197
6.4.4.1 PROCEDURES 197
6.4.4.2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 197
6.4.4.3 SUBSTANTIVE EXAMINATION 198
6.4.4.4 OBJECTIONS, APPEALS, REVOCATIONS 198
6.4.5 RIGHTS OF THE PATENT OWNER AND DURATION OF THE PATENT 198
6.4.5.1 SERVICE AND NON-SERVICE INVENTION-CREATION 198
6.4.5.2 RIGHTS OF THE PATENT HOLDER OR PATENTEE 199
6.4.5.3 OBLIGATIONS OF THE PATENT HOLDER OR PATENTEE 199
6.4.5.4 NON-USE OF PATENTS AND COMPULSORY LICENCES 200
6.4.5.5 DURATION OF THE PATENT 200
6.4.6 INFRINGEMENT OF PATENT AND AVAILABLE REMEDIES 200
6.4.6.1 GROUNDS FOR INFRINGEMENT 200
6.4.6.2 TAKING AN ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION FOR INFRINGEMENT 201
6.4.6.3 BRINGING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS FOR INFRINGEMENT 201
6.4.6.4 CRIMINAL PROSECUTION FOR INFRINGEMENT 201
5 OTHER LEGISLATION AFFECTING CHINESE IPR 201
6.5.1 THEGPCI 202
6.5.2 THE CUSTOMS REGULATIONS 202
6.5.3 THE ANTI-UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW 202
6.5.4 THE ADVERTISING LAW OF THEPRC 203
6.5.5 OTHER REGULATIONS ON PROTECTION OF IPR 203
% ELEMENTS OR OBSTACLES PREVENTING EFFECTIVE ENFORCEMENT OF LAWS
ON IPR IN CHINA 203
6.6.1 INTRODUCTION 203
CONTENTS XIX
6.6.2 POLITICAL ELEMENTS 204
6.6.3 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ELEMENTS 204
6.6.4 HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL ELEMENTS 205
6.6.5 CORRUPTION AND LOCAL PROTECTIONISM 206
6.6.6 THE EDUCATIONAL ELEMENT (INCLUDING PERSONNEL TRAINING AND
RESEARCH) 207
6.7 CHINA S MECHANISMS FOR THE ENFORCEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW
AND THEIR RELATIVE SUCCESS 208
6.7.1 BILATERAL AGREEMENTS WITH THE US GOVERNMENT 208
6.7.2 REFORM OF THE CHINESE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 209
6.7.3 REFORM OF THE CHINESE JUDICIAL SYSTEM AND COURT STRUCTURE 209
6.7.4 THE ACTION PLAN FOR IPR PROTECTION AND ENFORCEMENT 209
6.7.5 IMPROVED BORDER AND CUSTOMS CONTROLS 210
6.7.6 EFFECTIVE DEALING WITH ALLEGED INFRINGEMENT OF FOREIGN IPR
IN THE CHINESE COURTS 211
6.7.6.1 INTRODUCTION 21 I
6.7.6.2 WALT DISNEY PRODUCTIONS V. BEIJING PUBLISHER 21 I
6.7.6.3 TWENTIETH CENTURY FOX FILM CORPORATION V. GREAT WORLD OF SOUNDS
211
6.7.6.4 VIE DE FRANCE V. BEIJING SUN CITY ARCADE 212
6.7.6.5 OTHER IPR INFRINGEMENT CASES 213
6.7.7 HAVE THE CHINESE MECHANISMS FOR ENFORCEMENT OF IPR BEEN
SUCCESSFUL? 213
6.8 FURTHER READING 215
TAXATION, BANKING AND EXCHANGE CONTROL IN RELATION TO
FOREIGN INVESTMENT ENTERPRISES 217
7.1 THE PRC TAXATION SYSTEM GENERALLY 217
7.1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 217
7.1.2 GOVERNMENT AGENCIES WITH LEGISLATIVE OR JURISDICTIONAL POWER OVER
TAXATION 218
7.1.3 LOCAL AND NATIONAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE PRC TAXATION SYSTEM 218
7.2 PRC TAX LAWS THAT APPLY TO FOREIGN INVESTMENT ENTERPRISES 219
7.2.1 TAX LAWS THAT MUST APPLY TO FOREIGN INVESTMENT ENTERPRISES 219
7.2.2 OTHER TAX LAWS THAT APPLY TO FOREIGN INVESTMENT ENTERPRISES 220
7.2.3 DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMS IN PRC TAX LEGISLATION 221
7.2.3.1 ENTERPRISES WITH FOREIGN INVESTMENT OR FOREIGN INVESTMENT
ENTERPRISES 221
7.2.3.2 FOREIGN ENTERPRISES 221
7.2.3.3 INCOME DERIVED FROM SOURCES INSIDE CHINA 221
7.3 INTERNATIONAL TAX TREATIES 222
7.4 TAX RATES FOR FOREIGN INVESTMENT ENTERPRISES 222
7.5 TAX INCENTIVES FOR FOREIGN INVESTMENT ENTERPRISES 223
7.5.1 INTRODUCTION 223
7.5.2 SOME RELEVANT PRC REGULATIONS 223
7.5.3 EXAMPLES OF TAX INCENTIVES ENJOYED BY FOREIGN INVESTMENT
ENTERPRISES IN THE PRC 224
7.5.3.1 TAX HOLIDAYS 224
7.5.3.2 PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT FOR SPECIAL PROJECTS 225
7.5.3.3 OTHER TAX INCENTIVES 225
X CONTENTS
7.5.3.4 CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH TAX INCENTIVES OR PREFERENTIAL
TREATMENT FOR FOREIGNERS ARE DENIED 225
7.5.4 UNIFORM TAX TREATMENT OF LOCAL AND FOREIGN ENTERPRISES
226
.6 THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO CHINA S BANKING SYSTEM
1U
7.6.1 THE 1949-1979 PERIOD
11(
7.6.2 THE PERIOD FROM 1980 TO THE PRESENT
227
.7 THE MAIN PRC LEGISLATION ON BANKING
M7
.8 THE THREE BROAD CATEGORIES OF BANKS AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN
CHINA TODAY 2M
7.8.1 INTRODUCTION
228
7.8.2 THE PEOPLE S BANK OF CHINA
228
7.8.2.1 FUNCTIONS
228
7.8.2.2 SUPERVISION OF THE BANK
229
7.8.2.3 THE BRANCH SYSTEM
229
7.8.3 COMMERCIAL BANKS AND NON-BANKING FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS 229
7.8.3.1 EXAMPLES OF SUCH BANKS AND INSTITUTIONS
7.8.3.2 THE MAIN PRC LEGISLATION COVERING COMMERCIAL BANKS AND
INSTITUTIONS 230
7.8.3.3 FUNCTIONS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS AND INSTITUTIONS 2.3Q
7.8.3.4 CRITERIA FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMERCIAL BANKS AND INSTITUTIONS
230
7.8.3.5 THE ROLE OF THE BANK OF CHINA 23
7.8.3.6 THE ROLE OF REPRESENTATIVE OFFICES AND BRANCHES OF FOREIGN
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
7.8.3.6.1 THE MEANING OF REPRESENTATIVE OFFICES
7.8.3.6.2 THE PROCESS OF APPROVAL OF REPRESENTATIVE OFFICES 23?
7.8.3.6.3 THE FUNCTION OF FOREIGN FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS 232
7.8.4 POLICY BANKS
233
7.9 THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE CONTROL SYSTEM OF CHINA ^33
7.9.1 INTRODUCTION 233
7.9.1.1 THE MEANING OF THE TERM FOREIGN EXCHANGE 233
7.9.1.2 REFORM OF THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE SYSTEM IN 1993 233
7.9.1.3 FURTHER LIBERALISATION OF THE EXCHANGE SYSTEM FROM 1996
UNDER THE RULES OF THE PRC ON FOREIGN EXCHANGE CONTROL 234
7.9.1.4 CURRENCY PROBLEMS FOR FOREIGN INVESTORS IN CHINA 235
7.9.2 THE STATE ADMINISTRATION OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE AUTHORITY 236
7.9.3 FOREIGN EXCHANGE ADJUSTMENT 236
7.9.3.1 ADMINISTRATION OF THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET 236
7.9.3.2 THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE ADJUSTMENT CENTRE 236
7.9.4 FOREIGN EXCHANGE REGISTRATION CERTIFICATES 237
7.9.5 FOREIGN EXCHANGE ACCOUNTS, CURRENT ACCOUNTS AND CAPITAL ACCOUNTS
238
7.9.5.1 DEFINITIONS OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE ACCOUNT , CURRENT ACCOUNT
ITEMS
AND CAPITAL ACCOUNT ITEMS 238
7.9.5.2 WHO MAY OPEN A FOREIGN EXCHANGE ACCOUNT 239
7.95.3 CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH A FOREIGN EXCHANGE ACCOUNT
MAY BE OPENED 239
7.95.4 PROCEDURES FOR OPENING A FOREIGN EXCHANGE ACCOUNT AND A
SPECIAL CAPITAL FUNDS ACCOUNT 240
7.9.6 FOREIGN EXCHANGE SETTLEMENT ACCOUNTS 240
7.9.7 FOREIGNERS CONVERSION OF LOCAL RMB EARNINGS TO FOREIGN CURRENCY
241
7.9.7.1 THE CONVERSION PROCESS 241
CONTENTS XXI
7.9.7.2 FOREIGN INVESTMENT ENTERPRISES ADVANTAGES OVER OTHER PERSONS
IN THE CONVERSION PROCESS 241
7.9.8 WHAT CAN BE LEGALLY DONE WITH FOREIGN EXCHANGE IN CHINA 241
7.9.8.1 GENERAL 241
7.9.8.2 TRADING IN FOREIGN EXCHANGE IN CHINA 242
7.9.8.3 DETERMINATION OF THE EXCHANGE RATE BETWEEN THE RMB AND
OTHER FOREIGN CURRENCIES 242
7.9.9 BREACHES OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE LAWS AND SUBSEQUENT LIABILITIES 243
7.10 FURTHER READING 244
EMPLOYMENT AND LABOUR LAW OF FOREIGN
INVESTMENT ENTERPRISES 247
8.1 INTRODUCTION: THE IRON RICE BOWL HAS BEEN BROKEN 247
8.1.1 THE MEANING OF THE TERM IRON RICE BOWL 247
8.1.2 GOVERNMENT DIFFICULTIES IN PROVIDING THE IRON RICE BOWL 248
8.1.3 THE NATURE AND ROLE OF THE WORKPLACE IN CHINA 248
8.1.4 THE RIGID EMPLOYMENT AND LABOUR SYSTEM 248
8.1.5 SMASHING THE IRON RICE BOWL : REFORM OF THE PRC EMPLOYMENT AND
LABOUR SYSTEM FROM THE LATE 1970S 249
8.1.6 LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT IN FOREIGN INVESTMENT ENTERPRISES 250
8.2 THE MAJOR PRC LAWS GOVERNING LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT ISSUES 251
8.2.1 INTRODUCTION 251
8.2.2 THE LABOUR LAW OF THE PRC 251
8.2.3 THE TRADE UNION LAW OF THE PRC 252
8.2.4 NOTICE OF THE MINISTRY OF LABOUR 1994 252
8.2.5 REGULATIONS ON LABOUR MANAGEMENT IN FOREIGN INVESTMENT ENTERPRISES
253
8.3 THE EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT 253
8.3.1 THE MEANING OF AN EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT 253
8.3.2 CONTENTS OF AN EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT 254
8.3.3 INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE CONTRACTS 254
8.4 RECRUITMENT OF CHINESE WORKERS 256
8.4.1 DO FOREIGN INVESTORS HAVE FREEDOM TO RECRUIT LOCAL WORKERS IN
CHINA? 256
8.4.1.1 FOREIGN INVESTMENT ENTERPRISES AUTONOMOUS RECRUITMENT OF
CHINESE PERSONNEL 256
8.4.1.2 THE RELEVANCE OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF THE PROSPECTIVE
EMPLOYEE 257
8.4.1.3 RESTRICTIONS ON THE RECRUITMENT OF LOCAL WORKERS 258
8.4.1.4 RECRUITMENT OF FOREIGN EMPLOYEES OR EXPATRIATES 258
8.4.2 THE ROLE OF THE FOREIGN ENTERPRISES SERVICE CORPORATION (FESCO)
AND OTHER PERSONNEL ORGANISATIONS IN BEIJING 259
8.5 OBLIGATIONS OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT ENTERPRISES TO CHINESE WORKERS 260
8.5.1 TRAINING OF LOCAL EMPLOYEES 260
8.5.2 WHAT TO DO WITH SURPLUS LOCAL EMPLOYEES AFTER AN EQUITY JOINT
VENTURE
IS ESTABLISHED 260
8.5.3 ENSURING OF PARITY WITH THE WORKING CONDITIONS OF THOSE EMPLOYED
IN
GOVERNMENT-OWNED ENTERPRISES 260
XXII CONTENTS
8.5.4 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
8.5.5 PROTECTION OF FEMALE EMPLOYEES
8 6 STANDARDS OF WORKING CONDITIONS FOR LOCAL EMPLOYEES ***
, . 262
8.6.1 INTRODUCTION
8.6.2 MAXIMUM DAILY AND WEEKLY WORKING HOURS
2O2
8.6.3 OVERTIME
8.6.4 HOLIDAY AND LEAVE ENTITLEMENTS
8.6.4.1 THE MAIN PUBLIC HOLIDAYS
8.6.4.2 THE SITUATION IN GOVERNMENT ORGANISATIONS COMPARED WITH
FOREIGN INVESTMENT ENTERPRISES
8.6.4.3 ANNUAL LEAVE ENTITLEMENTS
2
^
8.6.4.4 LEAVE ENTITLEMENTS FOR FEMALE WORKERS *
8.7 COSTS INCURRED BY FOREIGN INVESTMENT ENTERPRISES IN HIRING LOCAL
WORKERS 265
8.7.1 INTRODUCTION
8.7.2 SETTING AND PAYING WAGES ACCORDING TO STANDARDS AND LEVELS
8.7.2.1 IN FOREIGN INVESTMENT ENTERPRISES GENERALLY ^65
8.7.2.2 LOCAL MANAGERIAL PERSONNEL ^66
8.7.2.3 REPORTING TO THE RELEVANT AUTHORITIES OF DETAILS RELATING TO
WAGES PAID TO EMPLOYEES * *
8.7.2.4 GUARANTEEING WAGE PAYMENT TO EMPLOYEES *
8.7.3 COLLECTIVE BARGAINING 267
8.7.4 EMPLOYER LIABILITIES AS REGARDS EMPLOYEE NON-WAGE BENEFIT SCHEMES
267
8.7.4.1 EMPLOYER CONTRIBUTIONS AND RECORD KEEPING
8.7.4.2 EMPLOYER PAYMENT OF LUMP SUM LIVING AND MEDICAL
TREATMENT ALLOWANCES 268
8.7.4.3 EMPLOYEE HOUSING BENEFITS 268
8.7.5 SANCTIONS AGAINST FOREIGN INVESTMENT ENTERPRISES FOR FAILING TO
MEET WAGE OR NON-WAGE REQUIREMENTS 268
8.8 DISMISSAL OF CHINESE WORKERS 26?
8.8.1 GROUNDS FOR DISMISSAL 269
8.8.2 CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH A CHINESE WORKER CANNOT BE DISMISSED 270
8.8.3 PAYMENT OF CERTAIN BENEFITS TO WORKERS UPON DISMISSAL 270
8.9 RESIGNATION OF CHINESE WORKERS 270
8.9.1 REASONS FOR RESIGNATION 270
8.9.2 NOTICE PROVISIONS 271
8.9.3 AN EMPLOYEE S LIABILITIES UPON RESIGNATION 271
8.10 RETIREMENT OF CHINESE WORKERS 272
8.10.1 THE RETIREMENT AGE AND GROUNDS FOR RETIREMENT 272
8.10.2 RE-EMPLOYMENT AFTER OFFICIAL RETIREMENT 272
8.10.3 REDUNDANT AND OFF-DUTY WORKERS 272
8.10.4 GOVERNMENT PAYMENTS TO REDUNDANT AND RETIRED WORKERS 273
8.11 LABOUR INSURANCE, WELFARE AND OTHER BENEFITS FOR LOCAL WORKERS 273
8.11.1 ESTABLISHING A LABOUR AND SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM 273
8.11.2 SOCIAL INSURANCE AND WELFARE BENEFITS AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO THEM
BY FOREIGN INVESTMENT ENTERPRISES 273
CONTENTS XXIII
8.12 LABOUR UNIONS IN FOREIGN INVESTMENT ENTERPRISES
8.12.1 THE TRADE UNION LAW OF THE PRC
8.12.2 TRADE UNIONS IN FOREIGN INVESTMENT ENTERPRISES
8.12.3 THE ROLE OF TRADE UNIONS GENERALLY
8.12.4 SETTLING LABOUR DISPUTES AND ARBITRATION OR CONCILIATION
COMMITTEES
8.12.5 THE ALL-CHINA FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS
8.13 FURTHER READING
DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 NEGOTIATION
9.2.1 DEFINITIONS
9.2.2 NEGOTIATION PRACTICE IN CHINA
9.3 CONCILIATION
9.3.1 DEFINITIONS
9.3.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONCILIATION AND OTHER FORMS OF
DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN CHINA
9.3.3 CONCILIATION PRACTICE GENERALLY IN CHINA
9.3.4 CONCILIATION OF COMMERCIAL DISPUTES IN CHINA
9.3.4.1 LAWS GOVERNING CONCILIATION IN CHINA
9.3.4.2 CONCILIATION UNDER THE ARBITRATION LAW OF THE PRC
9.3.4.3 CONCILIATION UNDER THE CIETAC ARBITRATION RULES
9.3.4.4 CONCILIATION RULES OF THE BEIJING CONCILIATION CENTRE
9.3.4.5 CONCILIATION CENTRES IN THE PRC
9.3.4.6 THE ADVANTAGES OF CONCILIATION IN THE PRC
9.3.4.7 THE DISADVANTAGES OF CONCILIATION IN THE PRC
9.4 ARBITRATION
9.4.1 DEFINITIONS
9.4.2 BACKGROUND TO, AND GROWTH OF, ARBITRATION IN THE PRC
9.4.3 MAJOR PRC LAWS ON ARBITRATION
9.4.3.1 INTRODUCTION
9.4.3.2 ARBITRATION UNDER THE CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE OF THE PRC
9.4.3.3 THE ARBITRATION LAW OF THE PRC
9.4.4 THE CIETAC
9.4.4.1 HISTORY AND BACKGROUND
9.4.4.2 JURISDICTION
9.4.4.3 A MODEL ARBITRATION CLAUSE AND A VALID ARBITRATION AGREEMENT
9.4.4.4 ARBITRATION PROCEDURE AND PROCEEDINGS
9.4.4.5 INSTITUTIONAL AND AD HOC ARBITRATION
9.4.4.6 RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF ARBITRAL AWARDS
9.4.4.7 THE CIETAC S CASELOAD AND SUCCESS RATES
9.4.4.8 THE CIETACS ACHIEVEMENTS
9.4.5 THECMAC
9.4.5.1 HISTORY AND BACKGROUND
9.4.5.2 THE CMAC ARBITRATION RULES
XXIV CONTENTS
9.4.5.3 JURISDICTION OF THE CM AC 303
9.4.5.4 CMAC PROCEEDINGS AND PROCEDURE 304
9.4.5.5 ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE CMAC 304
9.4.6 DOMESTIC ARBITRATION COMMISSIONS 305
9.4.7 CONVENTION ON THE SETTLEMENT OF INVESTMENT DISPUTES BETWEEN
STATES AND NATIONALS OF OTHER STATES (THE WASHINGTON CONVENTION ) 305
9.4.8 ADVANTAGES OF ARBITRATION IN THE PRC 306
9.5 LITIGATION 30*
9.5.1 DEFINITIONS 306
9.5.2 THE CULTURE OF LITIGATION IN THE PRC 306
9.5.3 CASE LOAD, CASE MANAGEMENT AND SETTLEMENT RATES 307
9.5.4 JURISDICTION OF VARIOUS COURTS 307
9.5.5 FOREIGN LITIGATION IN THE PRC 307
9.5.5.1 INTRODUCTION 307
9.5.5.2 CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 307
9.5.5.3 SERVICE AND ENFORCEMENT 308
9.6 FURTHER READING 308
INDEX 310
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Wang, Kui Hua |
| author_facet | Wang, Kui Hua |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Wang, Kui Hua |
| author_variant | k h w kh khw |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV013174602 |
| callnumber-first | K - Law |
| callnumber-label | KNQ78 |
| callnumber-raw | KNQ78.B87 |
| callnumber-search | KNQ78.B87 |
| callnumber-sort | KNQ 278 B87 |
| classification_rvk | PU 8450 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)43785445 (DE-599)BVBBV013174602 |
| dewey-full | 346.5107 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 346 - Private law |
| dewey-raw | 346.5107 |
| dewey-search | 346.5107 |
| dewey-sort | 3346.5107 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | First published 2000 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | China |
| id | DE-604.BV013174602 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:40:17Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0195508580 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008976119 |
| oclc_num | 43785445 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-739 DE-M382 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-739 DE-M382 DE-188 |
| physical | xlix, 326 Seiten |
| publishDate | 2000 |
| publishDateSearch | 2000 |
| publishDateSort | 2000 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Wang, Kui Hua Verfasser aut Chinese commercial law Kui Hua Wang First published 2000 South Melbourne ; Oxford ; New York Oxford University Press 2000 xlix, 326 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Commerce extérieur - Réglementation - Chine Commercial law - China Droit des affaires - Chine Handelsrecht gtt Investissements étrangers - Droit - Chine Rechtsstelsels gtt Vente - Droit - Chine Recht Business law China Foreign trade regulation China Investments, Foreign Law and legislation China Sales China Handelsrecht (DE-588)4023249-9 gnd rswk-swf China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd rswk-swf China (DE-588)4009937-4 g Handelsrecht (DE-588)4023249-9 s DE-604 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008976119&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Wang, Kui Hua Chinese commercial law Commerce extérieur - Réglementation - Chine Commercial law - China Droit des affaires - Chine Handelsrecht gtt Investissements étrangers - Droit - Chine Rechtsstelsels gtt Vente - Droit - Chine Recht Business law China Foreign trade regulation China Investments, Foreign Law and legislation China Sales China Handelsrecht (DE-588)4023249-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4023249-9 (DE-588)4009937-4 |
| title | Chinese commercial law |
| title_auth | Chinese commercial law |
| title_exact_search | Chinese commercial law |
| title_full | Chinese commercial law Kui Hua Wang |
| title_fullStr | Chinese commercial law Kui Hua Wang |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chinese commercial law Kui Hua Wang |
| title_short | Chinese commercial law |
| title_sort | chinese commercial law |
| topic | Commerce extérieur - Réglementation - Chine Commercial law - China Droit des affaires - Chine Handelsrecht gtt Investissements étrangers - Droit - Chine Rechtsstelsels gtt Vente - Droit - Chine Recht Business law China Foreign trade regulation China Investments, Foreign Law and legislation China Sales China Handelsrecht (DE-588)4023249-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Commerce extérieur - Réglementation - Chine Commercial law - China Droit des affaires - Chine Handelsrecht Investissements étrangers - Droit - Chine Rechtsstelsels Vente - Droit - Chine Recht Business law China Foreign trade regulation China Investments, Foreign Law and legislation China Sales China China |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008976119&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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