Carbon monoxide: first draft
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Geneva
World Health Organization
1999
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Environmental health criteria
213 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 1. Aufl. u.d.T.: Carbon monoxide |
| Beschreibung: | XXIIII, 464 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9241572132 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR
CARBON MONOXIDE
PREAMBLE
ABBREVIATIONS
1. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1
1.1 Chemistry and analytical methods 1
1.2 Sources and environmental levels of carbon
monoxide in the environment 1
1.3 Environmental distribution and transformation 2
1.4 Population exposure to carbon monoxide 3
1.5 Toxicokinetics and mechanisms of action of
carbon monoxide 5
1.6 Health effects of exposure to carbon monoxide 7
1.6.1 Cardiovascular effects 8
1.6.2 Acute pulmonary effects 11
1.6.3 Cerebrovascular and behavioural effects 11
1.6.4 Developmental toxicity 12
1.6.5 Other systemic effects 13
1.6.6 Adaptation 14
1.7 Combined exposure of carbon monoxide with
altitude, drugs and other air pollutants and
environmental factors 15
1.7.1 High altitude effects 15
1.7.2 Carbon monoxide interaction with drugs 15
1.7.3 Combined exposure of carbon monoxide
with other air pollutants and environmental
factors 16
1.7.4 Tobacco smoke 17
1.8 Evaluation of subpopulations potentially at risk
from carbon monoxide exposure .¦ • ¦ ¦ 1? * ¦
1.9 Carbon monoxide poisoning ,v ,,^, JJ^rj
1.10 Recommended WHO guidelines ,. 19 .,.
2. CHEMISTRY AND ANALYTICAL METHODS 20
2.1 Physical and chemical properties 20
2.2 Methods for measuring carbon monoxide in
ambient air 20
2.2.1 Introduction 20
2.2.2 Methods 22
2.2.2.1 Non dispersive infrared
photometry method 22
2.2.2.2 Gas chromatography method 23
2.2.2.3 Other analysers 23
2.2.3 Measurement using personal monitors 25
2.2.4 Carbon monoxide detectors/alarms 25
2.3 Biological monitoring 27
2.3.1 Blood carboxyhaemoglobin measurement 27
2.3.1.1 Sample handling 30
2.3.1.2 Potential reference methods 30
2.3.1.3 Other methods of measurement 33
2.3.2 Carbon monoxide in expired breath 34
2.3.2.1 Measurement methods 36
2.3.2.2 Potential limitations 37
3. SOURCES OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN THE
ENVIRONMENT 38
3.1 Introduction 38
3.2 Principles of formation by source category 39
3.2.1 General combustion processes 49
3.2.2 Combustion engines 50
3.2.2.1 Mobile combustion engines 50
3.2.2.2 Stationary combustion sources
(steam boilers) 51
3.2.3 Other sources 52
3.3 Indoor carbon monoxide 53
3.3.1 Introduction 53
3.3.2 Emissions from indoor sources 54
3.3.2.1 Gas cooking ranges, gas ovens
and gas appliances 55
3.3.2.2 Unvented space heaters 56
3.3.2.3 Coal or wood stoves 57
3.3.2.4 Tobacco combustion 57
4. ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION AND
TRANSFORMATION 59
4.1 Introduction 59
4.2 Global sources, sinks and lifetime 60
4.2.1 Sinks 60
4.2.2 Atmospheric lifetime 61
4.2.3 Latitudinal distribution of sources 62
4.2.4 Uncertainties and consistencies 63
4.3 Global distributions 65
4.3.1 Seasonal variations 66
4.3.2 Latitudinal variation 66
4.3.3 Variations with altitude 67
4.3.4 Other variations 67
4.4 Global trends 68
5. ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND PERSONAL
EXPOSURES 70
5.1 Introduction 70
5.2 Population exposure to carbon monoxide 71
5.2.1 Ambient air monitoring 71
5.2.2 Approaches for estimating population
exposure 73
5.2.3 Personal monitoring field studies 74
5.2.4 Carbon monoxide exposures indoors 77
5.2.5 Carbon monoxide exposures inside
vehicles 80
5.2.6 Carbon monoxide exposures outdoors 83
5.3 Estimating population exposure to carbon
monoxide 85
5.3.1 Components of exposure 87
5.3.2 Approaches to exposure modelling 89
5.4 Exposure measurements in populations and
subpopulations 90
5.4.1 Carboxyhaemoglobin measurements in
populations 90
5.4.2 Breath measurements in populations 93
5.4.3 Subject age 99
5.4.4 Pulmonary disease 99
5.4.5 Effects of smoking 100
5.5 Megacities and other major urban areas 101
5.6 Indoor concentrations and exposures 103
5.6.1 Indoor concentrations recorded in
personal exposure studies 108
5.6.2 Targeted microenvironmental studies 111
5.6.2.1 Indoor microenvironmental
concentrations 113
5.6.2.2 Concentrations associated with
indoor sources 114
5.7 Occupational exposure 119
5.7.1 Occupational exposure limits 120
5.7.2 Exposure sources 124
5.7.3 Combined exposure to xenobiotics
metabolized to carbon monoxide 125
5.7.4 Typical studies at the workplace 125
6. TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM 134
6.1 Introduction 134
6.2 Endogenous carbon monoxide production 134
6.3 Uptake of carbon monoxide and formation of
carboxyhaemoglobin 136
6.4 Distribution of carbon monoxide 150
6.4.1 Intracellular effects of carbon monoxide 150
6.4.2 Carbon monoxide binding to myoglobin 153
6.4.3 Carbon monoxide uptake by cytochrome
P 450 155
6.4.4 Carbon monoxide and cytochrome c
oxidase 156
6.5 Elimination 160
7. EFFECTS ON LABORATORY ANIMALS 162
7.1 Introduction 162
7.2 Cardiovascular system and blood 162
7.2.1 Disturbances in cardiac rhythm 163
7.2.2 Haemodynamic studies 166
7.2.3 Cardiomegaly 171
7.2.4 Haematology studies 177
7.2.5 Atherosclerosis and thrombosis 179
7.3 Respiratory system 186
7.3.1 Pulmonary morphology 186
7.3.2 Lung function 188
7.4 Central nervous system and behavioural effects 190
7.4.1 Effects on cerebral blood flow and brain
metabolism 190
7.4.1.1 Effects on cerebral blood flow 190
7.4.1.2 Effects on brain metabolism 196
7.4.1.3 Evidence for a reoxygenation
injury in carbon monoxide
poisoning 198
7.4.2 Effects on schedule controlled behaviour 198
7.5 Adaptation 200
7.6 Developmental toxicity 211
7.6.1 Introduction 211
7.6.2 Evidence for elevated fetal carboxy
haemoglobin relative to maternal
haemoglobin 213
7.6.3 Effect of maternal carboxyhemoglobin
on placental oxygen transport 220
7.6.3.1 Measurement of carboxy
haemoglobin content in fetal
blood 222
7.6.4 Consequences of carbon monoxide in
development 223
7.6.4.1 Fetotoxic and teratogenic
consequences of prenatal
carbon monoxide exposure 223
7.6.4.2 Alteration in cardiovascular
development following
early carbon monoxide exposure 227
7.6.4.3 Neurobehavioural consequences
of perinatal carbon monoxide
exposure 230
7.6.4.4 Neurochemical effects of prenatal
and perinatal carbon monoxide
exposure 232
7.6.4.5 Morphological consequences of
acute prenatal carbon monoxide
exposure 234
7.6.4.6 Neuromuscular effects of prenatal
carbon monoxide exposure 234
7.6.4.7 Summary 235
7.7 Other systemic effects 235
7.8 Interactions 237
7.8.1 Combinations with psychoactive drugs 237
7.8.1.1 Alcohol 237
7.8.1.2 Barbiturates 239
7.8.1.3 Other psychoactive drugs 240
7.8.2 Combinations with other air pollutants
and environmental factors 240
7.8.2.1 Other air pollutants 240
7.8.2.2 Combustion products 241
7.8.2.3 Environmental factors 245
7.8.2.4 Summary 248
8. EFFECTS ON HUMANS 250
8.1 Healthy subjects 250
8.1.1 Introduction 250
8.1.2 Acute pulmonary effects of carbon
monoxide 250
8.1.2.1 Effects on lung morphology 250
8.1.2.2 Effects on lung function 251
8.1.3 Cardiovascular and respiratory response
to exercise 256
8.1.4 Behavioural changes and work
performance 259
8.1.4.1 Introduction 259
8.1.4.2 Sensory effects 259
8.1.4.3 Motor and sensorimotor
performance 263
8.1.4.4 Vigilance 266
8.1.4.5 Miscellaneous measures of
performance 267
8.1.4.6 Automobile driving 270
8.1.4.7 Brain electrical activity 270
8.1.5 Adaptation 272
8.1.5.1 Short term habituation 273
8.1.5.2 Long term adaptation 273
8.1.6 Carbon monoxide interactions with drugs 274
8.1.7 Combined exposure to carbon monoxide
and other air pollutants and environmental
factors 275
8.1.7.1 Exposure to other pollutants in
ambient air 276
8.1.7.2 Exposure to other environmental
factors 277
8.1.8 Exposure to tobacco smoke 278
8.1.8.1 Environmental tobacco smoke 278
8.1.8.2 Mainstream tobacco smoke 279
8.2 High risk groups 280
8.2.1 Effects in individuals with heart disease 280
8.2.2 Effects in individuals with chronic
obstructive lung disease 293
8.2.3 Effects in individuals with chronic
anaemia 294
8.2.4 Arrhythmogenic effects 295
8.2.5 Effects on coronary blood flow 298
8.2.6 Relationship between carbon monoxide
exposure and risk of cardiovascular disease
in humans 299
8.2.6.1 Introduction 299
8.2.6.2 Daily mortality 299
8.2.6.3 Hospital admissions 302
8.2.6.4 Occupational exposures 305
8.2.6.5 Carbon monoxide poisoning 307
8.2.6.6 Tobacco smoke 308
8.2.7 Effects of exposure during pregnancy and
early childhood 310
8.2.7.1 Pregnancy 310
8.2.7.2 Reduced birth weight 315
8.2.7.3 Sudden infant death syndrome 316
8.2.7.4 Neurobehavioural effects 317
8.2.8 High altitude effects 319
8.2.8.1 Introduction 319
8.2.8.2 Carboxyhaemoglobin formation 321
8.2.8.3 Cardiovascular effects 321
8.2.8.4 Neurobehavioural effects 325
8.2.8.5 Compartmental shifts 327
8.3 Carbon monoxide poisoning 327
9. EVALUATION OF HEALTH RISKS 335
9.1 Introduction 335
9.2 Age, gender and pregnancy as risk factors 336
9.3 Risk of carbon monoxide exposure in individuals
with pre existing disease 337
9.3.1 Subjects with coronary artery disease 337
9.3.2 Subjects with congestive heart failure 339
9.3.3 Subjects with other vascular diseases 340
9.3.4 Subjects with anaemia and other
haematological disorders 340
9.3.5 Subjects with obstructive lung disease 341
9.4 Subpopulations at risk from combined exposure
to carbon monoxide and other chemical
substances 341
9.4.1 Interactions with drugs 341
9.4.2 Interactions with other chemical
substances in the environment 342
9.5 Subpopulations exposed to carbon monoxide at
high altitudes 342
9.6 Carbon monoxide poisoning 343
9.7 Recommended guideline values 344
9.7.1 Environmental sources 344
9.7.2 Environmental concentrations 344
9.7.3 Carboxyhaemoglobin concentrations in
the population 345
9.7.4 General population exposure 346
9.7.5 Working population exposure 347
9.7.6 Derived guideline values for carbon
monoxide concentrations in ambient air 347
9.8 Recommendations 348
9.8.1 Further research 348
9.8.2 Protection of human health 349
REFERENCES 350
RESUME ET CONCLUSIONS 411
RESUMEN Y CONCLUSIONES 434
INDEX 457
|
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:39:58Z |
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| physical | XXIIII, 464 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1999 |
| publishDateSearch | 1999 |
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| publisher | World Health Organization |
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| series | Environmental health criteria |
| series2 | Environmental health criteria International Programme on Chemical Safety |
| spelling | Raub, J. Verfasser aut Carbon monoxide first draft prepared by J. Raub 2. ed. Geneva World Health Organization 1999 XXIIII, 464 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Environmental health criteria 213 International Programme on Chemical Safety 1. Aufl. u.d.T.: Carbon monoxide Kohlenmonoxid (DE-588)4164521-2 gnd rswk-swf Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd rswk-swf Toxizität (DE-588)4078372-8 gnd rswk-swf Kohlenmonoxid (DE-588)4164521-2 s Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 s DE-604 Toxizität (DE-588)4078372-8 s Environmental health criteria 213 (DE-604)BV000011459 213 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008963042&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Raub, J. Carbon monoxide first draft Environmental health criteria Kohlenmonoxid (DE-588)4164521-2 gnd Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd Toxizität (DE-588)4078372-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4164521-2 (DE-588)4121813-9 (DE-588)4078372-8 |
| title | Carbon monoxide first draft |
| title_auth | Carbon monoxide first draft |
| title_exact_search | Carbon monoxide first draft |
| title_full | Carbon monoxide first draft prepared by J. Raub |
| title_fullStr | Carbon monoxide first draft prepared by J. Raub |
| title_full_unstemmed | Carbon monoxide first draft prepared by J. Raub |
| title_short | Carbon monoxide |
| title_sort | carbon monoxide first draft |
| title_sub | first draft |
| topic | Kohlenmonoxid (DE-588)4164521-2 gnd Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd Toxizität (DE-588)4078372-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kohlenmonoxid Umwelttoxikologie Toxizität |
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